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Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women all over the world, and it is also the main cause of cancer death in women. In 2018, there were about 2.09 million of new breast cancer cases and 630 thousand of death cases worldwide. The incidence rate of breast cancer varies in different regions of the world, but all of them were on the rise. Although the incidence (36.1/105) and mortality (8.8/105) of female breast cancer in China were relatively low worldwide, the number of female breast cancer cases and deaths in China ranks first in the world. Moreover, the incidence and mortality of female breast cancer in China are increasing in recent year. Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease, mainly including genetic factors, environmental factors and behavioral lifestyle factors, etc. This review aims to explore the epidemiology and related risk factors of breast cancer in the world, so as to understand the prevalence of breast cancer and provide help for the prevention, intervention and early detection of breast cancer.
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Objective@#To investigate the demand and access to the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge and related factors among urban residents in China from 2015 to 2017.@*Methods@#A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 16 provinces covered by the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China from 2015 to 2017. A total of 32 257 local residents aged ≥18 years old who could understand the investigation procedure were included in the study by using the cluster sampling method and convenient sampling method. All local residents were categorized into four groups, which contained 15 524 community residents, 8 016 cancer risk assessment/screening population, 2 289 cancer patients and 6 428 occupational population, respectively. The self-designed questionnaire was used to collect the information of general demographic characteristics, the demand and access to cancer prevention and treatment knowledge, and the influencing factors of the attitude. The Chi-square test was used to analyze the difference of the demand of the cancer prevention knowledge among different groups and the corresponding factors of the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge were analyzed by using the logistic regression model.@*Results@#The proportion of residents who need the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge was 79.5%. The demand rate of the inducement, symptom and diagnosis methods of cancer in the occupational population was highest, about 66.8%, 71.0% and 20.8%, respectively. The demand rate of treatment methods and cost in current cancer patients was the highest, about the 45.9% and 21.9%, respectively. The top three sources to acquire the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge were "broadcast or television" (69.5%), "books, newspapers, posters or brochures" (44.7%) and "family and friends" (33.8%). The multivariate analysis showed that compared with public institution personnel/civil servants, unmarried/cohabiting/divorced/widowed and others, annual household income less than 20 000 CNY, from the eastern region, people without cancer diagnosis and people with self-assessment of cancer risk, the demand rate of cancer prevention and treatment knowledge was higher in enterprise personnel/workers, married, annual household income between 60 000 CNY and 150 000 CNY, from the central region, people with cancer and people with unclear cancer risk (all P values <0.05).@*Conclusion@#There was a high demand for the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge among urban residents in China from 2015 to 2017. The main access to the knowledge is from the radio or television. The occupation, marital status, annual household income, residential region, health status and risk of disease were the main factors of the demand of the cancer prevention and treatment knowledge.
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Objective@#To understand the health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment among urban residents of China, and explore the related factors.@*Methods@#A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 16 provinces covered by the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC) from 2015 to 2017. A total of 32 257 local residents aged ≥18 years old who could understand the investigation procedure were included in the study by using the cluster sampling method and convenient sampling method. All local residents were categorized into four groups, which contained 15 524 community residents, 8 016 cancer risk assessment/screening population, 2 289 cancer patients and 6 428 occupational population, respectively. The health literacy of the cancer prevention, early discovery, early diagnosis, early treatment and the demands of cancer prevention and treatment knowledge was analyzed. The level of health literacy among different groups were calculated and compared. The binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of the health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment.@*Results@#The level of health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment was 56.97% among all study population; in each group it was 55.01% for community residents, 59.08% for cancer risk assessment/screening population, 61.99% for cancer patients and 57.31% for occupational population, respectively (P<0.001). The level of health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment of residents aged 50 to 69 years old, other occupational groups, unmarried, the central and western region residents and the group with unclear self-assessment of cancer risk was significantly lower than that of residents younger than 40 years old, personnel of public institutions/civil servants, married, the eastern region residents and the group whose self-assessment without cancer risk (P<0.05) . The level of health literacy of cancer prevention and treatment of females, people who went to high school or over, cancer risk assessment/screening population, cancer patients and occupational population was significantly higher than that of males, people who had an education level of primary school or below and community residents (P<0.05) .@*Conclusion@#The health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment of urban residents in China was relatively high, but there was still room for improvement. Gender, age, educational level, occupation, region, marital status, self-assessment of cancer risk, and type of respondents were the key influencing factors of the health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment. Male, 50-69 years old, lower educational level, central and western regions, unclear cancer risk self-assessment, and without specific environmental exposure to cancer prevention and treatment knowledge or related risk factors were the characteristics of the key intervention group of the health literacy of the cancer prevention and treatment.
