Pre-operative diagnosis of ovarian ectopic pregnancy: a challenge to practicing clinician

The first case of primary ovarian ectopic pregnancy was reported by St. Maurice in 1689. Primary ovarian ectopic pregnancy is rare entity, with incidence of around 3% of all ectopic pregnancies. The aim of present case report is to study the role of different modalities like clinical findings, biochemistry, sonography, surgery and histopathology in diagnosis of primary ovarian ectopic pregnancy. Authors present a case of a 24 years old female with history of 2 months amenorrhoea, per vaginal spotting and mild intermittent abdominal pain in RIF. Examination was unremarkable and serum βHCG was 2007.5IU/ml. An ultrasound scan showed an ectopic mass in the right adnexa suggestive of a tubal ectopic pregnancy and she underwent surgical management at our institute.  At laparoscopy, both fallopian tubes were noted to be normal with an ectopic mass attached to the right ovary with a pedicle. With these unusual laparoscopic findings, possibilities of tubal miscarriage, ovarian pregnancy, or abdominal pregnancy were suspected. Ectopic mass was coagulated and cut through the pedicle with bipolar cautery and specimen was sent for HPE. Our patient made an uneventful recovery and no further medical management was indicated. The diagnosis of right ovarian ectopic pregnancy was finally confirmed by histopathological evidence of the presence of chorionic villi in a background of ovarian stromal tissue, in consideration with Spigelberg’s criteria. Present case highlights the importance of considering non-tubal ectopic pregnancies when making a diagnosis based on ultrasound scan. Pre-operative diagnosis of ovarian ectopic pregnancy still remains a challenge in spite of current medical advances. Despite the benefits and reliability of ultrasound scanning, there will still be situations where the definitive diagnosis can only be made at surgery. However, histopathological examination is confirmatory and always mandatory.

Study on Curriculum System Setting of "3+2" Cut-through Nursing Major at Undergraduate Stage / 中国医学伦理学

Objective:To construct the "3+2" counterpart cut-through sectional training nursing major un-dergraduate curriculum system, which is oriented by vocational competence. Methods: The preliminary draft of"3+2" nursing undergraduate curriculum setting was established base on the literature review and expert group in-terview, and the 25 experts was conducted two rounds of expert questionnaire consultation using Delphi method. Results:Experts' opinions tended to be consistent after two rounds of consultation, the expert authority coefficient was 0 . 92 , the coordination coefficient of Kendall was 0 . 44 in the second round of expert consultation and finally established 5 curriculum groups, including total 28 courses of public elementary courses, professional basic cour-ses, professional core courses, professional oriented courses and centralized practice courses. Conclusion: It should construct the"3+2" counterpart cut-through nursing major undergraduate curriculum system, which is o-riented by vocational competence, and achieve effective connection between the knowledge structure and the quality of the nursing students, in order to provide the reference for perfecting the curriculum system of vocational educa-tion in our country.

Expression and role of heat shock protein 70 and apoptosis related proteins in muscle tissue of pressure injury / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective To observe the phenomenon of apoptosis and expression of related proteins in injured muscle tissue during the formation of pressure injury, and to explore its mechanism of action on the pressure injury. Methods Forty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into normal control group, 3, 5, 7 and 9 compression groups according to the random number table, with 8 rats in each group. The pressure injury models on the gracilis muscle of hind limbs were reproduced by using a way of cycle compression of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) magnet. One cycle consisted of 12-hour compression, and followed by 12-hour release. The 5, 7, 9 compression groups were cut through after receiving 3 cycles. The normal control group did not receive any treatment. Muscle tissue specimens were harvested in the pressurized center at the end of the experiment (the same site for the normal control group), then the rats were sacrificed. The hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to examine the changes of muscle tissue morphology. The Hoechst 33258 staining was used to evaluate the apoptosis of muscle tissue. Western Blot was used to detect the expressions of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), B-cell lymphoma-2 protein (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax). Results ① HE staining showed that the compressed tissues appeared different degrees of pathological degradation, and the change of tissue morphology was more serious with the increase of the compression cycle.② Hoechst 33258 staining showed that the nuclei of compressed tissue showed condensed, compact morphology and granular fluorescence, and the number of apoptotic cells increased with the increase of the compression cycle.③ Western Blot showed that with the increase of the compression cycle the protein expressions of HSP70 and Bax were gradually increased, and the protein expression of Bcl-2 was gradually decreased. Compared with the normal control group, the protein expression of HSP70 in the 9 compression group was increased with statistically significant differences (HSP70/GAPDH: 1.78±0.21 vs. 0.55±0.17, P < 0.01). The protein expression of Bax in the 7 and 9 compression groups were increased with statistically significant differences (Bax/GAPDH: 0.96±0.09, 0.98±0.02 vs. 0.67±0.07, both P < 0.01). The protein expression of Bcl-2 in the 3, 5, 7 and 9 compression groups were significantly decreased (Bcl-2/GAPDH: 0.17±0.03, 0.13±0.03, 0.14±0.03, 0.10±0.02 vs. 0.36±0.04, all P < 0.05). Conclusions Apoptosis can be induced by I/R in pressure injury tissues. Apoptosis induced by HSP70 and apoptosis factors Bcl-2 and Bax may be involved in the formation of pressure injury.

