Complicaciones maternas y embarazo adolescente en América Latina: Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Maternal complications and adolescent pregnancy in Latin America: A systematic review and meta-analysis

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el riesgo de complicaciones maternas en el embarazo adolescente en Latinoamérica y El Caribe durante el periodo 2012 al 2021. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en 6 bases de datos: PubMed, SCOPUS, Web Of Science, EMBase, LILACS y Scielo. Los artículos incluidos fueron procedentes de paises de Latinoamérica y contaron con cualquiera de las siguientes variables: preeclampsia, eclampsia, hemorragia puerperal y sepsis puerperal publicados desde el 2012 al 2021 y que compararan adolescentes y adultas embarazadas. Se excluyeron artículos que no presentaron hallazgos separados de Latinoamérica y/o El Caribe, que no se encontraban disponibles la versión completa y que estaban enfocados en pacientes con alguna enfermedad en específico. Para el riesgo de sesgo se empleó la Escala de Newcasttle-Ottawa para estudios de casos y controles. La medida de resumen empleada fue el Odds Ratio con un intervalo de confianza al 95% para cada estudio. Resultados: Se incluyeron 4 estudios. No se evidenció el riesgo de preeclampsia en adolescentes embarazadas (OR = 0.93, IC 95% 0.69 - 1.25) ni hemorragia puerperal (OR = 0.86, IC 95% 0.74 - 0.99). Por otro lado, se mostró el riesgo de eclampsia (OR = 2.43, IC 95% 1.29 - 4.58) en adolescentes embarazadas, pero con alta heterogeneidad entre los estudios (I2 = 76%). Conclusiones: Se evidenció un riesgo de eclampsia en adolescentes embarazadas, pero no en preeclampsia ni hemorragia puerperal; sin embargo, estos resultados deben de tomarse con cautela. Registro de protocolo: CRD42021286725 (PROSPERO)

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess whether maternal complications are a risk in adolescent pregnancy in Latin America and the Caribbean during the period 2012 to 2021. Methods: A systematic search was carried out in 6 databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, EMBase, LILACS and Scielo. The articles included were from Latin American countries and had any of the following variables: preeclampsia, eclampsia, puerperal hemorrhage and puerperal sepsis published from 2012 to 2021 and comparing pregnant adolescents and adults. Articles that did not present separate findings from Latin America and/or the Caribbean, that the full version was not available, and that were focused on patients with a specific disease were excluded. For risk of bias, the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale Case-Control Studies was used. The summary measure used was the Odds Ratio with a 95% confidence interval for each study. Results: 4 studies were included. The risk of preeclampsia in pregnant adolescents and postpartum hemorrhage (OR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.74 - 0.99) were not evidenced (OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.69 - 1.25). On the other hand, the risk of eclampsia (OR = 2.43, 95% CI 1.29 - 4.58) in pregnant adolescents was shown, but with high heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 76%). Conclusions: A risk of eclampsia was evidenced in pregnant adolescents, but not in preeclampsia nor postpartum hemorrhage. However, these results should be taken with caution. Protocol record: CRD42021286725 (PROSPERO)

Effects of Laser Photobiomodulation on the Regeneration of Bone Defects Grafted with BioOss® Xenograft: a Systematic Review of Animal Models / Efeitos da Fotobiomodulação a Laser na Regeneração de Defeitos Ósseos Enxertados com Xenograft Bio-Oss®: uma Revisão Sistemática de Modelos Animais