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Objective@#To understand the consciousness of the cancer early treatment and its demographic and socioeconomic factors.@*Methods@#A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 16 provinces covered by the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC) from 2015 to 2017. A total of 32 257 local residents aged ≥18 years old who could understand the investigation procedure were included in the study by using the cluster sampling method and convenient sampling method. All local residents were categorized into four groups, which contained 15 524 community residents, 8 016 cancer risk assessment/screening population, 2 289 cancer patients and 6 428 occupational population, respectively. The questionnaire collected personal information, the consciousness of the cancer early treatment and relevant factors. The Chi square test was used to compare the difference between the consciousness of the cancer early treatment and relevant factors among the four groups. The logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors related to the consciousness of the cancer early treatment.@*Results@#With the assumption of being diagnosed as precancer or cancer, 89.97% of community residents, 91.84% of cancer risk assessment/screening population, 93.00% of cancer patients and 91.52% of occupational population would accept active treatments (P<0.001). If the immediate family members were diagnosed as precancer or cancer, people who would encourage their family members to receive early treatment in the four groups accounted for 91.96%, 91.94%, 92.44% and 91.55%, respectively (P<0.001). The company employees, annual household income with 40 000 yuan and more and other three groups had a relatively better consciousness of the cancer early treatment (P<0.05). Male, widowed, unemployed and from the central and western regions had a relatively worse consciousness of the cancer early treatment (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Residents in urban China participants had a good consciousness of the cancer early treatment. The marital status, occupation, annual household income and residential regions were major factors related to the consciousness of the cancer early treatment.
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Objective@#To understand the consciousness of the cancer early diagnosis among urban residents and identify the related factors from 2015 to 2017.@*Methods@#A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 16 provinces covered by the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China from 2015 to 2017. A total of 32 257 local residents aged ≥18 years old who could understand the investigation procedure were included in the study by using the cluster sampling method and convenient sampling method. All local residents were categorized into four groups, which contained 15 524 community residents, 8 016 cancer risk assessment/screening population, 2 289 cancer patients and 6 428 occupational population, respectively. The general demographic characteristics, the consciousness of the cancer early diagnosis (whether people would have a willingness or encourage their relatives/friends to confirm the abnormal results once which were detected from the physical examination) and other information were collected by using the self-designed questionnaire. The non-conditional logistic regression model was used to identify the relateol factors related to the consciousness of the cancer early diagnosis.@*Results@#As for residents with abnormal result from the physical examination, 89.29% (28 802) of residents would choose to seek medical treatment for further diagnosis. If their relatives/friends had abnormal results from the physical examination, 89.55% (28 886) of residents would encourage their relatives/friends to confirm the diagnosis in time. The non-conditional logistic regression model analysis showed that compared with the public institution staff/civil servants, annual household income less than 20 000 CNY, the western region and the cancer risk assessment/screening intervention population, the company staff, annual household income about 40 000 CNY and more, and the residents from the middle and eastern region had a stronger consciousness to seek further diagnosis; while the unemployed residents and community residents were less likely to seek further diagnosis (P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#From 2015 to 2017, the Chinese urban residents had a good consciousness of the cancer early diagnosis. Occupation, annual household income, residential region and population group were related to the consciousness of the cancer early diagnosis.
