Investigation of differences in subjective demand for orthodontic treatment of middle school students in zones with different economic levels / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the acquaintance to orthodontics and possible factors that obstruct orthodontic treatment in middle school students in zones with different economic levels in Jiangjin, Chongqing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The students were randomly divided into four groups: A class from a junior high school in town (group 1), a class from a senior high school in town (group 2), a class from a junior high school in the countryside (group 3), a class from a senior high school in the countryside (group 4). The information was collected by questionnaire, and the statistical analysis of results was carried out by SPSS 17.0 software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Sex made difference in the acquaintance to orthodontics treatment. Girls worried more about teeth extraction and pain that may occur during treatment than the boys. Students in the city had more access to related consultations compared to those in the countryside. Different economic conditions made much contribution to the proportion to go for orthodontics treatment in cities and rural areas. The evaluation from families and friends may affect patients' subjective estimation to themselves.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Orthodontists should learn more about student patiens from various aspects, and make different therapies according to their sexes, economic conditions of family, education levels, etc. Only so can orthodontists get better compliance from their patients.</p>

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome due to ingestion of fish gall bladder / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate changes in renal function, urine N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase enzyme (N-AG),liver function, myocardial enzymes, the pathology of renal damage and the mechanism of acute renal failure (ARF) associated with fish gall bladder poisoning.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eleven patients with acute fish gall bladder poisoning were consecutively admitted to our hospital from September 1997 to October 1999. Renal function, urine N-AG enzyme, liver function, and myocardial enzymes were assayed before and after treatment. One patient consented to a kidney biopsy and the pathology of renal damage was observed under light and electron microscopes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients had multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and 11 patients suffered from ARF. Ten patients had liver dysfunction, ten patients had poisonous myocarditis, and 8 patients had gastrointestinal dysfunction. Renal function, urine N-AG enzyme, liver function, and myocardial enzymes were significantly improved after treatment compared with those of before treatment (P < 0.05). Kidney biopsy showed that the main damage site was the proximal renal tubule. All eleven patients recovered and were discharged from the hospital.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Ingestion of fish gall bladder leads to kidney damage, as well as liver, heart and gastrointestinal tract injury. The mechanism of acute renal function failure is the serious tubular damage, confirming the location of kidney damage. Necrosis of the proximal tubules plays an important role in the development of ARF. Immediate hemodialysis is the most effective treatment.</p>