White Bear Suppression Inventory: translation and cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese / White Bear Suppression Inventory: tradução e adaptação transcultural para a língua portuguesa do Brasil

Abstract Introduction Intrusive thoughts may cause a significant level of distress, since some individuals evaluate the content of those thoughts as aversive. Suppression of intrusive thoughts is one of the strategies adopted by these individuals, which increases the level of distress. Suppression of thoughts may be present as one of the factors that maintain different psychological disorders. Objective To describe the translation and adaptation into Brazilian Portuguese of the White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI), which measures thought suppression. Methods Three translations and back-translations were conducted by independent evaluators. Semantic equivalence was assessed and the three versions were evaluated to produce a synthesized version. Comments from participants on the preliminary version of the questionnaire were examined. Results We developed a preliminary Brazilian Portuguese version of the WBSI. It was found that most participants understood the descriptions of cognitions given in the translated questionnaire. Conclusion The use of three different versions of translations and back-translations, discussion of the synthetic version and interaction with the target population have conferred viability to the process of semantic equivalence of the Brazilian Portuguese final version of the WBSI.

Resumo Introdução Pensamentos intrusivos podem causar um nível significativo de desconforto, uma vez que alguns indivíduos avaliam o conteúdo desses pensamentos como aversivos. A supressão dos pensamentos intrusivos é uma das estratégias adotadas por esses indivíduos, resultando no aumento do nível de desconforto. Supressão de pensamentos pode estar presente como um dos fatores de manutenção de diferentes transtornos psicológicos. Objetivos Descrever a tradução e adaptação para o português brasileiro do White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI), que avalia a supressão de pensamentos. Métodos Três traduções e retrotraduções foram conduzidas por avaliadores independentes. A equivalência semântica foi analisada e as três versões foram avaliadas para produzir uma versão preliminar. Os comentários dos participantes sobre a versão preliminar do questionário foram examinados. Resultados Foi desenvolvida uma versão final em português brasileiro do WBSI. Verificou-se que a maioria dos participantes entendeu as descrições das cognições apresentadas no questionário traduzido. Conclusão O uso de três versões diferentes de traduções e retrotraduções, discussão da versão preliminar e interação com a população-alvo conferiu viabilidade ao processo de equivalência semântica da versão final brasileira da WBSI.

Electroencephalographic findings in patients with major depressive disorder during cognitive or emotional tasks: a systematic review

Objective: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent psychiatric condition characterized by multiple symptoms that cause great distress. Uncovering the brain areas involved in MDD is essential for improving therapeutic strategies and predicting response to interventions. This systematic review discusses recent findings regarding cortical alterations in depressed patients during emotional or cognitive tasks, as measured by electroencephalography (EEG). Methods: A search of the MEDLINE/PubMed and Cochrane databases was carried out using the keywords EEG and depression, confined to article title. Results: The studies identified reveal the frontal cortex as an important brain structure involved in the complex neural processes associated with MDD. Findings point to disorganization of right-hemisphere activity and deficient cognitive processing in MDD. Depressed individuals tend to ruminate on negative information and respond with a pattern of relatively higher right frontal activity to emotional stimuli associated with withdrawal and isolation. Conclusion: Patients with MDD may have altered dynamic patterns of activity in several neuroanatomical structures, especially in prefrontal and limbic areas involved in affective regulation. Identification of these alterations might help predict the response of patients to different interventions more effectively and thus maximize the effects both of pharmacotherapeutic and of psychotherapeutic strategies.