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Objective@#To understand the consciousness of the cancer early detection among urban residents and identify the influencing factors from 2015 to 2017.@*Methods@#A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 16 provinces covered by the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China from 2015 to 2017. A total of 32 257 local residents aged ≥18 years old who could understand the investigation procedure were included in the study by using the cluster sampling method and convenient sampling method. All local residents were categorized into four groups, which contained 15 524 community residents, 8 016 cancer risk assessment/screening population, 2 289 cancer patients and 6 428 occupational population, respectively. Self-designed questionnaires were used to collect population, socioeconomic indicators, self-cancer risk assessment, regular participation in physical examination and other information. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify the factors of people who had not regularly participated in the regular physical examination in the past five years.@*Results@#The self-assessment results of 32 357 residents showed that there were 27.54% (8 882) of total study population with self-reported cancer risk, 45.48% (14 671) without cancer risk and 26.98% (8 704) with unclear judgement on their own cancer risk. Among population with cancer risk, 79.84% (7 091) considered physical examination accounted. In the past five years, there were 21 105 (65.43%) residents participated in regular physical examination and 11 148 (34.56%) participated in non-scheduled one, respectively. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with unmarried and western region residents, divorced, middle and eastern region residents had a stronger consciousness to participate in the regular physical examination (P<0.05). Compare with residents with annual household income less than 20 000 CNY in 2014, cancer risk assessment/screening intervention population, and self-assessment with cancer risk, residents with annual household income between 20 000 CNY and 59 000 CNY in 2014, occupational population, community residents, cancer patients, self-reported cancer-free risk, and self-assessment with unclear judgement of cancer risk were less likely to participate in the regular physical examination (all P values <0.05).@*Conclusion@#From 2015 to 2017, the Chinese urban residents had a acceptable consciousness of the cancer early detection. The marital status, annual household income, population group and self-assessment of cancer risk were related to the consciousness of the cancer early detection of people who had not participated in the regular physical examination in the past five years.
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Objective@#To understand the health literacy and relevant factors of cancer prevention consciousness in Chinese urban residents from 2015 to 2017.@*Methods@#A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 16 provinces covered by the Cancer Screening Program in Urban China from 2015 to 2017. A total of 32 257 local residents aged ≥18 years old who could understand the investigation procedure were included in the study by using the cluster sampling method and convenient sampling method. All local residents were categorized into four groups, which contained 15 524 community residents, 8 016 cancer risk assessment/screening population, 2 289 cancer patients and 6 428 occupational population, respectively. The self-designed questionnaire was used to collect the information of demographic characteristics and cancer prevention consciousness focusing on nine common risk factors, including smoking, alcohol, fiber food, food in hot temperature or pickled food, chewing betel nut, helicobacter pylori, moldy food, hepatitis B infection, estrogen, and exercise. The logistic regression model was adopted to identify the influencing factors.@*Results@#The overall health literacy of the cancer prevention consciousness was 77.4% (24 980 participants), with 77.4% (12 018 participants), 79.9% (6 406 participants), 77.2% (1 766 participants) and 74.5% (4 709 participants) in each group (P<0.001). The correct response rates for nine risk factors ranged from 55.2% to 93.0%. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that compared with community residents, people with primary school level education or below, and the number of people living together in the family <3, the cancer risk assessment/screening intervention population, cancer patients, those with junior high school level educationor above and the number of people living in the family ≥3 had better health literacy of the cancer prevention consciousness (all P values <0.05). Compared with females, 39 years old and below, government-affiliated institutions or civil servants, from the eastern region, males, older than 40 years, company or enterprise employees, and from the middle or western region had worse health literacy of the cancer prevention consciousness (all P values <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The health literacy of the cancer prevention consciousness in Chinese urban residents should be improved. The cancer screening intervention, gender, age, education, occupation, the number of people co-living in the family, and residential region were associated with the health literacy of the cancer prevention consciousness.
