Influence of spatial variability of soil chemical attributes on the nutritional status and growth of the rubber tree

The productive potential of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is dependent on its genetic composition, in addition to edaphoclimatic factors and management practices. However, as soil properties are not homogenous, knowing the spatial variability of soil attributes would be important to increase productivity and reduce production costs. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the spatial variability of chemical attributes of the soil and its influence on the nutritional status and growth of rubber tree clones. Clones FX 3864, FDR 5788, CDC 312, and RRIM 600 were planted at Jaturnaíba Farm, in the municipality of Silva Jardim, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The sampling sites were distributed at a spacing of 20 × 20 m on the northern and southern sides of the relief. The chemical attributes of the soil (pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, P, Al3+, H+Al, sum of bases, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation) were evaluated at a depth of 0­20 cm in the different clone plantations. Additionally, the N, P, K, Ca, and Mg content as well as trunk circumference and total plant height, were also evaluated. Geostatistics was used to determine the spatial variability of the soil and clone attributes, while Ordinary Kriging was used to draw variability maps of the variables. A difference in the distribution of the variables, which was dependent on the slope of the relief, was detected through the maps. The southern side presented better conditions as some degradation was observed on the northern side. Certain soil characteristics influenced the distribution of the attributes of the planted clones; for example, the low concentration of Ca2+ in the soil caused Ca deficiency in the FX clone on the southern slope, indicating that liming did not supply enough nutrients for this clone. Our results showed that the variability in soil attributes influenced the nutritional status and growth of the rubber tree clones, indicating that variability maps can guide the planting and management of the rubber tree, providing more efficient management.

Epigeal fauna and soil attributes in a cover-cropped organic vegetable system / Fauna epígea e atributos do solo sob manejo com plantas de cobertura em cultivo orgânico

ABSTRACT: This study assessed the effect of cover crop biomass on the epigeal fauna of an organic eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cropping system. A randomized block design was used, with four cover crop treatments: brachiaria, crotalaria, millet, and cocktail (brachiaria, crotalaria and millet). The epigeal faunal indices were determined at each plot. The epigeal fauna of a secondary forest site was also assessed for comparison. Epigeal individuals were collected using pitfall traps at two sampling periods (110 and 180 days after mowing cover crops). Soil samples were collected for determination of physical and chemic properties. 2032 individuals were captured in the first sampling and 3806 individuals in the second. The highest values of wealth in the first collection were observed in the millet and cocktail areas. Cluster analysis showed similarity of epigeal faunal groups between millet and brachiaria plots at the first sampling and between cocktail and crotalaria sites at the second sampling. Co-inertia analysis showed a significant covariance between epigeal fauna at the second sampling and soil properties. The cover crops management had a beneficial influence on the activity, wealth and ecological indexes, in both sampling periods. The positive association observed between epigeal faunal groups and soil physical and chemical properties demonstrates the efficiency of cover crops in improving soil quality in organic cropping systems.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da fitomassa de diferentes plantas de cobertura no desenvolvimento da comunidade da fauna epígea em área de cultivo orgânico de berinjela (Solanum melongena, L.). Foi adotado delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos de plantas de cobertura: braquiária, crotalária, milheto e coquetel (crotalária, braquiária e milheto), além de uma área de floresta secundária (FR). A fauna epígea avaliada por meio de armadilhas do tipo "pitfall traps" em dois períodos de coletas, aos 110 dias e aos 180 dias, após o corte das plantas de coberturas. Foram coletadas amostras de solo para análise de atributos físicos e químicos. Foram capturados 2032 indivíduos na primeira coleta e 3806 indivíduos na segunda coleta. Os maiores valores de riqueza na primeira coleta foram observados nas áreas milheto e coquetel. A análise de agrupamento mostrou similaridade dos grupos da fauna epígea entre o milheto e braquiária na primeira amostragem e entre o coquetel e crotalária na segunda amostragem. A co-inércia evidenciou covariância significativa entre a fauna epígea da segunda coleta e os atributos do solo. O manejo com plantas de coberturas influenciou de forma benéfica a atividade, riqueza e índices ecológicos, em ambos os períodos de amostragens. A associação positiva entre grupos da fauna e os atributos físicos e químicos mostram a eficiência das plantas de coberturas em cultivo orgânico na promoção de melhorias da qualidade do solo.

pH, sódio, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e alumínio em solos contaminados com fluido de perfuração de poços de petróleo após ensaios de lixiviação / pH, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and aluminum in soils contaminated with petroleum drilling fluid after leaching tests

Na exploração do petróleo, o uso de fluidos de perfuração é essencial para o equilíbrio da pressão entre as formações e o interior do poço, além de impedir o refluxo do reservatório de petróleo ao poço. Os fluidos também são responsáveis pela elevação dos cascalhos de perfuração à superfície. Entretanto, estes podem ser potenciais contaminantes do ambiente, uma vez que chegam à superfície impregnados de fluidos. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o pH e os teores de Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+e Al3+em um Latossolo e um Planossolo submetidos a doses de fluido de perfuração, após sofrerem dois ensaios de lixiviação. Os resultados mostraram que a adição dos fluidos ao Planossolo e Latossolo nas concentrações de 4%, 8% e 16% (m/m) reduziu o alumínio tóxico a zero e promoveu aumento do pH do solo, Na+, K+e Ca2+em comparação ao controle.

In petroleum exploration, the use of drilling fluids is critical to the balance of pressure between the formations and the interior of the shaft, and preventing the backflow of oil from the reservoir to the oill well. Fluids are also responsible for raising the drill cuttings to the surface. However, these may potentially contaminate the environment once they arrive at the fluid-impregnated surface. This study aimed to check the pH and Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Al3+ in an Oxisol and Planosol subjected to doses of drilling fluid, after suffering two leaching tests. The results showed that the addition of fluids to Planosoland Oxisol at concentrations of 4%, 8% and 16% (w / w) reduced toxic aluminum to zero and promoted an increase of the soil pH, Na+, K+ and Ca2+ compared to control.

