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Abstract Background: This study aimed to identify prognostic factors for pregnancy outcomes and construct a prognostic model for pregnancy outcomes in women with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortions (RSA) treated with cyclosporin A. Methods: A total of 154 RSA patients treated with cyclosporin A between October 2016 and October 2018 were retrospectively recruited. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to identify the prognostic factors for pregnancy success in RSA women treated with cyclosporin A. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to construct prognostic value, and the prognostic performance was assessed using area under the ROC. Results: After adjusting potential confounding factors, the authors noted increased age (OR = 0.771; 95 % CI 0.693‒0.858; p < 0.001) and positive antinuclear antibodies (OR = 0.204; 95 % CI 0.079‒0.526; p = 0.001) were associated with a reduced incidence of pregnancy success, while positive anti-β2 glycoprotein-I-antibody (OR = 21.941; 95 % CI 1.176‒409.281; p = 0.039) was associated with an increased incidence of pregnancy success after treated with cyclosporin A. The AUC of combining these variables for predicting pregnancy failure was 0.809 (95 % CI 0.735‒0.880). Conclusion: This study systematically identified the prognostic factors for pregnancy success in women treated with cyclosporin A, and the constructed prognostic model based on these factors with relatively higher prognostic value. Further large-scale prospective studies should be performed to validate the prognostic value of the constructed model.
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Objective@#To analyze the total fluids intake and sources of college students from Hebei in spring and summer, and to provide a scientific reference for appropriate fluids intake in different seasons.@*Methods@#Subjects were recruited in a university in Baoding, Hebei Province, and investigations were conducted in April and June 2021. The number of people who completed both spring and summer investigations was 80. Quantitative instruments and 7 day 24 h Fluid Intake Questionnaire were used to investigate the total drinking fluids, and it was recorded for 7 consecutive days in spring and summer respectively. The duplicate portion method was used to investigate the water from food. The total fluids intake and sources among subjects were analyzed in spring and summer.@*Results@#There was no statistical significance between the total drinking fluids and total fluids intake between spring and summer [1 141(715), 1 176(649)mL/d, (2 496±604)(2 458±554)mL/d] ( F=1.86, 0.59, P >0.05). Spring showed significantly higher water from food compared with summer [(1 318±274)(1 217±302)mL/d]( F=16.63, P <0.05). The proportions of total drinking fluids and water from food in spring were 46% and 54%, respectively, and both were 50% in summer, the differences were statistically significant ( F=12.97, 12.97, P <0.05). There were differences in total fluids intake,total drinking fluids and water from food of different genders in earch season ( t/Z =4.75, -3.63, 3.44; 4.80, -2.91, 4.01, P <0.05). There were differences in total water intake, total drinking fluids, the proportions of total drinking fluids and water from food of different BMI groups in each season ( F/H =8.08, 16.65, 3.03, 3.03; 7.11,17.97, 4.52, 4.52, P <0.05). In spring, only 13.8% of subjects achieved the recommended total drinking fluids of China, compared with 18.8% in summer. In spring and summer, the total fluids intake, total drinking fluids, the proportions of total drinking fluids in the group achieved the recommendation were all higher than those who did not reach the recommendation ( t/Z =6.64, -5.19, 5.79; 8.12, -5.97, 5.70, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Season is a factor that affects total fluids intake, and it should be taken into account when setting the recommendation on adequate water intake.
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Objective@#To understand the current situation of food intake frequency among schoolage children in agricultural and pastoral areas of Qinghai Province, and to provide a scientific basis for local education departments and schools to formulate scientific nutrition improvement plans and measures.@*Methods@#A multi stage stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 969 fourth and fifth grade primary school students from 10 primary schools in Hainan Autonomous Prefecture, Haixi Autonomous Prefecture and Haidong City. All the participants were investigated with a questionnaire survey of dietary behaviors.@*Results@#For the fourth and fifth grade primary school students, the highest proportion of "eaten almost every day" were cereal and tuber ( 84.3 %) and fruits (44.6%), and the highest proportion of "barely eaten" was aquatic product (68.1%) and nutritious supplementary (45.9%). The intake of livestock meat and poultry, fishery products, beverages and nutritional supplements of boys was higher than that of girls（ Z =-2.46，-2.46，-2.43，-2.37， P ＜0.05）. The intake of livestock meat and poultry and snacks of fifth grade students was higher than that of fourth grade students, while the intake of fishery products was lower than that of fourth grade students（ Z = -2.66 ，-4.33，-2.65， P ＜0.05）.@*Conclusion@#The frequency of food intake varies among students of differences genders, grades, areas, boarding situation and urbanities. Relevant departments should improve nutrition improvement plans for school age children with different characteristics. Schools and families should carry out nutrition education works to cultivate healthy eating behaviors of students.