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Lung cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the world. The five-year survival rate is 19.7%, which seriously threatens human health. Lung cancer screening is an effective measure to reduce lung cancer mortality. Existing studies have shown that screening with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) can reduce lung cancer deaths by 20%. Currently, lung cancer screening is recommended internationally and nationally. Studying the development status of lung cancer screening helps us to identify the high-risk groups of lung cancer, explore reasonable screening programs, improve the cost-effectiveness of screening and reduce the economic burden. Therefore, this article summarizes the current status of lung cancer screening, the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening and the existing problems as follows. .
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Objective@#To investigate effect of the contact surface between the bridge and the adjacent teeth on the stress distribution of the implant and bone tissue and the displacement of the prosthesis in the cantilever fixed implant bridge restoring missing mandibular central incisors.@*Methods@#Two-dimensional images of the mandible and dentition in healthy adults were obtained using CT data. A three-dimensional finite element model of cantilever fixed bridge supported by implants with mandibular central incisor was established by computer reconstruction technique.The contact surface between the bridge and the adjacent natural tooth was designed as "oval" and "trapezoid". The "trapezoid" has a slightly smaller median diameter on the labial side and a slightly larger medial diameter on the lingual side. Loading of 120 N was applied on the tangential margin of the middle line of the long axis of the bridge 41. The direction was set at 0°, which was parallel to the long axis of the tooth and downward. The buccal to lingual and downward angles were 30°, 45° and 60°, respectively, perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth and 90° to the lingual side.The stress distribution of the implant and surrounding bone tissue and the displacement of the prosthesis were compared between the two models.@*Results@#Under axial and buccolingual loading, the maximum equivalent stress peak in the implant and surrounding bone tissue in the cantilever with trapezoidal contact surface design and the maximum displacement of the prosthesis were lower. Moreover, the distribution of stress was more balanced and the concentration range of stress was smaller. With the loading angle increasing, this trend was more obvious. When loading angle increased to 90°, the maximum equivalent stress and the maximum displacement of the elliptic contact surface model implant and surrounding bone tissue were 196 and 101 MPa and 0.196 mm, respectively, while the trapezoidal contact surface model were 157 and 72 MPa and 0.164 mm, respectively.@*Conclusions@#The trapezoidal contact surface of the bridge and the adjacent teeth in the cantilever fixed bridge supported by implants with mandibular central incisor is beneficial to reduce the impact of the leverage on the implant and surrounding bone tissue.
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Breast cancer is a common malignant tumor in women,and immunotherapy is one of the treatments with a good clinical prognosis. CA153 can activate immune response as a specific antigen in breast cancer immune response;participate in T cell activation;target binding peptide vaccine;enhance immune response;induce dendritic cell maturation,and eliminate cancer cells in vi-vo. Therefore,CA153 plays an important role in the immune response and treatment of breast cancer,and can be used as a new target for breast cancer immunotherapy.
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Objective To analyze the data of malignant tumor mortality and change in disease burden in Hebei province from 1973 to 2013.Methods Cancer mortality rate,age-standardized mortality rate and the years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) were calculated by using the data from three rounds of all death causes survey and database of cancer registry in Hebei during 1973-2013.Results From 1973 to 2013,a linear upward of malignant tumor mortality was observed,with a 51.57％ increase.The mortality rate during 1973-1975 was 98.52/100 000 and it was 149.33/100 000 during 2011-2013.During 1973-1975,the YLLs was 17.0/1 000 in males and 12.8/1 000 in females.While during 2011-2013,the YLLs was 23.2/1 000 in males and 15.9/1 000 in females.During 1973-1975,esophagus cancer,stomach cancer and liver cancer were top three leading causes of deaths.During 2011-2013,lung cancer,stomach cancer and liver cancer were main leading causes of deaths.During the past 40 years,the deaths of esophagus cancer and cervix cancer decreased dramatically,but the deaths of lung cancer and breast cancer increased sharply.Conclusions The disease burden caused by malignant tumor is becoming more serious in Hebei.It is necessary to strengthen the primary prevention and screening of malignant tumor.