Photobiomodulation with low-power laser has stood out for its effects on metabolism, bone regeneration and its notable osteogenic potential. This study aimed to review the literature regarding the effectiveness of photobiomodulation with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in inducing bone regeneration in sites grafted with Bio-Oss®, through experimental animal studies. It was a systematic review, based on a search performed in PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Capes Journals, SciELO and BIREME databases. Descriptors were selected from DeCS/MeSH and the PICOS strategy was applied. Experimental studies published from 2012 to 2023 were included, according to the PRISMA parameters, registered in the PROSPERO platform. The SYRCLE risk of bias tool was used. Using the search strategy, 1352 articles were identified, and five were included in this qualitative synthesis. Despite the divergence observed in the laser dosimetry protocols adopted by the studies, it was evident that laser photobiomodulation associated with the use of Bio-Oss® promotes bone density gains and a considerable increase in the amount of mineralized tissue in bone defects induced in animals. In addition, the use of laser alone has contributed to an improvement in bone formation in non-grafted sites. The data presented show a potential for improvement in the bone reconstruction process by associating photobiomodulation with low-level laser with the application of the Bio-Oss® inorganic bovine bone xenograft. (AU)

A fotobiomodulação com laser de baixa potência tem se destacado pelos seus efeitos no metabolismo, na regeneração óssea e por seu notável potencial osteogênico. Este estudo teve como objetivo revisar a literatura sobre a eficácia da fotobiomodulação com laserterapia de baixa potência (LLLT) na indução da regeneração óssea em locais enxertados com Bio-Oss®, por meio de estudos experimentais em animais. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática, baseada em busca realizada nas bases de dados PubMed/Medline, Google Acadêmico, Periódicos Capes, SciELO e Bireme. Os descritores foram selecionados no DeCS/MeSH e aplicada a estratégia PICOS. Foram incluídos estudos experimentais publicados de 2012 a 2023, segundo parâmetros PRISMA, cadastrados na plataforma PROSPERO. Foi utilizada a ferramenta de risco de viés SYRCLE. Utilizando a estratégia de busca, foram identificados 1.352 artigos, e cinco foram incluídos nesta síntese qualitativa. Apesar da divergência observada nos protocolos de dosimetria do laser adotados pelos estudos, ficou evidente que a fotobiomodulação laser associada ao uso do Bio-Oss® promove ganhos de densidade óssea e aumento considerável na quantidade de tecido mineralizado em defeitos ósseos induzidos em animais. Além disso, o uso isolado do laser contribuiu para uma melhora na formação óssea em locais não enxertados. Os dados apresentados mostram potencial de melhoria no processo de reconstrução óssea através da associação da fotobiomodulação com laser de baixa intensidade com a aplicação do xenoenxerto ósseo bovino inorgânico Bio-Oss®. (AU)

Analysis of low back pain through the methylation process in specific genes. Systematic review / Análise da dor lombar através do processo de metilação em genes específicos. Revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Low back pain is one of the most common complaints. Epigenetics represents a mechanism where the environment can modify gene expression without alterations in the primary DNA sequence. This can be seen in the process of DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin reorganization. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review on DNA methylation processes related to low back pain. CONTENTS: Data were collected up to March 2023. The search was conducted on the following article search platforms: Scielo, Pubmed, Regional Portal of BVS, and LILACS. Pre-defined keywords were used in Portuguese or English: low back pain, DNA methylation, epigenomics, and epigenetics. All chosen words were verified through Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS), and English words were verified in MesHterms. Bias risk analysis was identified. 61 genes were highlighted in the 8 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Only 2 studies presented genes in common, but one of them was in animal samples. Each analyzed gene has its particularity in performing processes, thus presenting differences in how it could generate low back pain. All studies included in this review were assessed for risk of bias. CONCLUSION: The identified genes contribute significantly to the development of treatments and scientific knowledge. However, as the topic addressed is relatively new, further studies should be developed.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Os sintomas da dor lombar são algumas das queixas mais comuns. A epigenética representa um mecanismo pelo qual o meio pode modificar a expressão gênica sem que ocorra alterações da sequência primária de DNA. Isso pode ser visto em processos de metilação de DNA, modificação de histonas e reorganização de cromatina. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre o processo de metilação de DNA relacionado à dor lombar. CONTEÚDO: A revisão sistemática foi realizada com os dados coletados até março de 2023. A pesquisa foi realizada nas plataformas de busca de artigos: Scielo, Pubmed, Portal Regional da Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde e LILACS. Foram utilizadas palavras-chaves pré-definidas na língua portuguesa ou inglesa: - dor lombar ou low back pain, metilação de DNA ou DNA methylation, epigenômica ou epigenetic; sendo que todas as palavras escolhidas foram verificadas através dos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) e as palavras na língua inglesa foram verificadas no MeSH terms. A análise do risco de viés foi identificada. Nos oito artigos que preencheram os critérios de inclusão foram destacados 61 genes, sendo que apenas dois trabalhos apresentaram genes em comum, porém um deles em amostras animais. Cada gene analisado possui sua particularidade na realização de processos; portanto, apresentando diferenças na forma como poderá gerar a lombalgia. Todos os estudos incluídos nesta revisão tiveram o risco de viés avaliado. CONCLUSÃO: Os genes identificados podem contribuir para a evolução de tratamentos e conhecimento científico. Porém, como o tema abordado é relativamente novo, mais estudos devem ser desenvolvidos.

