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OBJECTIVES@#Medication errors (MEs) made by nurses are the most common errors in emergency departments (EDs). Identifying the factors responsible for MEs is crucial in designing optimal strategies for reducing such occurrences. The present study aimed to review the literature describing the prevalence and factors affecting MEs among emergency ward nurses in Iran. @*METHODS@#We searched electronic databases, including the Scientific Information Database, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, for scientific studies conducted among emergency ward nurses in Iran. The studies were restricted to full-text, peer-reviewed studies published from inception to December 2019, in the Persian and English languages, that evaluated MEs among emergency ward nurses in Iran. @*RESULTS@#Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Most of the nurses (58.9%) had committed MEs only once. The overall mean rate of MEs was 46.2%, and errors made during drug administration accounted for 41.7% of MEs. The most common type of administration error was drug omission (17.8%), followed by administering drugs at the wrong time (17.5%) and at an incorrect dosage (10.6%). The lack of an adequate nursing workforce during shifts and improper nurse-patient ratios were the most critical factors affecting the occurrence of MEs by nurses. @*CONCLUSIONS@#Despite the increased attention on patient safety in Iran, MEs by nurses remain a significant concern in EDs. Therefore, nurse managers and policy-makers must take adequate measures to reduce the incidence of MEs and their potential negative consequences.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES@#Medication errors (MEs) made by nurses are the most common errors in emergency departments (EDs). Identifying the factors responsible for MEs is crucial in designing optimal strategies for reducing such occurrences. The present study aimed to review the literature describing the prevalence and factors affecting MEs among emergency ward nurses in Iran. @*METHODS@#We searched electronic databases, including the Scientific Information Database, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, for scientific studies conducted among emergency ward nurses in Iran. The studies were restricted to full-text, peer-reviewed studies published from inception to December 2019, in the Persian and English languages, that evaluated MEs among emergency ward nurses in Iran. @*RESULTS@#Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Most of the nurses (58.9%) had committed MEs only once. The overall mean rate of MEs was 46.2%, and errors made during drug administration accounted for 41.7% of MEs. The most common type of administration error was drug omission (17.8%), followed by administering drugs at the wrong time (17.5%) and at an incorrect dosage (10.6%). The lack of an adequate nursing workforce during shifts and improper nurse-patient ratios were the most critical factors affecting the occurrence of MEs by nurses. @*CONCLUSIONS@#Despite the increased attention on patient safety in Iran, MEs by nurses remain a significant concern in EDs. Therefore, nurse managers and policy-makers must take adequate measures to reduce the incidence of MEs and their potential negative consequences.
RESUMEN
Multiple Sclerosis [MS] is the most prevalent autoimmune disease of the central nervous system, and it has been suggested that nutrition might play a role in the etiology of MS. This study was aimed to evaluate the relationship between MS risk and intake of some macro- and micro-nutrients in Tehran [Iran]. In this hospital based, case-control study, a total of 60 newly diagnosed patients with MS and 140 controls underwent face-to-face interviews. Information regarding the usual dietary intake of each individual in the past year was collected by using a valid and reliable 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Inverse significant associations were observed [P< 0.05] between the intake of protein [OR=0.19; 95% CI: 0.04- 0.76] and micro-nutrients such as vitamin B1 [OR=0.10; 95% CI: 0.02-0.53], vitamin B2 [OR=0.15; 95% CI: 0.04-0.50], cobalamin [OR=0.13; 95% CI: 0.04-0.38], vitamin C [OR=0.20; 95% CI: 0.07-0.58], vitamin A [OR=0.23; 95% CI: 0.09- 0.59], vitamin D [OR=0.28; 95% CI: 0.11-0.72], vitamin E [OR=0.15; 95% CI: 0.05-0.41], beta-carotene [OR=0.38; 95% CI: 0.15-0.97], zinc [OR=0.05; 95% CI: 0.01-0.27], magnesium [OR=0.12; 95% CI: 0.03-0.47] and calcium [OR=0.23; 95% CI: 0.08-0.67] and the risk of MS. The results suggest that intake of some macro- and micro-nutrients might be associated with reduced risk of MS. It seems promising that intake of nutrients at least in the dietary reference levels may decrease the risk of MS
RESUMEN
We aimed to develop a multiplex PCR assay for specific detection of EPEC and EHEC pathotypes based on specific marker genes. About 2.5 million infant's morbidity in developing countries occurs by E.coli pathotypes because of diarrhea and intestinal diseases. The traditional phenotypic methods are time consuming and sometimes detection and differentiation of the pathotypes are not done easily. Multiplex PCR technology is used as a sensitive, specific and rapid molecular method for detection of various pathogens. PCR reactions were performed with primers which targeted the virulence genes selected for each category [stx[1], stx[2] genes for EHEC and bfpA for EPEC].For preparation of a positive control, the PCR products were cloned in pTZ57R/T plasmid. The same PCR reactions were done but in presence of genomes of various negative control bacteria for evaluation of test specificity. As expected, gel agarose electrophoresis of PCR products of the stx1, stx2 and bfpA, showed 329bp, 586bp and459bp bands respectively. Result of amplification using negative control genomes as template was negative. The multiplex PCR assay followed by capillary electrophoresis presented in the present paper provides a simple, reliable, and rapid procedure that in a single reaction identifies the four main pathotypes of E. coli. This assay will replace the previous molecular genetics methods used in our laboratory and work as an important supplement to the more time consuming phenotypic assays