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Objective@#To estimate the incidence and mortality of bladder cancer in China based on the cancer registration data in 2014, collected by the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR).@*Methods@#There were 449 cancer registries submitted bladder cancer new cases and deaths occurred in 2014 to NCCR. After evaluating the data quality, 339 registries′ data were finally accepted for analysis. According to the national population data of 2014, the nationwide incidence and mortality of bladder cancer were estimated by stratification in the area (urban or rural), gender, and age. Chinese population census in 2000 and Segi′s population were used for age-standardized incidence/mortality rates.@*Results@#All 339 cancer registries covered a total of 288 243 347 populations (144 061 915 in urban and 144 181 432 in rural areas). The percentage of morphologically verified cases and death certificate-only cases were 74.86% and 1.45%, respectively. The mortality to incidence ratio was 0.41. The estimates of new bladder cancer cases were 78 100 in China in 2014, with a crude incidence rate of 5.71/100 000. The age-standardized incidence rates by China standard population (ASR China) and world standard population (ASR world) of bladder cancer were 3.61/100 000 and 3.56/100 000, respectively. Cumulative incidence rate of bladder cancer in China was 0.41%. The crude and ASR China incidence rates in urban areas were 6.88/100 000 and 4.07/100 000, respectively, whereas those were 4.29/100, 000 and 2.96/100 000 in rural areas. The estimates of bladder cancer deaths caused by bladder cancer were about 32 100 in China in 2014, with a crude mortality rate of 2.35/100 000. The ASR China and ASR world mortality rates were both 1.30/100 000 with a cumulative mortality rate (0-74 years old) of 0.12%. The crude and ASR China mortality rates were 2.79/100 000 and 1.41/100 000 in urban areas, respectively, whereas those were 1.81/100 000 and 1.14/100 000 in rural areas.@*Conclusions@#The incidence and mortality pattern of bladder cancer were different in urban and rural areas. The incidence and mortality were higher in urban areas than that in rural areas, and higher for male than for female. We should focus on strengthening the prevention and control of bladder cancer in key population, especially men in urban areas.
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Lung cancer is one of the most important malignant tumors in the world. The morbidity and mortality rank the first in all kinds of cancer. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is at least 200 nt long and has no protein coding capacity. It plays an important role in the epigenetic regulation, cell cycle regulation, the regulation of cell differentiation, and many other life activities. The studies indicate that dysregulation of lncRNAs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissue and blood circulation is associated with the occurrence and development of cancer. The lncRNAs play an significant role in proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis of the tumor cells. Explore the potential mechanism between lncRNAs and NSCLC is beneficial for the early diagnosis, target therpy and improve prognosis. Therefore, the study aims to demonstrate the latest studies on the lncRNAs related to occurence, diagnosis, therpy and prognosis of NSCLC. It can help to deeply understanding of lncRNA, and provide new ideas for the prevention of NSCLC.
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Humanos , Carcinogénesis , Genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas , Diagnóstico , Quimioterapia , Genética , Patología , Terapia Molecular Dirigida , ARN Largo no Codificante , GenéticaRESUMEN
Objective To analyze the data of malignant tumor mortality and change in disease burden in Hebei province from 1973 to 2013.Methods Cancer mortality rate,age-standardized mortality rate and the years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) were calculated by using the data from three rounds of all death causes survey and database of cancer registry in Hebei during 1973-2013.Results From 1973 to 2013,a linear upward of malignant tumor mortality was observed,with a 51.57％ increase.The mortality rate during 1973-1975 was 98.52/100 000 and it was 149.33/100 000 during 2011-2013.During 1973-1975,the YLLs was 17.0/1 000 in males and 12.8/1 000 in females.While during 2011-2013,the YLLs was 23.2/1 000 in males and 15.9/1 000 in females.During 1973-1975,esophagus cancer,stomach cancer and liver cancer were top three leading causes of deaths.During 2011-2013,lung cancer,stomach cancer and liver cancer were main leading causes of deaths.During the past 40 years,the deaths of esophagus cancer and cervix cancer decreased dramatically,but the deaths of lung cancer and breast cancer increased sharply.Conclusions The disease burden caused by malignant tumor is becoming more serious in Hebei.It is necessary to strengthen the primary prevention and screening of malignant tumor.