Comparison between rubber band and ethelon suture as a cutting seton in perianal fistula

Background: Fistula-in-ano is a commonly encountered surgical problem. There is a risk of sphincter muscle damage during fistulectomy. Seton suture is used to decrease this risk. Different types of Setons are used for this purpose

Aim: To compare 2 types of cutting Seton as regard Postoperative pain, duration until Seton cut through, post operative faecal incontinence and recurrence

Methods: This study was conducted on 80 patients in 2 groups with high perianal fistula or low perianal fistula associate with abscess cavity. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease, history of malignancy, and previous recto-anal operations were excluded from this study. One group with insertion of sterilized rubber band and silk suture was applied at the anal verge the other with Ethilon sutures. Follow up and tightening of the seton done as outpatient

Results: About half [46.25%] had low perianal fistulas with abscess cavity, and 53.75% had high perianal fistulas. Group [A] patients had 10% wound infection and group [B] had 5%, all responded to conservative management. The mean VAS score of the patients on the 1st day was [3.7 +/- 1.14], and [2.85 +/- 0.92] and on the 7th day was [1.28 +/- 0.85] and [0.88 +/- 0.88] respectively. Seton fell down after a mean time [26.35 days +/- 5.12 days] in group [A] and [27.65 days +/- 6.84 days] in group [B]. Complete healing was achieved in 77.5% of group [A] and in 60 % of group [B] after 1 month and 40 patients [100%] in both groups at 3 months. 7.5% of recurrence in group [A] and 2.5% case of recurrence in group [B]

Conclusion: Rubber band Seton is easy and cheap and provide slow and steady cutting of the sphincter maintaining continence

Morphology of the intervertebral disc in high fat combined with streptozotocin-induced type Ⅱ diabetic rats / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Rat models of diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) are usually induced by the combination of high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin, but their effects on the intervertebral disc have not yet been reported. Endplate sclerosis is an important factor contributing to intervertebral disc degeneration. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate whether the rat T2DM model induced by high-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin is suitable for the study of T2DM related intervertebral disc degeneration. METHODS:Thirty-two 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n=8 per group), including sham, bilateral variectomy, DM, and bilateral variectomy plus DM groups, followed by subjected to bilateral ovariectomy and/or high-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin, respectively. The blood glucose level, body mass and glucose tolerance were determined. The bone mineral density of the lumbar spine was measured after 8-week streptozotocin treatment. The L5-6 segments were removed and cut through midst sagittal plane after decalcification, and then underwent Von Gieson staining and histological degeneration scoring, and the disc height and endplate thickness were measured. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Fasting blood glucose and random blood glucose levels in the DM and bilateral variectomy plus DM groups were significantly higher than those in the other two groups, and the insulin sensitivity in the DM and bilateral variectomy plus DM groups were significantly lower than that in the other groups (P<0.05). L4-6 vertebral bone mineral density in the bilateral variectomy group was significantly lower than that in the sham group (P<0.05);L5-6 vertebral bone mineral density in the DM and bilateral variectomy plus DM groups was significantly lower than that in the sham group (P<0.05). L5-6 vertebral histological scores in the DM and bilateral variectomy plus DM groups were significantly higher than those in the other groups (P<0.05). Similar with the bilateral variectomy group, there were chondrometaplasia and mucoid degeneration of nucleus pulposus cells in the bilateral variectomy plus DM group, and the histological scores were significantly higher than those in the sham and DM groups (P<0.05). Compared with the sham group, the intervertebral disc height in the bilateral variectomy and bilateral variectomy plus DM groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). While, there was no significant difference in the endplate thickness among groups. These results indicate the combination of high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin-induced rat T2DM models possess diabetic characteristics, but the rat intervertebral disc tissues show no significant differences from the normal ones;therefore, this model may be unsuitable for the study on T2DM-related intervertebral disc degeneration.