Histological Techniques for the Study of the Dentogingival Junction: A Scoping Review Using the Anatomical Quality Assurance Checklist (AQUA) / Técnicas Histológicas para el Estudio de la Unión Dentogingival: Una Revisión de Alcance Utilizando el Anatomical Quality Assurance Checklist (AQUA)

SUMMARY: The dentogingival junction (DGJ) is an adaptation of the oral mucosa composed of epithelial and connective tissues intimately related with the mineralised tissues of the tooth. The histological evidence available is mainly based on studies in animals, separate evaluations of hard and soft tissues, and studies using conventional histological techniques that eliminate the enamel from preparations. The aim of this study was to carry out a review of the existing evidence on histological techniques available for study of the tooth and periodontium in conjunction in humans. A scoping review was carried out of the available literature referring to study of the tooth and the periodontium in conjunction in humans, in the Web of Science (WoS), EMBASE, Scopus and SciELO databases, using the terms "Histological Techniques"[Mesh]) and "Epithelial Attachment"[Mesh]. One hundred and fifty-nine articles were found, of which 54 were selected for full- text reading. Ten were finally included in the qualitative synthesis, and we applied the Anatomical Quality Assurance (AQUA) checklist for analysis the methodological quality of the selected articles. The results showed that the only articles with a low risk of bias in all five domains according to the AQUA criteria corresponded to Silva et al. (2011) and Agustín-Panadero et al. (2020). Finally, we conclude that the quality of the histological sections to observe tissues that simultaneously contain the tooth and the periodontium, is conditioned by the selected technique and by the care required in certain specific tasks during the histological processing of the samples.

La unión dentogingival (DGJ) es una adaptación de la mucosa oral compuesta por tejidos epitelial y conectivo íntimamente relacionados con los tejidos mineralizados del diente. La evidencia histológica disponible se basa principalmente en estudios en animales, evaluaciones separadas de tejidos duros y blandos y estudios utilizando técnicas histológicas convencionales que eliminan el esmalte de las preparaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión de la evidencia existente sobre las técnicas histológicas disponibles para el estudio del diente y el periodonto en conjunto en humanos. Se realizó un scoping review de la literatura disponible referente al estudio del diente y el periodonto en conjunto en humanos, en las bases de datos Web of Science (WoS), EMBASE, Scopus y SciELO, utilizando los términos "Histological Techniques"[Mesh]) y "Epithelial Attachment"[Mesh]. Se encontraron 159 artículos, de los cuales 54 fueron seleccionados para lectura de texto completo. Diez fueron finalmente incluidos en la síntesis cualitativa, y se aplicó la lista de verificación Anatómica Quality Assurance (AQUA) para el análisis de la calidad metodológica de los artículos seleccionados. Los resultados mostraron que los únicos artículos con bajo riesgo de sesgo en los cinco dominios según los criterios AQUA correspondían a Silva et al. (2011) y Agustín-Panadero et al. (2020). Finalmente, concluimos que la calidad de los cortes histológicos para observar los tejidos que contienen simultáneamente el diente y el periodonto, está condicionada por la técnica seleccionada y por el cuidado requerido en ciertas tareas específicas durante el procesamiento histológico de las muestras.