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Objective@#To examine breakfast consumption among primary school students in grades 4 and 5 in Qinghai Province, China, and to provide evidence for nutrition education and intervention strategies.@*Methods@#We used a multistage stratified cluster random sampling method to select the participants. A total of 969 students were selected from 10 primary schools in four counties and districts of three cities, namely Haidong City, Hainan Prefecture and Haixi Prefecture in Qinghai Province. A self rated questionnaire was administered to investigate breakfast consumption.@*Results@#The proportion of students who consumed breakfast 5 to 7 times per week, 3 or 4 times per week, and 1 or 2 times per week were 82.0%, 9.7%, and 6.7%, respectively, while 1.5% never ate breakfast. In descending order, the breakfast food types consumed were cereals and tubers; milk, legumes and nuts; vegetables and fruits; fish and poultry; and meat and eggs (84.1%, 69.8%, 66.8%, and 37.7%, respectively). The proportion of vegetables and fruits in the breakfast of grade 5 students was higher than that of grade 4 students( χ 2=4.81, P = 0.03 ), the proportion of fish, poultry,meat and eggs in county urban areas was higher than that of students in rural( χ 2=6.94, P =0.03), while the proportion of vegetables and fruits in urban areas was lower than that of students in suburban areas( χ 2=53.33, P <0.01). The proportion of breakfast food containing fish,poultry,meat and eggs of boarding students was higher than that of non boarding students( χ 2=41.26, P <0.01), while the proportion of breakfast food containing vegetables and fruits, milk & legumens & nuts was lower than that of non-boarding students( χ 2=21.11, 4.41, P <0.01). A total of 44.8% of students had a poor quality breakfast, and only 16.3% had a good quality breakfast. Moreover, 47.5% of breakfasts were prepared by mothers, followed by the school canteen which prepared 29.9%. Except for students in different grades, there were statistically significant differences in the distribution of breakfast preparers in other groups( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#In Qinghai Province,breakfast skipping is observed in some senior primary school students, and the quality of breakfast is poor. Diet and nutrition education should be provided for students, parents, and school canteen staff to improve the frequency and nutritional quality of children s breakfasts.
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Objective@#To understand the current situation regarding snack food consumption among grade 4 and grade 5 primary school students in agricultural and pastoral areas of Qinghai Province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for nutrition education and intervention strategies.@*Methods@#Multistage stratified cluster random sampling was employed. The research included 969 fourth and fifth grade students were selected from 10 primary schools in four counties and districts of three cities in Haidong City, Hainan Prefecture and Haixi Prefecture in Qinghai Province. The self report questionnaire method was used to investigate the current status regarding snack food consumption in this population.@*Results@#The proportion of students who consumed snack food at home, school and elsewhere were 98.2%, 88.5% and 75.4%, respectively. Male students reported a lower rate of snack consumption at school than female students ( χ 2=9.66). The fifth grade students reported a higher rate of snack consumption at home and other places than the fourth grade students ( χ 2=10.31, 6.77). The reported rate of snack consumption of students in the rural was higher than that in the county( χ 2=6.03,100.53, 24.77). The reported rate of snack consumption of boarding students at home was lower than that of non-boarding students ( χ 2=7.22), while the reported rate of snack consumption at school was higher than that of non-boarding students ( χ 2=9.04）（ P <0.01). The most popular snacks consumed at home included fruits and vegetables, cereals and nuts (76.9%, 67.2%, 63.7%), while the most popular snacks consumed at school were fruits and vegetables, cereals and candies (45.1%, 36.9%, 24.4%). The most popular snacks consumed in other settings included ice cream, candies and beverages(54.7%, 51.6%, 42.9%). The top three reasons for snacking were that snacks were regarded as delicious, healthy/nutritious and clean (76.9%, 65.5% and 59.0%, respectively).@*Conclusion@#Snacking is popular among students, although many snacks are unhealthy. Therefore, there is a need to improve food environments and nutrition education, so as to help students to choose healthy beverages and adopt healthy eating behaviors.