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Background and purpose: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal cancers. There were about 1.36 million new cases of colorectal cancer, which was the third highest incidence of malignant tu-mors of the world in 2012. It was the fourth leading cause of cancer death and became a serious threat to human health. The aim of the study was to estimate the colorectal cancer burden in Hebei Province with the data of cancer registries areas and analyze the trend of colorectal cancer mortality rates with three of the Hebei Province death retrospective surveys. Methods: Nine cancer registries in Hebei Province submitted cancer registry data from 2010 to 2012 to the Hebei Provincial Cancer Registry Center. The pooled data were stratified by gender and age (0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14…80+). Proportions and incidence/mortality rates for colorectal cancer were calculated. Incidence and mortality rates were age-standardized to Chinese population census in 2000 and world Segi's population standard. Colorectal cancer mortal-ity data during the periods 1973-1975, 1990-1992 and 2004-2005 were extracted from the death retrospective surveys and analyzed. Mortality and incidence rate data from Cixian County from 1988 to 2012 and Shexian County from 2000 to 2012 were obtained in each county and analyzed using Joinpoint regression model. Results: The estimated number of newly diagnosed colorectal cancer cases and deaths from 2010 to 2012 in cancer registry areas of Hebei Provinc were 2303 and 1229, respectively. The crude incidence rate of colorectal cancer was 16.48/100000 (male 18.12/100000 and female 14.77/100000). The age-standardized incidence rate by Chinese population census (ASRC) in 2000 was 13.74/100000. The colorectal cancer mortality rate was 8.79/100000 (male 10.23/100000 and female 7.31/100000). The age-standardized mortality rate by Chinese population census (ASRC) in 2000 was 7.59/100000. The mortality rates of colorectal cancer displayed a significant increasing trend in Hebei Province from 1973-1975 to 2010-2012, with an increased rate of 28.03%. In Cixian County, the annual percentage change (APC) of colorectal cancer incidence rate was 3.55, while the APC of colorectal cancer mortality rate was 1.64 for males from 1988 to 2012. In Shexian County, the APC of colorectal cancer incidence rates were 4.68 and 9.17 for males and females from 2000 to 2012, respectively;the APC of colorectal cancer mortality was 5.61 for males in Shexian County. Conclusion: The incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer showed an increasing trend in Hebei Province over the past 40 years. It is an important task that colorectal cancer screening is strengthened to reduce morbidity and mortality of the colorectal cancer in Hebei Province.
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Objective@#The National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR) collected esophageal data of local cancer registries in 2013 to estimate the incidence and mortality in China.@*Methods@#Data submitted from 347 registries were evaluated and 255 registries' data are qualified by NCCR. Data of incidence and mortality were stratified with areas (urban/rural), gender and age group. Chinese population census in 2000 and Segi's population were used for age-standardized incidence/mortality.@*Results@#All of 255 cancer registries covered a total of 226 494 490 population (111 595 772 in urban areas and 114 898 718 in rural areas). The morphology verified cases (MV%) of esophageal cancer accounted for 75.51% and 1.64% of incident cases were identified through death certifications only (DCO%) with mortality to incidence ratio of 0.75. The estimates of new esophageal cancer cases and deaths were 277 thousand and 206 thousand in China, respectively. The crude incidence rate of esophageal cancer in Chinese cancer registration areas was 20.35/105 (28.15/105 in male, 12.15/105 in female), age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population were 13.64/105 and 13.82/105 with the cumulative incidence rate (0-74 age years old) of 1.77%. The esophageal cancer incidence and ASIRC were 13.38/105 and 8.74/105 in urban areas whereas in rural areas, they were 28.44/105 and 19.56/105, respectively. In rural areas, the crude incidence rate of esophageal cancer was 2.13 times higher than that in urban areas, and after age-standardized it remained 2.24 times higher. The esophageal cancer mortality in Chinese cancer registration areas was 15.17/105 (20.86/105 in male and 9.20/105 in female), age-standardized mortality by Chinese standard population (ASMRC) and by world standard population were 9.95/105 and 9.98/105, with the cumulative mortality rate (0-74 age years old) of 1.20%. The esophageal cancer mortality and ASMRC were 10.12/105 and 6.46/105 in urban areas, whereas in rural areas, they were 21.05/105 and 14.16/105, respectively. In rural areas, the esophageal cancer mortality and ASMRC were 2.08 and 2.19 times higher than those in urban areas. Esophageal cancer was the sixth common cancer and the fourth leading causes of cancer death, accounting for about 7.52% of all cancer cases and 9.26% of all cancer deaths.@*Conclusions@#Esophageal cancer is one of the most common cancers in China. Screening and early detection are important to reduce the incidence and mortality.