An experimental model for rectourethral studies in the posterior urethra of the male canine / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective Objective To explore the best dog urethra rectum fistula operation method.Methods In June 2016 to October 2016,15 healthy male dogs were selected as research objects,aged 2-3 years (mean 2.5 years),with a body mass of 12-15 kg (mean 13.5 kg).They were randomly divided into three groups,each group of five.5 male dogs were cut through the rectum.5 male dogs were cut through the perineum.5 male dogs were cut through the rectal sphincter of the anus.Postoperative retrograde urethrectomy rectum angiography,the urethral pressure injection of methylene blue white gauze aizen rectum fistula and histologic evaluation of each group were compared 1,2,3 moths after the operation.Results Anal rectum drag cold knife cut group,1,2,3 moths after the operation,postoperative indicated the exist of orificium fistulae.The urethral pressure injection of methylene blue could observe rectum white gauze aizen,and pathological histology suggested the mucosal lamina propria disorder.There were a large number of inflammatory cells,5 dogs models were successfully built.Abdominal perineal pathway group:1 dog was killed by itself.1 dog one month after operation in anus at 2 cm below diameter about 3 cm appeared in a mixture of urine fistula and urethral orifice outflow,no urine outflow.More than 3 dogs after a week in the edge of serious infection,a canine model of severe dysuria,1,2,3 moths after the operation,postoperative indicated the exist of orificium fistulae.The urethral pressure injection of methylene blue could observe rectum white gauze aizen.3 dogs models were built.Through anal sphincter incision group:five dogs of the urethral fistula were successful,and one dog was incontinent with fecal incontinence.Conclusions The rectal rectum could successfully produce the animal model of the urethral rectal fistula and provide the experimental subjects for the treatment of iatrogenic urethral fistula.

The clinical study on ankle joint fracture treated by open reduction and internal fixation / 中国基层医药

Objective To explore the surgical treatment of ankle fracture.Methods 326 cases with ankle joint fracture in our hospital treated by surgical treatment were followed up.There were 182 males and 43 females,aged from 7 ～ 75 years.The patients with medial malleolus fracture were cut through postero-medial process,and the lagged screw,absorbed screw,or tension band wire were used.Patients with bimalleolus and trimalleolus fracture were cut through medial and lateral two incision.When the fracture line of the fibula is high,the triangular needle,kirschner wire,plate and the screw,remember alloy were used,when the fracture line of the fibula was high,1 ～ 2 cortical or cancellous bone lagged screw were used.The patients with diastasis of inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis were cut through lateral process,1 lagged screw was used through 3 layer cortical bone.After the operation,the plaster or brace was used according to the stability of the fracture,then systemic functional exercises.Results All the patients were followed up from 4 ～ 120 months,according to the ankle-hind foot score of American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society Score(AOFAS),their clinical treatment results were assessed.In 225 cases,excellent and good rate was 86.7％.Connclusion Proper approach,anatomy reduction,articular surface recovery to smooth,stable internal fixation,necessary external fixation and systemic rehabilitation were the key aspects to the surgical treatment.Good result of most of the patients with fracture of the ankle joint can be obtained.

Experimental Evaluation of Accelerated T1rho Relaxation Quantification in Human Liver Using Limited Spin-Lock Times

OBJECTIVE: It was reported lately that to obtain consistent liver T1rho measurement, at 3T MRI using six spin-lock times (SLTs), is feasible. In this study, the feasibility of using three or two SLT points to measure liver T1rho relaxation time was explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventeen healthy volunteers underwent 36 examinations. Three representative axial slices were selected to cut through the upper, middle, and lower liver. A rotary echo spin-lock pulse was implemented in a 2D fast field echo sequence. Spin-lock frequency was 500 Hz and the spin-lock times of 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 milliseconds (ms) were used for T1rho mapping. T1rho maps were constructed by using all 6 SLT points, three SLT points of 1, 20, and 50 ms, or two SLTs of 1 and 50 ms, respectively. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland and Altman plot were used to assess the measurement agreement. RESULTS: Two examinations were excluded, due to motion artifact at the SLT of 50 ms. With the remaining 34 examinations, the ICC for 6-SLT vs. 3-SLT T1rho measurements was 0.922, while the ICC for 6-SLT vs. 2-SLT T1rho measurement was 0.756. The Bland and Altman analysis showed a mean difference of 0.19 (95% limits of agreement: -1.34, 1.73) for 6-SLT vs. 3-SLT T1rho measurement, and the mean difference of 0.89 (95% limits of agreement: -1.67, 3.45) for 6-SLT vs. 2-SLT T1rho measurement. The scan re-scan reproducibility ICC (n = 11 subjects) was 0.755, 0.727, and 0.528 for 6-SLT measurement, 3-SLT measurement, and 2-SLT measurement, respectively. CONCLUSION: Adopting 3 SLTs of 1, 20, and 50 ms can be an acceptable alternative for the liver T1rho measurement, while 2 SLTs of 1 and 50 ms do not provide reliable measurement.