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Objective@#To study the consumption of beverages among senior primary school students in rural and pastoral areas of Qinghai Province, China, in order to provide evidence for the development of nutrition and intervention strategies.@*Methods@#A multi stage stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to select 969 primary school students in grades 4 and 5 from 10 schools in Hainan Autonomous Prefecture, Haixi Autonomous Prefecture and Haidong City. All participants completed a questionnaire survey on daily beverage consumption. The Chi square test was performed to compare differences in reported rates of beverage consumption among students in different groups.@*Results@#The proportion of students who consumed beverages at home, school and elsewhere were 96.9%, 64.5% and 84.9%, respectively. The most popular beverages consumed at home were milk and yogurt ( 63.1 %), tea water (53.0%), and tea drinks (52.4%). The most popular beverages consumed at school were tea(29.8%), milk and yogurt (27.8%) and tea drinks (18.4%), while the most popular beverages consumed in other places were tea drinks ( 42.0 %), carbonated drinks (38.1%) and milk and yogurt (35.0%). The top five reasons for choosing a given beverage were taste delicious (81.2%), nutritious (57.6%),healthy and clean(52.6%),many students like to drink(39.6%),family members often drink(37.7%).@*Conclusion@#The consumption of beverages was popular among students, and sugared beverages represented a large proportion of the beverages consumed. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve the food environment and provide effective nutrition education for students, so as to encourage the consumption of healthy beverages and cultivate healthy eating behaviors.
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Objective@#To study the consumption of beverages among senior primary school students in rural and pastoral areas of Qinghai Province, China, in order to provide evidence for the development of nutrition and intervention strategies.@*Methods@#A multi stage stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to select 969 primary school students in grades 4 and 5 from 10 schools in Hainan Autonomous Prefecture, Haixi Autonomous Prefecture and Haidong City. All participants completed a questionnaire survey on daily beverage consumption. The Chi square test was performed to compare differences in reported rates of beverage consumption among students in different groups.@*Results@#The proportion of students who consumed beverages at home, school and elsewhere were 96.9%, 64.5% and 84.9%, respectively. The most popular beverages consumed at home were milk and yogurt ( 63.1 %), tea water (53.0%), and tea drinks (52.4%). The most popular beverages consumed at school were tea(29.8%), milk and yogurt (27.8%) and tea drinks (18.4%), while the most popular beverages consumed in other places were tea drinks ( 42.0 %), carbonated drinks (38.1%) and milk and yogurt (35.0%). The top five reasons for choosing a given beverage were taste delicious (81.2%), nutritious (57.6%),healthy and clean(52.6%),many students like to drink(39.6%),family members often drink(37.7%).@*Conclusion@#The consumption of beverages was popular among students, and sugared beverages represented a large proportion of the beverages consumed. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve the food environment and provide effective nutrition education for students, so as to encourage the consumption of healthy beverages and cultivate healthy eating behaviors.
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Objective@#To investigate fast food consumption behaviors among 4th and 5th grade primary school students in agricultural and pastoral areas in Qinghai Province, and to provide scientific basis for nutrition education and intervention measures for school age children in agricultural and pastoral areas.@*Methods@#Using multi stage stratified cluster random sampling method, a total of 969 fourth and fifth grade students were selected from 10 primary schools in 4 counties and districts in 3 cities of Haidong City, Hainan Prefecture and Haixi Prefecture from Qinghai Province. Self administered questionnaires were used to investigate the fast food consumption behaviors of participants.@*Results@#The proportions of senior primary school students in agricultural and pastoral areas of Qinghai Province who had consumed western fast food and traditioal fast food in the past week were 45.8% and 75.6%, respectively, with statistically significant differences ( χ 2=290.24, P <0.05). The times of traditional fast food consumption in the past week among boarding students were higher than that of non boarding students( Z =6.44,5.84, P <0.05). The main reasons for senior primary school students in agricultural and pastoral areas of Qinghai Province to choose to consume western fast food were that it was delicious (84.7%), nutritious (62.6%), clean and hygienic (57.4%), and a better environment (57.0%). The top 4 reasons for chousing Chinese fast food were yummy(83.8%),nutritious(82.8%),clean and healthy(67.4%),and good environment(53.5%). Among the surveyed primary school students, 64.7% believed that diet structure of Chinese fast food was reasonable, 43.0% believed that the nutritional value of Chinese fast food was high, and 39.4% believed that the energy content of western fast food was high.@*Conclusion@#Fast food consumption is a common dietary behavior of senior primary school students in agricultural and pastoral areas of Qinghai Province. Relevant departments should strengthen the nutrition education related to fast food, promote the dissemination of health knowledge, enable students to develop a good lifestyle and reduce fast food consumption.
