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Objective To develope the diagnostic criteria and surgical methods to treat micro-paraganagliomas (<1 cm) of urinary bladder ( PUB) , we now report a case series study including 5 individual cases .Methods Clinical data of 5 patients with micro-PUBs who underwent surgical treatment were obtained and analyzed retrospectively . Two male patients and three female patients were included in our study with the mean age of 51 ( range from 41 to 65 years) .4 patients were reported as symptomatic due to hypercatecholaminemia , while the other was free of symptoms.24-hour urine catecholamine ( CA) examination was utilized to qualitatively diagnose PUB , positive in 75%patients.Ultrasonography(USG), CT, MRI, 111In-DTPA-Octreotide scintigraphy (OctreoScan) and 131 I-MIBG scintigraphy were used to locate the tumor , positive in 80%, 20%, 75%, 25%and 33%patients respectively .What's more, all 5 patients underwent transurethral resection of tumor .Overfilling of bladder and puncture following ultra-sonography guidance were performed to locate the tumors , when tumors were absent in surgical vision .Results All tumors were located and resected completely with no open conversions .It took 0.5 to 26 minutes to locate the tumor and another 3 to 10 minutes to resect the tumors .All lesions were diagnosed by histopathological confirma-tion, especially by immunohistochemical staining.Blood pressure return to normal level after the procedures.No local recurrence or distal metastasis were observed by performing 24-hour urine CA test , USG, cystoscopy and MRI within adequate follow-up.The mean follow-up duration was 38.6 months, ranging from 6 to 120 months.Conclu-sions USG and MRI examination were considered better in detecting micro PUB than CT-scan.Overfilling of blad-der and puncture following USG guidance may support more accurate tumor location intraoperatively if the tumors were not found in transurethral resection procedures .
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effect of platelet-rich fibrin extract (PRFe) on proliferation and differentiation and F-actin cytoskeleton of osteoblasts.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The experimental group used the α-minimum essential medium (α-MEM) containing PRFe (10% fetal bovine serum), and the control group used the α-MEM (10% fetal bovine serum). The number of the osteoblasts at 1st, 3rd, 5th d was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, and the differentiation of osteoblast at 1st, 3rd, 5th,7 th d detected by the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP).The alizarin red dye was used to observe the number of calcium nodus at 14th, 21st d. The F-actin cytoskeleton was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM) at 3rd,6th,9th,12th h. The level of osteogenetic biomarkers osteocalcin (OCN) and core-binding factor α1(Cbfα1) at 3rd,7th d were quantified by real-time PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A significant increase of absorbance at 1st, 3rd, 5th d was showed in experimental group (0.336 ± 0.011, 0.571 ± 0.039, 0.787 ± 0.050) compared to control group (0.300 ± 0.021, 0.387 ± 0.040, 0.527 ± 0.034) (P < 0.05). The absorbance of experimental group at 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th d (0.146 ± 0.014, 0.199 ± 0.017, 0.390 ± 0.020, 0.492 ± 0.019) was significantly higher than that of control group (0.115 ± 0.014, 0.145 ± 0.015, 0.190 ± 0.015, 0.230 ± 0.026) (P < 0.05). The integrated absorbance of the calcium nodus in experimental group at 14th, 21st d (22.119 ± 3.694, 31.528 ± 3.162) was significantly higher than in control group (8.498 ± 2.041, 15.162 ± 2.526) (P < 0.05). The Cbfα1 and OCN gene expression in experimental group was higher than in control group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>PRFe could enhance the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and promote the spread of F-actin cytoskeleton.</p>