Genotypic evaluation of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from bovine clinical mastitis / [Avaliação genotípica da resistência antimicrobiana em Staphylococcus spp. isolados de mastite clínica bovina]

Bovine clinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp. is a serious and widespread disease in the world of dairy farming. Antimicrobial therapy is of fundamental importance in the prevention and treatment of infectious mastitis, but the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials acts as a determining factor for the spread of the disease. The present study evaluated the resistance profiles of 57 Staphylococcus spp. isolated from bovine clinical mastitis to beta-lactams and gentamicin, relating characteristics of phenotype (in vitro susceptibility tests) and genotype (detection and expression of genes encoding resistance - mecA, mecALGA251, blaZ, femA, femB, and aacA-aphD - using PCR and RT-PCR, respectively). One or more genes coding for resistance to different antimicrobials were detected in 50 Staphylococcus spp. isolates. The femA and femB genes were the most frequent (75.4% for both). The observed expression of the genes was as follows: blaZ (60%), femA (39.5%), aacA-aphD (50%), femB (32.6%), mecA (8.3%), and mecALGA251 (0%). Considering the relevance of the genus Staphylococcus to bovine mastitis, this study aimed to elucidate aspects regarding the genotypic and phenotypic profiles of these microorganisms so as to contribute to the development of effective strategies for mastitis control.(AU)

A mastite clínica bovina causada por Staphylococcus spp. é uma doença grave e generalizada no mundo da pecuária leiteira. A terapia antimicrobiana é de fundamental importância na prevenção e no tratamento da mastite infecciosa, mas o uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos atua como fator determinante para a disseminação da doença. O presente estudo avaliou os perfis de resistência de 57 Staphylococcus spp. isolados de mastite clínica bovina em relação ao uso de betalactâmicos e gentamicina, relacionando características do fenótipo (testes de suscetibilidade in vitro) e genótipo (detecção e expressão de genes que codificam resistência - mecA, mecALGA251, blaZ, femA, femB, e aacA-aphD - usando PCR e RT-PCR, respectivamente). Um ou mais genes que codificam resistência a diferentes antimicrobianos foram detectados em 50 Staphylococcus spp. isolados. Os genes femA e femB foram os mais frequentes (75,4% para ambos). A expressão observada dos genes foi a seguinte: blaZ (60%), femA (39,5%), aacA-aphD (50%), femB (32,6%), mecA (8,3%) e mecALGA251 (0%). Considerando-se a relevância do gênero Staphylococcus para a mastite bovina, este estudo teve como objetivo elucidar aspectos referentes aos perfis genotípico e fenotípico desses microrganismos, a fim de contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estratégias eficazes para o controle da mastite.(AU)

Principales factores de riesgo cardiovasculares y adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes del centro de salud familiar Yanequén, Negrete, Chile 2015 / Main cardiovascular risk factors and treatment continuity of patients from the Yanequén family health center, Negrete, Chile 2015

Introducción: Los factores de Riesgo Cardiovasculares (FRCVs) son condiciones de cada individuo que pueden aumentar el riesgo de desarrollar una enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV). El objetivo del presente trabajo es identificar los principales Factores de Riesgo Cardiovasculares presentes en una población de pacientes ingresados al Programa de Salud Cardiovascular el Centro de Salud Familiar Yanequén en el año 2015 y su adherencia al tratamiento, con la finalidad de conocer la realidad local y poder trabajar en estrategias para la promoción de estilos de vida saludables. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio Descriptivo, retrospectivo y Transversal mediante la entrevista médico paciente y los datos del tarjetón del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular (PSCV). Se seleccionó una muestra de 109 pacientes adultos de ambos sexos ingresados al PSCV en el año 2015 hasta el mes de diciembre. Se seleccionaron personas de ambos sexos, mayores de 15 años que tengan las siguientes enfermedades: Hipertensión arterial, Diabetes Mellitus, Dislipidemia. Se excluyeron a aquellos Pacientes con datos incompletos. Resultados: EL 50% DE LOS FRCV correspondieron a: sedentarismo, Dieta no Saludable, Dislipidemia, Obesidad e hipertensión arterial. La adherencia al tratamiento es positiva con más del 50% de pacientes que cumplen con éste. Discusión: Los principales FRCV son el sedentarismo, Dieta no Saludable, Dislipidemia y, Obesidad, por lo tanto es necesario implementar medidas de promoción de la Salud con base en estilos de vida saludable para disminuir el riesgo de padecer ECV