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Objective@#To identify high risk behaviors and infection related factors among young adult males diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in Shandong Province, to provide evidence for targeted AIDS prevention and control strategies.@*Methods@#By using convient sampling method, an face to face in depth interview on HIV related behaviors was conducted among young adult males newly diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in Shandong Province in July 2021.@*Results@#A total of 31 young adult males diagnosed with HIV/AIDS were interviewed. All were male and infected through homosexuality behavior. Average age was (20.6±1.8) years. Totally 90.3% (28/31) were enrolled in tertiary education at the time of diagnosis. The findings revealed that 93.5% (29/31) of participants got infection due to unprotected homosexual behavior with the temporary partner whose HIV infection status was unknown, and 86.2% (25/29) got in touch with these temporary partner by social software. The awareness rate of knowledge about AIDS among all the participants was 100%, however, 83.9% (26/31) reported occasion condom usage while having homosexual behavior, and 16.1% (5/31) never did. Totally 74.2% (23/31) of the young adult males diagnosed with HIV/AIDS had a history of HIV testing before diagnosis.@*Conclusion@#The primary high risk behavior of HIV infection in young adult students are unawareness of HIV infection status for temporary sexual partner and the separation of knowing and doing. A targeted strategy should be developed to control the spread of HIV in young adult students.
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Abstract@#School aged children grow and develop rapidly, and adequate nutrition is the material basis for their normal intellectual and physical development. It is necessary to formulate the dietary guidelines for school aged children on the basis of the dietary guidelines for the general population, and revise in time according to the changes in the nutritional health status of school aged children. The revision of the dietary guidelines for school aged children is based on the content of Dietary Guidelines for Chinese School aged Children (2016). In addition, according to the revision principles and procedures of the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents, as well as comprehensive consideration of the current prominent dietary and nutritional problems of school aged children in China, Dietary Guidelines for Chinese School aged Children (2022) is finally issued after evidence based researches, discussion and consultation. Dietary Guidelines for Chinese School aged Children (2022) highlights the improvement of nutritional literacy, the cultivation of healthy eating behaviors, the building of healthy food environment, as well as updating the recommendation concerning diet and active physical activity. Dietary pagodas for school aged children of different three ages including 6-10 years, 11-13 years and 14-17 years are added to the guideline. The Guideline provides practical references for parents, teachers, school health workers, medical staff in child health services and workers in centers for disease control and prevention.
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Objective@#To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of HIV/AIDS infected students in Shandong Province, to provide a basis for the prevention and control of AIDS transmission in the student population.@*Methods@#All 863 HIV/AIDS students cases during 2010-2019 were collected in Shandong Province. Epidemiological characteristics was described and the trends in the 10 years since 2010 was analyzed.@*Results@#These 863 HIV/AIDS students were mainly transmitted through homosexual sex (763 cases, 88.41%), and the samples were mainly from voluntary consultation testing (433 cases, 50.17%). From 2010 to 2019, the proportion of student cases in the total number of cases showed an increasing trend ( χ 2 trend =30.21, P <0.01). Among them, the proportion of homosexual transmission cases increased year by year ( χ 2 trend =6.35, P =0.01), the proportion of cases aged 18-22 years increased year by year ( χ 2 trend =6.10, P =0.01), the proportion of cases with college degree or above increased year by year ( χ 2 trend =4.26, P =0.04). At present, voluntary consultation testing were the main source.There was no significant difference between the years of sample sources ( χ 2 trend =2.97, P =0.09).@*Conclusion@#The report number of students in Shandong Province are on the rise in recent years, especially those infected by same sex transmission, mainly with high education background, which calls for targeted strategies and intervention measures.