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BACKGROUND: Hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate biphasic ceramic bone has good cel compatibility, but its mechanical properties are poor. OBJECTIVE: To construct chitosan/ or calcium alginate/biphasic ceramic bone scaffolds and to detect their mechanical properties and cytocompatibility. METHODS: Different concentrations of chitosan (2%, 4%, 7%, 10%) or calcium alginate (3%, 4%, 5%, 7%) were mixed with biphasic ceramic bone to prepare chitosan/biphasic ceramic bone scaffold and calcium alginate/biphasic ceramic bone scaffold. Their morphology and structure, coagulation time, anti-dissolution properties, shear force, compressive strength and cel compatibility were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Coagulation time: with the concentration increase, the initial and final setting time of these two kinds of composite scaffolds were prolonged to some extent. (2) Scanning electron microscopy: these two kinds of composite scaffolds showed porous microstructures with different pore sizes. (3) Anti-dissolution properties: the calcium alginate/biphasic ceramic bone scaffold (3%, 4%, 5%, 7%) and chitosan/biphasic ceramic bone scaffold (7%, 10%) had good anti-dissolution properties in the liquid. (4) Mechanical strength: with the concentration increase, the shear force and compressive strength of the calcium alginate/biphasic ceramic bone scaffold were reduced. (5) Cel compatibility: the cytotoxicity of chitosan/ or calcium alginate/biphasic ceramic bone scaffolds was graded as 0-1 or 2-3, respectively. These results show that the chitosan/biphasic ceramic bone scaffold has better mechanical properties and cel compatibility than the calcium alginate/biphasic ceramic bone scaffold.
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BACKGROUND: The conical telescopic crown denture has a better long-term effect on dentition defects of few remaining teeth than the traditional removable denture. However, there are few studies to analyze the application of these two kinds of repair methods using the finite element method. OBJECTIVE: To compare the stress distribution of the isolated abutment tooth repaired using the conical telescopic crown denture and traditional removable denture. METHODS: Two-dimensional images of the mandible and dentition in healthy adults were scanned by CT. Three-dimensional finite element models of conical telescopic crown denture and traditional removable denture were established in the mandible only with the bilateral canines. Under the same vertical and oblique loadings, the maximum equivalent stress of the abutment, periodontal membrane or edentulous alveolar ridge was compared between two repair methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Under the vertical and oblique loadings, the total stress of abutment and periodontal membrane in the traditional removable denture was higher than that in the conical telescopic crown denture and the stress in the corresponding ring was concentrated obviously; the total stress of edentulous alveolar ridge in the conical telescopic crown denture was slightly larger than that in the traditional removable denture, but the stress was wel -distributed and concentrated in a smal area. Under the oblique loading, the total stress of abutment, periodontal membrane and edentulous alveolar ridge was higher than that under the vertical loading in these two dentures, and the stress was concentrated in the periodontal membrane of lingual neck, but the total stress in the traditional removable denture was larger, with a wider concentration range. These findings indicate that the stress on the supporting tissue of conical telescopic crown denture is more evenly distributed within a smal er range than that of traditional removable denture, and the former is more fit for the health of abutment, periodontal tissues and edentulous alveolar ridge.
