[ radiographic assessment of the prevalence of pulp stones in patients referred to rafsanjan faculty of dentistry in 2008]

Pulp stone [PS] is foci of calcification within the dental pulp whose etiology remains yet unknown. The prevalence of PS has been reported to very variable in other studies. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of PS in city of Rafsanjan. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out by periapical or bite-wing radiographs in 800 patients having referred to the department of oral and maxillofacial radiology of Rafsanjan dentistry school. Opaque masses were considered as PS in the coronal portion of the pulp. The data were analyzed by t-test and Chi-square statistical procedures. The prevalence of PS was calculated to be 20% in 800 patients [21.7% men, 18.9% Women]. There was no significant relationship between PS and gender. As age increased, the prevalence of PS increased [p<0.0001]. There was a significant difference between the mean age of the patients with PS [31.7 +/- 9.62 years] comparable to patients without PS [28 +/- 8.75 years] [p<0.0001]. The prevalence of PS was higher in first molar teeth. With regard to the results of this study, the prevalence of PS is rather high and increases with age. The high prevalence of PS and the probable common mechanism between PS and other diseases can be basis of designing more studies

[Volatile constituentes from leaf and flower of achillea nobilis L. subsp. neireichii from north of Iran]

The genus Achillea [Asteraceae] is comprised of about 115 species in over the world. Remarkably, 19 species of this genus are found in the flora Iranica. This genus has been used in folk medicine. Investigation of the essential oil from leaf and flowers of Achillea nobilis L. subsp. Neireichii. The aerial parts of A. nobilis L., subsp. Neireichii were collected during the flowering stage from Damash village, West of Roodbar, Gilan Province, in July 2007. Leaves and flowers were separately hydrodistilled for 3 hours, using a Clevenger-type apparatus to yield 1.8% [w/w] and 1.0% [w/w] of yellow oil, respectively and analyzed with GC and CG/MS. The constituents of the essential oil were identified by comparison of their mass spectra and retention indices [RI] with those given in the literature, co-injection and authentic samples. Forty-four [86.8%] and forty - two [93.4%] compounds were characterized in the oil of flowers and leaves of A. nobilis subsp. neireichii, respectively. 1,8-cineole [10.3%] and geranyl isovalerate [8.4%] were the major constituents in the oil of the flowers, also 1,8-Cineole [17.0%] and trans-verbenol [14.1%] were the major constituents in the oil of leaves. The oil of flowers and leaves of A. nobilis subsp. neireichii consist of monoterpens [59.8% and 72.2%] and sesquiterpens [22.2% and 12.6%], respectively

Comparison of the antimicrobial effect of garlic extract with two intracanal irrigants on enterococcus faecalis

It is very important to remove the microorganisms in the root canal before obturation. One of the causes of endodontic treatment failures is the existence of the bacteria responsible for resistant infections, including Enterococcus Faecalis. The aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial effect of the garlic extract with two intracanal irrigants on Enterococcus Faecalis. In this in-vitro study, the method of Well Agar Diffusion was used to compare the anti-bacterial effect of pure garlic extract [100%], garlic extract 80%, chlorhexidine 2%, sodium hypochlorite 5.25% and combined chlorhexidine 2% with pure garlic extract. Eighteen plates of Muller-Hinton agar were inoculated with E.faecalis. Each plate had 6 wells for test solutions and one of them was for sterile distilled water as the control. The prepared plates were distributed into aerobic [n=9] and anaerobic [n=9] groups, then incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. After that, the diameter of the zones of microbial inhibition around every well was measured and recorded. Our results demonstrated that Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% was more effective compared with the other antimicrobial materials in both aerobic and anaerobic groups. This difference was statistically significant [ANOVA, p<0.05]. The most effective antimicrobial agents in aerobic and anaerobic conditions were in this order sodium hypochlorite [5.25%], chlorhexidine 2%, pure garlic extract, combined chlorhexidine 2% with pure garlic extract and garlic extract 80% respectively [p<0.05]. However, the difference between pure garlic extract and combined chlorhexidine 2% with pure garlic extract in aerobic condition was not significant. The results showed that garlic extract is effective on Enterococcus Faecalis in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions; nevertheless it has less efficacy than chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite

[Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of salvia macrochlamys boiss. and kotschy, from West Azarbayjan Province]