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Objective@#To investigate and analyze the fluids intake, urine output and hydration status during spring among male college athletics from one university in Beijing, and to provide scientific evidence for launching targeted health education.@*Methods@#A simple random sampling method was used to select 109 male students in college with habit of exercise.Total drinking fluids was assessed by 7-day 24-hour fluid intake questionnaire. The water from food was assessed by the duplicate portion method and the weight method. The urine samples of 24-hour was collected for 3 consecutive days, and the volume, osmolality and specific gravity of urine were measured. The energy expenditure in exercise was estimated by using the exercise plan.@*Results@#The median drinking fluids intake, water from food, total fluids intake and urine volume were 1 789, 955, 2 701, 850 mL/d, respectively. 15.6% of the subjects were in proper hydration status, and 43.1% of the subjects were in dehydration. The differences between drinking fluids intake, water from food, total fluids intake and urine volume of subjects in the different BMI and BF% levels were not significant(P>0.05). The differences between drinking fluids intake and total fluids intake of subjects in the different energy expenditure in exercise levels were significant(χ2=9.20, 8.43, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Comparing with the normal college students, the drinking fluids intake and total fluids intake of male sports people were higher, the volume of urine was lower, and the hydration status was worse. The targeted health education about water intake was recommended.
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Objective@#To understand the knowledge, attitudes and practices of drinking water among college students of Hebei Province, to provide evidence for health education.@*Methods@#A total of 715 subjects were selected from a university in Baoding City, Hebei Province in March 2017 by random cluster sampling. Knowledge, attitude and behavior of drinking water among college students were investigated by self-designed questionnaires.@*Results@#The awareness rate of water consumption of 1 500-1 700 mL was 19.0%, the awareness rate of drinking modes was 95.0%, the awareness rate of suitable drinking time was 30.1%, the awareness rate on drinking water was higher among girls and medical major sutdents (χ2=22.16, 12.49, P<0.05); the awareness rate on the relationship between insufficient drinking water and stroke, hypertension and coronary heart disease was generally low, with sophornore higher than freshman (χ2=11.10, P<0.05). The most common medium for accessing drinking water knowledge among the respondents was network (60.0%), followed by campus publicity/classroom teaching (48.3%). 99.6% of the respondents believed that drinking water was important to health, 98.3% were willing to change their drinking habits, 93.0% were willing to pay attention to drinking water education, and the proportion of female students was higher than that of male students (χ2=5.46, 6.49, 8.01, P<0.05). In real life, 48.4% of the respondents drank water on an empty stomach in the morning and 40.7% before going to bed. 45.5% of the respondents drank water when they thought of it.@*Conclusion@#College students in Hebei province are generally lack of appropriate awareness on water drinking, which varied in sex, grade and major. While the attitude towards water drinking is satisfactory, drinking behavior need to be improved.
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Objective@#To investigate and analyze the amount and the type of fluid intake in spring among male college athletics in a university in Beijing, and to provide scientific basis and reference data for fluid intake-related education and formulating adequate water intake.@*Methods@#A simple random sampling method was used to select 109 male sports crowd from a college in Beijing. The information on amount and types of fluid intake were recorded using the validated 7-day fluid specific diary.@*Results@#The median amount of daily fluid intake among participants was 1 789 mL. The number of participants who reached the amount of adequate water intake for Chinese adult residents 60, which accounted for 55.1% of the total participants. There was difference on the amount of fluid intake among different participants after grouped by the quartiles of exercise consumption(χ2=9.20, P=0.03). There were also differences in the percentage of fluid intake reaching the recommended amount on adequate water intake(χ2=18.27, P=0.04). The median amount of plain water, dairy products, sports beverages, and other sugary beverages were 1 180, 40, 65, and 383 mL, respectively; which accounted for 67.1%, 2.2%, 3.7%, and 22.2% of daily fluid intake. There was difference on the amount of sports beverages among different participants after grouped by the quartiles of BF%(χ2=8.59, P=0.04). There was difference on the amount of sports beverages (χ2=8.25, P=0.00) and other sugar-sweetened beverages (χ2=8.57, P=0.02) among different participants after grouped by the quartiles of energy expenditure.@*Conclusion@#Among male sports population in a university in Beijing, the amount of fluid intake differed among different participants after grouped by the quartiles of exercise consumption. As the exercise consumption of participants increased, the water consumption increased. Participants mainly drink plain water, and there were differences on the types of fluid intake among participants with different BF% and different energy expenditure.
