[Phytochemical and agronomical response of peppermint [mentha piperita L.] to bio-fertilizers and urea fertilizer application]

In order to sustainable agriculture, applications of bio-fertilizers are as a gradual alternative to chemical fertilizers or at least to minimize the levels of these chemical. To determine the effects of some bio-fertilizers and urea fertilizers on agronomical and pharmaceutical yield of Peppermint. Methods: This study was done in a randomized complete block design [RCBD] with nine treatments and three replications. The treatments were control [no applying fertilizer], three different bio-fertilizers [4 and amp; 8 kg.ha[-1] for each one], and chemical urea fertilizer 75 and 100 kg.ha[-1]. The result showed that fertilizer treatments had significant effects on plant height, stem fresh and dry weight of per ha, dry weight of leaf per ha, menthone content [p<0.05], leaf number per stem, fresh and dry weight of leaf per stem, essential oil yield per ha, and menthol content [p<0.01]. Generally the lowest qualitative and quantitative yield of peppermint was related to control treatment. However, the application of bio-fertilizers significantly increased the yield in respect of all studied parameters and the highest yield was observed in Nitroxin and urea treatment. So that, the amount of menthone and menthol of essential oil in bio-fertilizer of Nitroxin [8 kg.ha[-1]] had not significant statistical difference with urea fertilizer [75 kg.ha[-1]]. The application of the bio-fertilizers especially Nitroxin increased qualitative and quantitative yield of peppermint. Then, the application of bio-fertilizers can be used in order to an alternative or reduction in application of chemical fertilizers in agro-ecosystem which is attitude toward the minimize of environmental pollution and sustainable agriculture

[ effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of shirazian babooneh [matricaria recutita L.]]

As application of chemical fertilizers has been recognized to cause pollution soil, water and agricultural products, today bio-fertilizers are an alternative to mineral fertilizers for increasing soil productivity and plant growth in sustainable agriculture. To determine the effects of biological and chemical fertilizers on qualitative and quantitative yield of Shirazian Babooneh [Matricaria recutita L.]. This study was done in a randomized complete block design with three replications and six treatments along 2009-2010. The treatments were A [Control or no applying fertilizer], B [Bio-fertilizer as Nitroxin+ 53 Kg/ha chemical fertilizer], C [Bio-Super nitro plus and Nitroxin + 35 Kg/ha chemical fertilizer], E [Bio-fertilizer as Bio-sulfur] and F [106 Kg/ha chemical fertilizer]. The fertilizer treatments had significant effects on plant height [p<0.05], plant dry weight [p<0.05], capitol diameter [p<0.01], fresh weight of capitol per ha [p<0.01], dry weight of capitol per ha [p<0.05], essential oil yield per ha [p<0.01], chamazulene content [p<0.01] and total flavonoid content [p<0.01]. The chemical fertilizer had not significant effect on qualitative and quantitative yield of Shirzian Babooneh and the lowest qualitative and quantitative yield of Shirazian Babooneh was related to control [A] and chemical fertilizer [F] treatments. Although, the application of bio-fertilizers significantly increased the yield in respect of all studied parameters, the highest dry weight of capitol and content of essential oil were observed in biosulfur [E] treatment. The application of the bio-fertilizers increased qualitative and quantitative yield of Shirazian Babooneh and Bio-sulfur treatment was the best treatment. Also, the application of the bio-fertilizers can be in order to reduction in application of chemical fertilizers in agro-ecosystem which is attitude toward minimize of environmental pollution and sustainable agriculture

[ effect of chlorhexidine disinfectant on microleakage of adhesive systems in composite restorations]

Statement of Problem: Bacteria are possibly left in the cavity after its preparation and can multiply after restoration. Thus, cavity disinfection prior to restoration can be effective if it does not interfere with adhesive resin adaptation

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of the application of chlorhexidine 2% on the microleakage of composite restorations using four adhesives

Methods and Material: In this experimental study, standard class V cavities were prepared in the buccal surfaces of 88 human premolars at the CEJ. The teeth were randomly divided into 8 groups, each containing 11 teeth. Four adhesives of Scotchbond Multi-Purpose [SBMP], Excite [Ex], Clearfi SE Bond [CSEB] and iBond [iB] were used according to their manufacturer's instructions in the four control groups. In the four experimental groups, the same adhesives were used, but in the SBMP and EX groups, 2% chlorhexidine solution for 40 seconds was applied after the etching. In the CSEB and iB groups, chlorhexidine was applied before the adhesive application. The cavities were filled using Z250. The samples were immersed in 0.2% methylene blue after finishing the restorations and thermocycling. Dye penetration was evaluated using stereomicroscope after sectioning. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests were used for statistical analysis