In vitro evaluation of fluoride products in the development of carious lesions in deciduous teeth

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the application of fluoride products on the development of enamel caries in deciduous teeth. A total of 108 deciduous teeth were chosen for the study. Acid-resistant varnish was applied on the teeth, leaving only one area of 5 mm x 1 mm of dental enamel exposed. The teeth were allocated randomly to one of the following groups: 1) control - toothpaste without fluoride; 2) 1.23 percent fluoride gel; 3) Duraflur fluoride varnish; 4) Duraphat fluoride varnish; 5) Fluorniz fluoride varnish; 6) Fluorphat fluoride varnish; 7) varnish with Duofluorid; 8) 12 percent silver fluoride diamine (Cariestop); 9) children's fluoride toothpaste (500 ppm). The tested products were applied on the teeth according to the manufacturer's recommendations and the teeth were stored in a moist environment for 24 hours. Each group of teeth was then subjected to a pH cycling model for 14 days, after which the teeth were cut through the center for an analysis of the depth of the carious lesion by polarized light microscopy. Comparisons were made between the treatments and the control group. The mean lesion depth values were 318 ìm ± 39 (control), 213 ìm ± 27 (fluoride gel), 203 ìm ± 34 (Duraflur), 133 ìm ± 25 (Duraphat), 207 ìm ± 27 (Fluor-niz), 212 ìm ± 27 (Fluorphat), 210 ± 28 (Duofluorid), 146 ± 31 (Cariestop) and 228 ± 24 (fluoride toothpaste). None of the products used here was able to completely prevent the formation of lesions. The highest cariostatic effect was achieved by fluoride varnish Duraphat and the lowest by the fluoride toothpaste.

Distribution of flurbiprofen axetil in the muscle tissue in surgical field after Intravenous administration in rats / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To determine the distribution of flurbiprofen axetil in the muscle tissue in the surgical field after intravenous administration in rats. Methods Forty pathogen-free male SD rats weighing 240-260 g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=8 each) : Ⅰ control group (group C) and Ⅱ-Ⅴ flurbiprofen groups received iv flurbiprofen axetil 2, 4, 8, 16 mg/kg respectively (group F_1, F_2, F_3, F_4). An 1 cm long incision was made in the right plantar surface from the heel to the toes according to the method described by Brennen under isoflurane anesthesia. The muscle was cut through in the incision but not severed. Flurbiprofen axetil was injected iv via the vein in the tail at 20 min after plantar incision was made in group Ⅱ-Ⅴ . At 2 h after iv flurbiprofen axetil administration, the animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 3% pentobarbital 100 mg/kg. The muscles of both hindpaws were dissected, homogenized and centrifuged. The supernatant was separated for determination of flurbiprofen content (by RP-HPLC) and PGE_2 content ( by ELISA). Results The flurbiprofen content in the muscle of hindpaw on the operated side was significantly increased dose-dependently compared with that on the non-operated side and was significantly higher than that on the non-operated side. The flurbiprofen content in the muscle of hindpaw on the non-operated side was significantly higher in group F_4 than in the other 4 groups. There was no significant difference in the flurbiprofen content in the paw muscle on the non-operated side among group C, F_1 F_2 and F_3. The PGF_2 content was significantly higher in the hindpaw muscle on the operated side than that on the non-operated side, and was significantly decreased by flurbiprofen dose-dependently. Conclusion The content of flurbiprofen is significantly higher in the muscle tissue in the surgical field after iv administration than that on the non-operated side, indicating that flurbiprofen axtei has target-analgesic effect.

Reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament with ligament advanced reinforcement system artificial ligament transplantation under knee arthroscopy / 中国组织工程研究

AIM: To observe the functional recovery of knee joint in patients with posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) under knee arthroscopy with ligament advanced reinforcement system (LARS) artificial ligament transplantation. METHODS: From January 2005 to May 2006, six patients with PCL injury treated by reconstruction of PCL with LARS artificial ligament transplantation were selected from the Department of Orthopedics, Huadu Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University. All subjects agreed with the operation before the surgery and all reconstruction surgeries were of second period. ① The tibial tunnel was established firstly. ② Then was the femoral tunnel. ③ Under knee arthroscopy, the "Y"-shape double cords of LARS artificial ligament were cut through ante-out and meta-in bone tunnels of femur, and fixed at 90o and 30o flexion respectively. Patients were required to motor 3 days postoperative, and patients actively exercised their quadriceps muscle of thigh at one week later. Regular follow-ups were conducted postoperatively, and functional evaluation of the knee joints was performed by according to Lysholm standards, including 8 aspects: Limping, supporting, interlocking, unstable, painful, swell, upstairs and downstairs and squatting with a total score of 100 points. The higher the score was, the better the functional recovery of knee joint. RESULTS: All of the 6 patients were available at follow-up, and no one withdrew from the study. The follow-up was conducted at the 7th, 7th, 10th, 10.4th, 12.8th, and 14th months with an average duration of 10.2 months. After operation, unstable symptoms of knee joint in all subjects disappeared with negative sag sign and posterior drawer. The Lysholm knee scores of patients postoperation were significantly higher than those before the surgery (83.5?4.5, 51.6?3.6, P

Transurethral Electro-Resection Combined with Needle Electrode Treatment for Bladder Neck Contracture after Treatments of BPH:Report of 45 Cases / 中国微创外科杂志

Objective To discuss the efficacy of transurethral electro-resection combined with needle electrode treatment for bladder neck contracture after treatments of benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).Methods A total of 45 cases of bladder neck contracture that developed after treatments of BPH were treated with transurethral electro-resection combined with needle electrode treatment in our hospital.During the operation,the raised posterior lip of the bladder neck was cut at 6 o’clock point,and then the scar tissues at 3 and 9 o’clock points were resected to expose the bladder detrusor.The scar tissues at 12 o’clock point should be removed as much as possible so that the bladder neck could be repaired easily.Afterwards,the fibrotic ring of the bladder neck was cut through at 5 and 7 o’clock points with a needle electrode,the fat tissues covering the bladder could be exposed.Results After the operation,43 of the cases restored normal urine flow.The other 2 patients could urinate despite of mild dysuria,and the symptom was then improved by oral ?1 antagonist and M agonist.Fifteen patients developed micturition frequency and urgency,and odynuria,and were cured pontaneously in two weeks.No patient showed urinary bleeding,stricture,incontinence,or recto-vesical fistula.Follow-up was available in the patients for 3 to 30 months(mean,15 months),during the period,reexaminations showed a Qmax of 15.5-24.3 ml/s(mean,19.5),and residual urine after urination of 0-35 ml(mean,20).No relapse of bladder neck contracture occurred in this series.Conclusions Transurethral electro-resection combined with needle electrode treatment is effective for patients with bladder neck contracture after treatments of BPH.The rate of relapse is low after the operation.

Versatility of llizarov external fixator in management of foot and ankle deformity

Traditional methods of correction of foot deformities may be difficult to treat some conditions, especially if associated with other lower limb problems. This study discusses the versatility of llizarov external_fixator in such cases. It was performed in 34-foot deformities in 33 patients. They had been treated using the llizarov external fixator [IEF] between 1997 and 1999. The average age of the patients was 15 years. The aetiology of foot deformity was recurrent congenital talipes equinovarus [10], neglected congenital talipes equinovarus [3], poliomyelitis [9], post traumatic deformity [6], post burn deformity [1], arthrogryposis multiplex congenita [2], cerebral palsy [1], fibular hemimelia [1] and tibial hemimelia [1]. Unconstrained IEF was applied for the foot in all cases. The leg construct was applied according to the target: foot deformity alone or associated with other leg problems. IEF construct was extended to the femur in cases with flexion knee deformity and hinges were added. Follow-up continued until overcorrection was maintained to the same period of correction followed by an appropriate cast for 8 weeks. The mean time for deformity correction and Ilizarov stabilization was 16 weeks, and follow-up period was 23.1 months. The results were good in 31, fair in 2 and had in 1. Additional procedures were performed and most of them in the same operating time. Primary arthrodesis was done for 5 feet and revision of failed previous arthrodesis in one. Open corrective osteotomy for arthrodesis was performed in 2 cases. Two females had been treated for flexion knee with bloodless technique. Wire-site infections, wires cut-through a calcaneum and metatarsals and fracture post IEF removal were reported. Although it is technically difficult, IEF can be considered an effective and versatile way of treating foot and other associated lower limb problems through one-reconstruction attack