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Abstract@#Water has many physiological functions and is one of the essential substances for human survival and development. It is very important to take enough water and keep adequate hydration state. When children and adolescent are in physical activity, due to the different intensity of physical activity, energy consumption and environmental temperature and humidity, the water demand is also different. The risk of insufficient water intake and dehydration is higher among people in physical activity. However, the importance of water has not been paid enough attention, and the literacy on hydration state and health among children and adolescent needs to be improved. Children and adolescents generally had insufficient water intake and were dehydrated. Existing research showed that dehydration could reduce the cognitive ability of children and adolescents, and the cognitive ability could be improved after health education or water intake intervention. Scientific water supplement or electrolyte supplement and energy drink could help to improve the ability of physical activity. It is necessary to carry out more investigation on behavior of water intake and more researches on hydration state and health impacts among children and adolescent. It is also necessary to carry out water intake related health education children’s and adolescents’, so as to improve their the literacy on hydration state and health, and to promote sufficient water intake and reasonably choose on water type, to maintain appropriate hydration state, and then to promote their health.
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Objective@#To investigate drinking behaviors among college students in Hebei Province during 8 periods of a day(before breakfast, during breakfast, after breakfast, during lunch, after lunch, during super, after super, during night in spring, and to analyze the drinking behaviors during different time periods so as to provide the scientific reference for health progaganda of water drinking.@*Methods@#A total of 156 college students in Hebei Province were selected using simple random sampling method. The information of frequency, types and patterns of daily water drinking during 8 time periods, including morning, afternoon and evening, during meal and non-meal time, were recorded using the 7-day 24-hour recording method.@*Results@#During 8 time periods, the amount (325 mL) and the percentages (89.8%) of drinking water after dinner was highest(Z=774.72, P<0.01), while water drinking after lunch and dinner was more common(Z=839.05, P<0.01). The amount (439 mL) of water intake in the evening was highest(Z=45.14, P<0.01), while water intake during the afternoon and evening was more common(2.3 time on average)(Z=40.34, P<0.01). About 54.2% of participants drank water during meal, while 99.2% drank water during non-meal time. The amount of water intake, the percentage of total daily water intake and the number of water intake during meal time was lower than those during non-meal time(Z=-14.58, -15.07, P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#Drinking behaviors in different time period among college students in Hebei Province during spring varies significantly. The amount of water intake in non-meal time is generally higher than that in meal time. Further efforts are needed to increase drinking water availability and consumption, as well encourage consumption of water among college students.
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Objective@#To investigate the total amount and types of fluid intake among college students in Hebei Province during spring and to provide scientific basis for fluid-intake education.@*Methods@#A simple random sampling method was used to select 156 college students from a college in Hebei Province. The information on amount and type of fluid intake was recorded using the 7-day 24-hour recording method. A separate analysis was performed on people who consumed beverages during the 7 days.@*Results@#The median intake of plain water, milk, sugar-sweetened beverages and other beverages was 866 mL, 43 mL, 43 mL and 2 mL, respectively. The median of plain water, milk, sugar-sweetened beverages and other beverages by the beverage-consumers was 845 mL, 36 mL, 63 mL and 11 mL, respectively. The intake of plain water and sugar-sweetened beverages in male students was significantly higher(Z=2.31, 3.03; 2.31, 2.11, P<0.05), and milk consumption was lower than female students of these two groups of people(Z=-2.73, -2.23, P<0.05). The intake of other beverages in male students was higher than that of female students, but only significant among beverage-consumers(Z=3.31, P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the total amount of different fluid types among different BMI(P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#College students in Hebei Province mainly drink plain water. Sex difference is observed in the types of fluid intake.