Results: There were no significant differences among the microleakage of the control groups at the incisal and gingival margins [ p >0.05]. Chlorhexidine did not affect the microleakage of the four adhesives

Conclusion: The results indicated that 2% chlorhexidine solution may not interfere with the sealing ability of the tested adhesives

[Evaluation of botanical traits and oil content/chemical composition in Iranian Thymus carmanicus jalas ecotypes]

Thymus caramanicus is an aromatic and perennial plant of Lamiaceae family, which distributes in different areas of Iran. In this study, botanical traits and oil content/chemical composition of Thymus carmanicus Jalas ecotypes are evaluated in natural habitats of Iran. Ecotypes of Th. carmanicus were collected from Kerman [Sirch and Rayen], Yazd, Esfahan and Shahrud. In addition, the geographical origins and the botanical traits of ecotypes were recorded. Oils were extracted by hydrodistillation method for 3h and its constituents determined by GC and GC-MS. The essential oils content [w/w%] of the Kerman-Rayen, Kerman-Sirch, Yazd, Shahrud and Esfahan ecotypes were 2.5%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 1.8% and 1.5%, respectively. 34, 36, 37, 38 and 33 components were identified and quantified in oil samples of Kerman-Rayen, Kerman-Sirch, Yazd, Shahrud and Esfahan ecotypes, representing 98.7, 98.9, 96.9, 92.3 and 98.2% of these oils, respectively. The ranges of major constituents were as follow: carvacrol [42.0 - 80.7%], thymol [4.1 - 11.8%], p-cymene [2.5 - 12.8%], gamma- terpinene [3.7-7.3%]. and borneol [3.1-8.3%]. The carvacrol was the main compound in all ecotypes. Th. carmanicus contains the high content of essential oil and phenolic components including carvacrol and thymol, which can be used in pharmaceutical industries

[Optimization of extraction method of hyoscine from Hyoscyamus niger L.]

Hyoscyamus niger L. from Solanaceae is an important pharmacological plant which contains tropane alkaloids, tropane alkaloids constitute one distinct group of secondary metabolites of the Solanaceae. Hyoscyamus species are rich source of tropane alkaloids, mainly hyoscyamine and hyoscine [scopolamine], which are widely used for their mydriatic, antispasmodic, anticholinergic, analgesic and sedative properties. Therefore determine of optimized method is necessary for extraction of hyoscine from Hyoscyamus niger L. The purpose of this research is determine of optimized conditions for extraction of hyoscine from Hyoscyamus niger L. Three factors, temperature, extraction time and mesh size of plant were studied using three level box-behnken design, the hyoscine content were measured by Gas chromatograph, Younglin Acm 6000 model. The results showed that the best conditions for extraction of hyoscine from Hyoscyamus niger L. is Ultrasonic extraction in 43 C, 130 min and 45 mesh size. It can be concluded that in order to efficient extraction of hyoscine from Hyoscyamus niger L., special conditions should be considered

Comparison of BOP and PPD indices in restored posterior teeth with composite. P60 [3M] and natural [intact] teeth

Composite Resin is a kind of polymer that has been recently substituted for Amalgam; therefore biocompatibility of Composite with periodontal tissue should be acceptable and also should not clinically induce inflammation and irritation symptoms in gingival tissue over a long time. The objective of this research is to investigate biocompatibility of posterior composite with periodontal tissue by means of PPD and BOP indices in teeth which have been filled with Composite and intact ones. This is a clinical trial research and a kind of case control in which 40 teeth of 20 patients -15 men and 5 women - were selected from students of Dentistry Faculty of Tehran Medical Science University as the case group with cl II caries in posterior teeth [4,5,6,7] and the outline of preparation was near or 0.5 coronal to gingival which were filled with posterior composite Resin [P60]. PPD indices based on ranking of 1 to 4 and BOP based on Muhlemann category were measured and recorded exactly before operation and 3 and 6 months after in 40 restored case group and 40 control group [intact teeth in opposite quadrant]. Then the results were analyzed by means of SPSS software and tested by Friedman and Wilcoxon Tests. There was no significant difference between BOP Indices in To-Ti and T[2] in case group and also in control group. Further more there was no significant difference in PPD Indices in To-Ti and T; in case and control groups. There was no significant difference between BOP indices in case and control teeth groups in To [exactly before operation]. Also there was no significant difference between mentioned teeth groups in Tl [3 months after operation]. But a significant difference was found between them in T2 [6months after operation] [P=0. 035] Furthermore there was no difference between PPD indices in case and control teeth groups in proximal side of buccal surface in To, Tl and T2 and also no significant difference on the proximal side of lingual surface in To, Tl and T2. Regarding biocompatibility of new generation posterior Composite Resin [like P60] with periodontal tissue, they have not been able to compete with the intact surface of tooth