Introduction: The Cardiovascular Risk Factors (CVRFs) are conditions from every individual that can increase the cardiovascular disease risk (CVD). The objective of this paper is to identify the main CVRFs present in a population of admitted patients in the Cardiovascular Health Program (CVHP) from the Family Health Center (FHC) Yanequén in the 2015 and their continuity in the treatment, with the purpose of knowing the local reality and to be able to work on strategies for promoting healthier life styles. Materials and methods: A Descriptive, retrospective and transversal study has been realized through the doctor-patient interview and the CVHP information. The Sample was about 109 adult patients from both sex admitted in the CVHP in the year 2015 until december. The Inclusion Criteria was people from both sex above 15 years old, with the following diseases: high blood pressure, Diabetes Mellitus, Dyslipidemia, and above 55 years old smokers. Patients with incomplete information were excluded. Results: 50% of the CVRFs were: sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, dyslipidemia, obesity and high blood pressure. The treatment continuity was positive with more than 50% of patients that attended the CVHP. Discussion: The main CVRFs are the sedentary life style, unhealthy diet, dyslipidemia and obesity, so it is necessary to implement Health promotion based on healthy lifestyles to decrease the risk of CVDs

Microbiological analysis and sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus spp. in subclinical mastitis of dairy goats / Análise microbiológica e perfil de sensibilidade do Staphylococcus spp. em mastite subclínica de caprinos leiteiros

Subclinical mastitis in goats causes economic losses and risks to public health. Given the need for research that shows the most isolated staphylococci species and sensibility tests comparing the resistance between coagulase-negative (CNS) and positive Staphylococcus (CPS) goats with subclinical mastitis, the aim of this study was to identify the microorganisms isolated from milk samples of goats with subclinical mastitis, as well as define the staphylococci species and determine the sensitivity profile of Staphylococcus spp. to antimicrobials. To collect samples, tests were performed for mug of black background and California mastitis test (CMT), collecting milk from CMT positive animals. A total of 226 samples from seven herds of dairy goats was collected and forwarded to the laboratory, where they were seeded for the isolation of the microorganism and implementing the antibiotic sensibility test. Of these, 122 samples had bacterial growth and the most isolated staphylococci species were: S. epidermidis (24.55%), S. lugdunensis (15.40%) and S. intermedius (13.64%). Samples showed increased resistance to antimicrobials: penicillin (81.8%), oxacillin (60.0%) and ampicillin (55.5%). Greater sensitivity to: enrofloxacin (99.1%), erythromycin (98.2%), gentamicin (98.2%) and vancomycin (98.2%) were observed. The S. epidermidis showed higher antimicrobial resistance to amoxicillin and penicillin than S. lugdunensis and S. intermedius. Similar resistance in vitro between CNS and CPS was observed to most antimicrobials. It is important to control the overuse of antibiotics to prevent the emergence of resistant strains.

A mastite subclínica em caprinos acarreta prejuízos econômicos e riscos à saúde pública. Tendo em vista a necessidade de pesquisas que demonstrem as espécies de estafilococos mais isoladas e os testes de sensibilidade que comparem a resistência entre Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (SCN) e positiva (SCP) de cabras com mastite subclínica, os objetivos do presente estudo foram identificar os microrganismos isolados de amostras de leite de cabras com mastite subclínica, bem como definir as espécies de estafilococos e determinar o perfil de sensibilidade de Staphylococcus spp. aos antimicrobianos. Para realizar a coleta das amostras, foram executados os testes da caneca de fundo preto e California mastitis test (CMT) com o leite dos animais reagentes ao CMT. Coletaram-se 226 amostras provenientes de sete rebanhos de caprinos leiteiros, as quais foram encaminhadas para o laboratório, onde foram semeadas para o isolamento do microrganismo e a realização do teste de antibiograma. Dessas amostras, 122 tiveram crescimento bacteriano e as espécies mais isoladas de estafilococos foram: S. epidermidis (24,55%), S. lugdunensis (15,40%) e S. intermedius (13,64%). As amostras apresentaram maior resistência aos antimicrobianos penicilina (81,8%), oxacilina (60,0%) e ampicilina (55,5%). Observou-se maior sensibilidade para enrofloxacina (99,1%), eritromicina (98,2%), gentamicina (98,2%) e vancomicina (98,2%). O S. epidermidis apresentou maior resistência antimicrobiana para a amoxicilina e a penicilina do que o S. lugdunensis e o S. intermedius. Foi verificada uma resistência in vitro semelhante entre os estafilococos coagulase negativa e positiva para a maioria dos antimicrobianos testados. É importante o controle do uso abusivo de antimicrobianos para evitar o surgimento de cepas resistentes.