Acúmulo de nutrientes e produtividade de crambe em função da fertilização com torta de mamona e serpentinito / Nutrient accumulation and productivity of crambe according to fertilization castor bean and serpentinite

O uso de fontes alternativas para a fertilização na agricultura vem sendo cada vez mais explorada pelo homem, devido à escassez das fontes finitas dos minerais utilizados atualmente. Produtos como a torta de mamona e silicatos de serpentinito podem ser fontes viáveis para o uso na agricultura. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os teores e conteúdos de N, P, K, Ca e Mg na cultura do crambe, assim como a sua produção em função da adubação com torta de mamona PDS e silicato de serpentinito. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com sete doses de torta de mamona PDS e duas doses de silicato de serpentinito (com e sem enxofre elementar), totalizando 21 tratamentos. Utilizaram-se as doses de 0,0; 0,5; 1; 2; 4; 6 e 8t ha-1 de torta de mamona PDS (equivalente à aplicação de 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 e 240kg ha-1 de N) e as doses de silicato de serpentinito em 0 e 1t ha-1, com e sem enxofre. A aplicação de silicato de serpentinito sem enxofre aumentou os teores e conteúdos de nutrientes de N, P, K, Ca e Mg do crambe e a produção de sementes. O uso de torta de mamona PDS como fertilizante orgânico favoreceu o crescimento e desenvolvimento do crambe. A dose de 8t ha-1 de torta de mamona PDS foi a mais indicada para a fertilização da cultura do crambe.

The use of alternative sources for fertilization in agriculture is being increasingly exploited by man because of the shortage of the finite sources of minerals used today. Products such as cake castor bean and serpentinite silicate, may be viable sources for use in agriculture. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the contents and accumulation of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the culture of crambe, as well as their production in line with fertilization cake castor bean PDS and silicate serpentinite. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with seven doses of cake castor bean PDS and two doses of serpentinite silicate (with and without elemental sulfur), totaling 21 treatments. We used doses of 0.0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8t ha-1 of cake castor bean PDS (equivalent to the application of 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240kg ha-1 of N) and the doses of serpentinite silicate 0 and 1t ha-1 for with and without sulfur. The application of serpentinite silicate without sulfur increased the content and nutrient content of N, P, K, Ca and Mg and crambe seed production. The use of cake castor bean PDS as organic fertilizer increased the growth and development of crambe. A dose of 8t ha-1 of castor bean PDS was the most suitable for the fertilization of the crop crambe.

Pré-enraizamento de mudas de mandioquinha-salsa em diferentes bandejas e substratos com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares / Pre-rooting of rhizomes of peruvian carrot in different trays and substrates with arbuscular micorrhizal fungi

Realizou-se este trabalho com o objetivo de estudar a colonização radicular por fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) no período de pré-enraizamento da mandioquinha-salsa (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft). Os tratamentos constaram de dois substratos e dois tamanhos de bandeja de isopor. Utilizou-se um substrato comum constituído de 30 por cento de composto orgânico, 30 por cento de solo argiloso e 30 por cento de areia e um substrato comercial Plantmax® Hortaliças; os tamanhos de bandejas de isopor foram: 128 células/bandeja (38 cm³ por célula) e 200 células/bandeja (18 cm³ por célula). Efetuou-se uma inoculação mista de FMAs com solo inóculo composto pelas espécies Gigaspora margarita e Glomus clarum. Houve em ambos os substratos restrita resposta à inoculação dos FMAs, pela baixa colonização radicular, variando de 0,63 a 2,14 por cento no substrato comercial e 7,93 a 15,09 por cento no substrato comum. O substrato comum não apresentou características físicas desejáveis (aeração e drenagem) para um bom desenvolvimento das raízes de mandioquinha-salsa durante a fase de pré-enraizamento. O substrato comercial apresentou maiores médias para a variável área e comprimento radicular em todas as coletas. A área radicular variou de 21,50 cm² com 30 DAP a 68,22 cm² com 60 DAP, enquanto o comprimento radicular variou de 2,64 m com 30 DAP a 12,64 m com 60 DAP. A bandeja de 200 células (18 cm³ célula/bandeja) não foi adequada para a produção de mudas de mandioquinha-salsa.

The objective of the work was to study the root colonization by arbuscular micorrhizal fungi (AMF) during the development of Peruvian carrot rhizomes (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft). The treatments consisted of two substrates and two polystyrene trays sizes. A common substrate constituted of 30 percent of organic compost, 30 percent of loamy soil and 30 percent of sand, and a commercial substrate "Plantmax® Hortaliças"; and polystyrene trays sizes of 128 cells/tray (38 cm³ per cell) and 200 cells/tray (18 cm³ per cell) were used. A mixed inoculation of AMF, with soil inoculum composed by the species Gigaspora margarita and Glomus clarum was done. In both substrates a restricted response of inoculation of AMF, occurred low root colonization, was low ranging from 0.63 to 2.14 percent in the commercial substrate and 7.93 to 15.09 percent in the common substrate. The common substrate did not present desirable physical characteristics (aeration and drainage) for a good development of the Peruvian carrot roots during the pre-rooting phase. The commercial substrate resulted in larger averages for root area and length in all the samplings. Root area varied from 21.50 cm² with 30 days after planting (DAP) to 68.22 cm² with 60 DAP, while root length varied from 2.64 m with 30 DAP to 12.64 m with 60 DAP. The tray of 200 cells (18 cm³ cell/tray) did not adapt for the production of Peruvian carrot seedlings.