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Objective To analyze the cancer incidence and mortality in Hebei cancer registry available areas in 2011.Methods Data were collected from 8 population-based cancer registries systems in Hebei province.Incidence and mortality rates stratified by areas (urban/rural),sex,age group and cancer site were analyzed.10 common cancers in different groups,proportions and cumulative rates were calculated.The Chinese population census in the year 2000 and Segi's populations were used for age-standardized incidence/mortality rates.Results In all the 8 cancer registries that covering a total of 4 573 293 population (2 139 779 in urban and 2 433 514 in rural areas),data was used for the analysis.The total new cancer incidence cases and deaths were 11 269 and 7 477,respectively.All the morphologically verified cancer cases (MV％) accounted for 75.26％ while 3.85％ of the incident cases were identified only through death certification records (DCO％).The mortality to incidence ratio appeared as 0.66.The crude incidence appeared in the Hebei cancer registration areas was 246.41/105 (264.55/105 in males and 227.75/105 in females).The age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and by world standard population (ASIRW) appeared as 207.13/105 and 206.61/105 respectively,with the cumulative incidence rates as (0-74 age years old) 23.57％.The cancer incidence and ASIRC were 242.64/105 and 200.19/105 in urban areas,whereas 249.72/105 and 214.11/105,respectively in rural areas.The crude mortality in Hebei cancer registration areas was 163.49/105(196.54/105 in male,129.51/105 in female),with age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population (ASMRC) and by world standard population (ASMRW) as 144.48/105 and 147.69/105.The cumulative mortality rate (0-74 age years old) was 14.71％.The cancer mortality (167.91/105) in rural areas seemed higher than the mortality (158.47/105) in urban areas.The most common sites of cancers were:stomach,lung,esophagus,breast,liver and colorectal,which accounted for 71.66％ of all the cancer cases.Lung cancer,stomach cancer,esophagus cancer,liver cancer and colorectal cancer were the major causes responsible for the cancer deaths in the areas with data of cancer registration,which accounted for 74.79％ of all the cancer deaths.Conclusion The coverage of Hebei cancer registration population could reflect the cancer burden in various areas and populations.The most commonly seen cancers were stomach,lung,esophagus,breast,liver,and colorectal,in Hebei province.In order to reduce the burden of cancers,prevention and control measures should be strengthened.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in patients with gastric cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>591 cases of gastric cancer pathologically diagnosed at the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University in 2006 were included in this study. The clinical information including age and gender, cancer, treatment, and the first blood test information at admission were collected from the medical record room and analyzed. The patients were followed up to March 15, 2012. The survival was calculated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The differences between groups were compared using Log-rank test. Cox regression was used to analyze the factors which may affect the survival of the patients. Software SPSS 13.0 was used for statistical analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 2006, a total of 591 patients were enrolled in this study in accordance with the inclusion criteria. By the end of the study, 538 cases were followed up. The follow-up rate was 91.0%. Among them 353 cases died of gastric cancer, 185 patients are still alive. In the whole group of 538 cases, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rate was 69.9%, 47.0%, and 37.5%, respectively. In the low NLR group, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rate was 76.1%, 50.1%, and 42.7%, respectively, while those of the high NLR group was 53.1%, 38.6%, and 23.4%, respectively, showing a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). Univariate analysis showed that the survival rate was significantly correlated with age, pathological type, TNM stage, operation, NLR and PLR (P < 0.05 for all). Multivariate analysis showed that TNM stage, operation, NLR and age of patients were independent risk factors for the prognosis of gastric cancer (P < 0.05 for all). According to the sub-site stratified analysis, TNM stage, operation and NLR were independent risk factors for gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (P < 0.05 for all), and age, TNM stage, operation for distal gastric cancer (P < 0.05 for all). PLR was not an independent prognostic factor of survival in patients with gastric cancer.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>NLR may be an independent prognostic factor of gastric cancer.</p>