EXOGENOUS FGF-2 REGULATES THE METABOLISM OF RAT FACIAL MOTONEURONS AFTER INJURY / 解剖学报

Objective To study the regulatory effect of exogenous fibroblast growth factor(FGF\|2) in expressions of calcitonin gene\|related peptide(CGRP) and FGF\|2 in facial motoneurons after injury. Methods The right facial nerve was transected 6?mm distal to the stylomastoid foraman.A 3?mm\+3 piece of Gelfoam presoaked in 25??l of various test solutions(normal saline,or 16?10 6?IU/L FGF\|2,or 32?10 6?IU/L FGF\|2) was implanted adjacent to the proximal nerve stump.After three days survival,the rats were killed and brainstems were removed.Serial 20??m cryosections were cut through the whole brainstem.The CGRP and FGF\|2 immunoreactivity were studied by immunohistochemisty and image analysis. Results An increase in the CGRP and decrease in the FGF\|2 signals were presented in axotomized motoneurons with saline\|treated animals.In FGF\|2\|treated animals,the lesion\|induced up\|regulation of CGRP and down\|regulation of FGF\|2 were attenuated compairing with normal saline treated animals.Conclusion\ Exogenous FGF\|2 can increase FGF\|2 expression and decrease CGRP expression in rat facial motoneurons after injury.\;[

Five Cases of Arteriovenous Adventitial Sheathotomy for Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion

PURPOSE: To report the results of arteriovenous adventitial sheathotomy for treatment of macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion. METHODS: Five eyes of five patients underwent arteriovenous adventitial sheathotomy. Patient selection criteria were the best-corrected visual acuity of less than 0.1 and duration of less than 1 month. Pars plana vitrectomy was performed and 23 gauge needle, bent at the tip, was used to cut through the adventitial sheath and separate the arteriole from the underlying venule. Patients were followed postoperatively for 6 months to 1 year, with an average of 9.6 months. RESULTS: In all 5 patients, the best-corrected visual acuity improved to 0.3 to 0.9. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated reperfusion of the retina and lessening of macular edema. CONCLUSION: Arterionvenous adventitial sheathotomy may be beneficial for patients with poor vision secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion.

Bucco-lingual Implant Path in the Posterior Mandible / 체질인류학회지

The purpose of this study is to investigate the cross -sectional anatomy of posterior mandibular body for proper determination of bucco -lingual implant path. Using fifty -four human mandibles, negative images of each mandible were made of agar impression material. The agar blocks were cut through the imaginary long axis of each root of three molars (M1M, M1D, M2M, M2D and M3). The depth of submandibular fossa, the angulation of long axis of mandibular body and tooth, and the length, angulation and ratio of alveolar bone superior to mylohyoid ridge and basal bone inferior to mylohyoid ridge were measured. The results obtained were as follows; 1. All of the measured angulations were decreased as it moves from M1M to M3. 2. The correlation coefficients among the angulation of the mandibular bone and the crown axis showed the high relationship (r=0.793), and the crown axis was steeper than the mandibular bone axis by 6.2 at M1M and 7.6 at M2M. 3. The length of upper alveolar bone was decreased, but that of inferior basal bone was increased as it moves from M1M to M3. 4. The depth of submandibular fossa was increased as it moves from M1M to M3. These results indicate that the angulation of implant path at the posterior mandible must be tilted more than wax -up crown axis by 6.2 at mesial root of 1st molar and by 7.6 at mesial root 2nd molar area for prevention of lingual cortical bone perforation during implant surgery.

role of smooth-ended ameloblasts in enamel protein degradation in the rat incisor pigmentation

Rats were perfused with glutaraldehyde. The lower incisors were dissected free. Mid-sagittal slice was cut through the entire incisor, deimneralized. The pigmentation zone was isolated and further sliced into cross sections. These sections were incubated for CMPase. CMPase reaction product were associated with the lateral cell memberane of subclass II and Subclass III. This localization confirm the role of extracellular space of SM as a route of enamel proteins during maturation