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Objective@#To analyze the urination behavior in spring among college students in Hebei Province.@*Methods@#In March 2017, the subjects were recruited in a college in Baoding, Hebei Province. And 156 students completed the investigation. The urine samples of 24 hour was collected for 3 consecutive days by special device, and the volume, the voids and the time of urine were measured.@*Results@#The average volume of urine per day was 1 279 mL, the average void of urine per day was 6.2, and the average volume of urine per time was 209 mL. The volume of urine and void were mainly at the time of after lunch, the volume, the proportion of the volume and void of urine were 406 mL, 31.0% and 1.7 times respectively. The volumes and the voids of urine were different in different time periods(P<0.05). The volume of urine, the proportion of the volume and the voids of urine were mainly at the time of morning, followed by the afternoon. The average volume of urine per day was 535 mL, the proportion of the volume was 44.1% and the average void of urine was 2.3, in the morning. There were significant differences in the voids of urine, the volumes of urine and the voids of urine in different time periods between boys and girls(χ2=73.71, 47.48, 34.92; 35.17, 21.30, 20.69; 37.02, 25.30, 15.32, P<0.05). The void of urine was negatively correlated with the average volume of urine per time(r=-0.61, P<0.01); the volume of urine was positively correlated with the average volume of urine per time(r=0.79, P<0.01); the void was not correlated with the volume of urine(P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#The urination behaviour of college students in Hebei Province was mainly at the time of after lunch, in the morning and in the afternoon. The college students had unhealthy urination behavior, which was in need of related health education.
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Objective@#To investigate drinking behaviors in weekdays and weekends among college students in Hebei Province during spring, and to provide references for propaganda of water drinking.@*Methods@#A total of 156 college students in Hebei Province were selected using simple random sampling method. The survey began in March 2017. 7-day 24hour recording method was applied to record the amount and type of water drinking during for consistent consecutive 7 days, duplicate portion method was used to weigh the food consumed during the consistent consecutive 3 days and to record the water contained in the food.@*Results@#Water intake from food among subjects during weekdays was higher than that among subjects during weekends (1 191 mL vs 1 113 mL, P<0.01). Only 21.9% and 19.9% of subjects consumed sufficient water during weekdays and weekends, according to the recommendation of China on total fluids intake, respectively. The proportion of water intake from staple food among male subjects during weekdays was lower than that during weekends (28.6% vs 31.1%). The proportion of water intake in males from porridge, water intake from soup and vegetables among subjects during weekdays were higher than those among subjects during weekends (6.8% vs 0; 141 mL vs 0 mL; 699 mL vs 647 mL). Water intake from staple food and vegetables among females during weekdays was higher than that during weekends (256 mL vs 210 mL; 559 mL vs 536 mL). There were no statistically differences on plain water, milk and beverages among subjects during weekdays and weekends(P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#Water intake from food among college students in Hebei Province during weekdays in spring is higher than that during weekends. There is discrepancy on sources of water intake from food during weekdays and weekends, while no similar difference on sources of drinking water. Proportion of college students without sufficient daily water intake during weekdays and weekends is relatively high which warrants further notice.
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Objective@#To investigate the association of within-day drinking occasions with average amount consumed per drinking occasion during spring among college students in Hebei Province and to provide the basic data for the revision of quantity of consumption among Chinese residents.@*Methods@#A total of 156 college students in Hebei Province were selected by using simple random sampling method. Information on daily amount and types of water consumption was recorded using the 7-day 24-hour recording method. The daily amount and type of drinking water by sex and BMI were analyzed and compared.@*Results@#The daily median drinking water intake was 1 135 mL; the daily median number of drinking occasion was 6, with 34.6% of participants less than 6 drinking occasions; the median amount consumed per drinking occasion was 177 mL. The daily number of water and plain water drinking occasion of females were higher than males(χ2/Z=8.34, -2.03, P<0.05); the amount consumed per drinking occasion, the amount of plain water and beverages consumed per drinking occasion of males were higher than females(χ2/Z=23.86, -5.48, 3.70, P<0.01); The differences of the amount of plain water consumed per day among students and their BMI were of statistical significance(χ2=9.17, P=0.03), the amount of drinking water each time was positively correlated with body surface area(r=0.18, P=0.03), and frequency of drinking water was positively correlated with the amount of drinking water, negatively correlated with the amount of drinking water each time. The amount of drinking water was positively correlated with the amount of drinking water each time(r=0.30, -0.47, 0.61, P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#There is a certain proportion of unhealthy drinking behavior among college students; drinking behavior is different by sex and BMI. With the increase of drinking occasions, the amount consumed in each drinking occasion decreases, but total amount of drinking water increases.