Investigation on the effect of the season in determination of manning roughness coefficient in predicting flood hydraulic behavior [Case Study: Haraz River]

In recent decades, flood occurrences result in large casualties in Iran. Flood plains include at risk fertile farm lands. Flood map can be very useful in flood plains management studies. Nowadays, these maps are considered as basic and vital information for civil plans and assessed carefully to avoid losses before any investments or execution of developing plans in flood plains. Several factors can be considered in speed, depth and force of water stress during flood is one of them. Since there is no simple theorem relation between water cutting stress, slope and speed, experimental equations can be useful. Manning equation is used to calculate water speed as well as anticipate hydraulic behavior of rivers. There are various approaches to determine coefficient of [n]. In Manning Method those coefficients which are dependent to river situation like grain of river-bed, plant coverage and river route curvature degree obstructs and varies. Manning coefficient varies in a river section with plant coverage variation in different seasons. This variation may affect on water speed distribution, water height and flood area in different return periods. Also, inaccuracy in Manning coefficient estimation can result in incorrect answers. Tite et al., proposed an approach to increase output accuracy of HEC-RAS software in geographic data system by matching land mapping data, river geometry and control structures with available land model in geographic data system. Motiie et al, mapped Sefid-Roof river flood by HEC- GeoRAS and HEC-RAS. Andem in his thesis named [Comparison of Jungle and Non-jungle Rivers Regimes], used HEC- GeoRAS and HEC-RAS to study speed variations and descent numbers of the two types of rivers. Also, he compared effects of plant coverage on regimes and physical behavior of flow, finally he conclude that HEC-RAS can be useful in producing appropriate values to study regime and the other hydraulic characteristics of river. Islam and Kimitro used remote sensing and GIS data to produce flood risk map of Bangladesh in 1988. Yazdandoost and Nasiri determined at risk regions of Islamshar with different return periods. Safari mapped at risk areas of Neka river in east of Mazandaran province. Various studies performed to determine flood areas in different return periods in Iran and other countries, but programming to overcome natural hazards should be based on the most acute situations to be effective. The present study is performed to assess Manning coefficient season effect on flood hydraulic behavior anticipation

[Prevalence of lung involvement due to rheumatoid arthritis based on clinical, radiographic and pulmonary functions test]

Background: Pulmonary involvement is a common and serious complication of rheumatoid arthritis. This cross sectional study sought to determine the prevalence of pulmonary disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis on the basis of history, physical examination, chest X-ray and PFT

Materials and Methods: 103 patients [81 Women, 22 Men] fulfilling the ACR [American College of Rheumatology] criteria for RA [Rheumatoid arthritis] were consecutively included in a cross sectional study. Detailed medical [including respiratory symptoms and the disease activity symptoms] and drug and occupational histories and smoking were obtained. All patients underwent a complete pulmonary and rheumatologic examination and conventional chest radiography. All patients underwent PFT that comprised spirometry and body plethysmography. Results for PFTs were expressed as percentage of predicted values for each individual adjusted for age, sex, and height

Results: On the basis of history: Their mean age was 43.3 +/- 2.6 years [range: 17-74] and the mean duration of the disease was 69.3 +/- 15.6 months. Rheumatoid factor was positive in% 61.2. No patients were 0.5Pack/Year smoker in whole life. Prevalence of pulmonary involvement based on radiographic and pulmonary function test detected in 41 patients [39/7%]. The most frequent respiratory clinical finding was dyspnea [33%], [NYHA grade I in 17.5% and NYHA grade II in 15.5%], Cough [with or without sputum] in 13.6 %, Crackle was the most sign in pulmonary examination [5.8%]. Chest X-ray was abnormal in 13.3 % that the most common finding in this study was reticulonodular pattern in 20 patients [19.4 %], and pleural effusion detected in 7 patients [6.7%]. PFT was abnormal in 30 patients [29.1 %]. A significant decrease of FEF 25%-75% below 1.64 SD. Small airway involvements was the most abnormal finding of PFT. No relation between rheumatoid arthritis disease activity [ESR>30, Morning stiffness>30', Anemia, thrombocytosis] with pulmonary disease was seen

Conclusion: This study suggests a high prevalence of lung involvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore we recommend a complete investigation in patients with RA with any respiratory symptom

Primary cardiac lymphoma

A 4-year-old boy referred to our clinic with fever, abdominal pain and vomiting. He had a muffled heart sound and increased Jugular venous pressure on physical examination and cardiomegally on the chest X-ray. Echocardiography showed a mass in the right ventricular outflow tract. A biopsy from the mass revealed primary cardiac lymphoma. He did not respond to chemotherapy and died