In the Flora Iranica this genus is represented by fifthy-eight species, seventheen of which are endemic. The genus Salvia are known for medicinal value, antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Investigation on essential oil of Salvia macrochlamys and antibacterial activity assessment. The aerial parts of S. macrochlamys were collected during the flowering stage from Marmishuo Hill in West-Azarbayjan Province, in July 2006 and were hydrodistilled for 3 hours, using a Clevenger-type apparatus to yield 0.35% [w/w] of yellowish oil and analyzed with GC and GC/MS. The constituents of the essential oil were identified by comparison of their mass spectra and retention indices [RI] with those given in the literature and authentic samples. Antibacterial activities of the essential oil were investigated according to the disc diffusion method and MIC value. Thirty-four compounds were characterized in the essential oil of S. macrochlamys, representing 97.6% of the oil, of which beta-Caryophyllene [32.7%], 1, 8-Cineol [18.9%], were found to be the major components. The oil of S. macrochlamys showed high antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The oil of S. macrochlamys consists of monoterpen [44.4%] and sequiterpens [52.0%]. The antibacterial avtivity can be attributed to 1, 8-Cineol

[Isolation beta-stigmasterol from teucrium hyrcanicum L., growing wild in gilan province]

The genus Teucrium [Lamiaceae] is comprised 340 species in widespread over the world. Remarkably, In the Flora Iranica this genus is represented by twelve species, three of which are endemic. The genus Teucrium are known for medicinal value, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflamatory, antiseptic and antipyretic properties. Isolation of beta-Stigmasterol from Teucrium hyrcanicum L. The aerial parts of Teucrium hyrcanicum were collected during the flowering stage from Rostamabad, Gilan Province, in July 2006 and then were extracted by chloroform and acetone [2:1] for 36 h. Crude extract was separated by adsorption chromatography over silica gel with elution by petroleum and ethylacetate. Final purification was performed by smaller chromatography. A steroid named beta - Stigmasterol were isolated and the structur of them were proved using spectral data consist of FTIR, UV, HRMS, also 1-DNMR, HNMR, [13]CNMR], 2-DNMR [HMQC, HMBC] and DEPT [90[degree symbol],135[degree symbol]. beta-Stigmasterol was characterized for the first time in Teucrium hyrcanicum

[Volatile oil composition of ballota nigra L. ssp. anatolica P.H. davis, growing in Mazandaran province]

The genus Ballota [Lamiaceae] is comprised of about 90 species all over the world. Remarkably, three species of this genus are growing in Iran, that is used in traditional medicine [1]. Investigation on the essential oil composition of Ballota nigra ssp. anatolica. The aerial parts of B. nigra ssp. anatolica were collected during the flowering stage from Shahnajar village, Kojur, Mazandaran Province, in July 2007. Hydrodistillation was performed using a Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 hours to yield 0.7% [w/w] of yellowish oil. Essential oil was analyzed with GC and GC/MS techniques. The constituents of the essential oil were identified by comparison of their mass spectra and retention indices [RI] with those given in the literature and authentic samples. Twelve components were determined in the essential oil of B. nigra ssp. anatolica, representing 91.8% of the oil. Germacrene D [18.1%], Nerolidol epoxyacetate [15.4%], Sclareoloxide [12.1%], Linalyl acetate [11.5%], beta - Caryophyllene [10.5%] were found to be the major constituents. The oil of B. nigra ssp. anatolica consists of oxygenated monoterpens [18.1%] and sesquiterpens [73.7%]

[Chemical composition of the essential oils of two populations Teucrium hyrcanicum L. in two different localities]

The genus Teucrium [Lamiaceae] is comprised of about 340 species widespread over the world. In the Flora Iranica, this genus is represented by 12 species, of which 3 are endemic. Several Teucrium species are used in Iranian folk medicine as medicinal plant. There is no study on the volatile oil of Teucrium hyrcanicum in the literature. Investigation and comparison on essential oil constituents of two populations T. hyrcanicum collected from two localities. The aerial parts of T. hyrcanicum were collected from road of Khalkhal-Asalem and Rostamabad; shade dried and then essential oil extracted by means of hydrodistillation and analyzed with GC and GC/MS. The essential oil yields were 0.25 and 0.20 [w/w] based on dry weight of plant, respectively. 38 and 15 compounds were idedtified, representing 93.1% and 93.3% of the total oils, respectively. In the oil obtained from Khalkhal-Asalem. Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone [12.7%], linalool [11.7%] and E-beta-farnesene [10.7%] were found as the major components. From Rostamabad sample E- beta-Farnesene [60.6%] and E-beta-Farnesene [15.0%] were the most abundant. The results showed that the difference in the volatile constituents could be considered as chemotaxonomic significance and it may be attributed to their different ecological and geographical origin factors