RESUMEN
Needle stick injuries [NSls] caused by sharp objects are the most important issue in exposure of healthcare workers especially nurses to bloodborne pathogens. Nursing and midwifery students are highly exposed to the risks as well when they perform clinical trainings. The present study aimed to determine frequency of those injuries and associated factors among nursing and midwifery students affiliated to Kerman University of medical Sceinces. A cross sectional study method was conducted to recruit 190 nursing and midwifery students who were training in clinical settings. The data was collected using Shiao questionnaire including demographic factors and 25 specific questions regarding history of needle stick and sharp object injuries and associated factors as well as vaccinating against hepatitis B. All statistics were computed by the SPSS software using Chi-square and regression tests. The study demonstrated that 30.1% of the students experienced the injuries during the previous year and 42.2% were exposed to minimum one injury during their university education. Needle stick injuries were the most common sort of injuries [71,6%]. 33.9% of them reported the accident. The most frequent reason of not reporting was their confident of absence of any serious infection in their patients. Most of student were vaccinated against hepatitis B [93.6%]. Students in their second educational year had experienced the most injuries. There was no significant difference between nursing and midwifery students also between students in their internship or earlier clinical trainings considering the frequency of injuries. The study indicated a relatively high rate of needle stick and sharp objects injuries among nursing and midwifery students in studies university. Although hepatitis B vaccinations was extensively practiced, but it is recommended to instruct the students to prevent the injuries and intervene appropriately after injuries
RESUMEN
The urinary system of euryhaline fish, as well as the gills, is involved in ion regulation through the production of dilute urine in freshwater and isotonic urine in seawater. The low osmolality of the urine originates from an active reabsorption of ions by Ionocytes or mitochondria rich-cells [MRCs] present in certain parts of the urinary system. Mitochondria rich-cells possess a high density of Na[+], K[+]-ATPase. Persian Sturgeon fry-s, adapted to freshwater and diluted Caspian Sea water [%.5 salinity] were fixed in Bouin-s solution after 24h. After the hydration with ethanol, the samples were paraffinaized and sectioned. Light microscopy and Hematoxiline-Fushin staining were used for histological examinations. Immunolocalization of Na[+], K[+]-ATPase was observed through fluorescent microscopy [450-490 micro m], using IgG alpha[5] [as primary antibody] and FITC [as secondary antibody]. In both experimental conditions, maximum immunofluorescence of Na[+], K[+]-ATPase [in mitochondria rich-cells] was found in distal and collective tubules. In both ureter and urinary bladder, immunostainings were found in dispersed cells with relatively weak intensity. In%.5 acclimated fish, weak immunofluorescence was also observed in neck segment and proximal tubules, as well as in distal and collective tubules. Alternation in mitochondria rich-cells and Na[+], K[+]-ATPase distribution in kidney tubules of%.5 acclimated fry-s showed that the blood and osmolytes were nearly isotonic to environment but not isoionic. Thus the fish needs the absorption and excretion of some ions for the body homeostasis and osmoregulation