Malondialdehyde levels in diabetic retinopathy patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#It remains unclear whether circulating malondialdehyde (MDA) levels change in people with diabetic retinopathy (DR). This systematic review compared circulating MDA levels in diabetic people with and without DR.@*METHODS@#PubMed, Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), and Web of Science were searched for case-control studies conducted before May 2022 in English that compared circulating MDA levels in people with and without DR. The following MeSH search terms were used: ("malondialdehyde" or "thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]" or "lipid peroxidation" or "oxidative stress") and "diabetic retinopathy." Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. Random-effects pairwise meta-analysis pooled the effect size with standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).@*RESULTS@#This meta-analysis included 29 case-control studies with 1680 people with DR and 1799 people with diabetes but not DR. Compared to people without DR, the circulating MDA levels were higher in those with DR (SMD, 0.897; 95% CI, 0.631 to 1.162; P  < 0.001). The study did not identify credible subgroup effects or publication bias and the sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the study.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Circulating MDA levels are higher in people with DR compared to those without. Future comparative studies that use more specific methods are required to draw firm conclusions.@*REGISTRATION@#PROSPERO; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ ; No. CRD42022352640.

A Systematic Review of the Effects of Aromatherapy on Depression and Anxiety in Postmenopausal Women

Purpose@#This systematic review aimed to investigate the effects of aromatherapy interventions on depression and anxiety in menopausal women. @*Methods@#This study adhered to PRISMA (preferred reporting items of systemic reviews and meta-analysis) guidelines. Relevant studies published between 1994 and 2002 were searched in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Google Scholar, DBPIA, KISS, and RISS databases. Search criteria included the mesh terms 'aromatherapy menopause women depression anxiety.' The review included randomized and nonrandomized studies of women who were menopausal or postmenopausal and received aromatherapy intervention for depression and anxiety associated with symptoms of menopause. The extracted literature was evaluated via quality appraisal checklists of ROB 2 (Risk of Bias 2.0) and ROBINS-1 (Risk Of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies - of Interventions) and visualized using a risk-of-bias visualization tool. @*Results@#The review included 6 randomized controlled studies and 2 quasi-experimental studies. The results showed that aromatherapy massage and inhalation therapy were effective in reducing depression and had beneficial effects in reducing anxiety, improving quality of sleep, and menopausal symptoms in menopausal women. @*Conclusion@#Interventions using aromatic essential oils to massage the hands, arms, back, and scalp or inhalation of aromatic oils from clothing, necklaces, and bedding might be beneficial for the emotional health of menopausal women. Women health professionals should consider applying aromatherapy to menopausal women to improve emotional health, sleep, and menopausal symptoms.

Maternal and newborn impact of epidural dexamethasone as an adjuvant for labor analgesia: A meta-analysis

Background@#Dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory drug, has an assumed analgesic effect when given epidurally, with less side effects5,7. Although numerous studies have evaluated dexamethasone, there is a paucity of studies assessing its intrapartum use.@*Objectives@#To determine the effectiveness of epidural dexamethasone when used as an adjuvant for labor analgesia.@*Materials and Methods@#A meta-analysis guided by the Cochrane handbook was performed. Articles were searched through PubMed, MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Google Scholar and ClinicalTrials.gov using search strategies such as keywords and MeSH terms. Cochrane version 2 risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) was used to assess for quality. Quantitative data were pooled and analyzed using Review Manager 5.4.1.@*Results@#A total of five trials involving 309 women in labor were analyzed. The pooled mean difference showed prolonged duration of epidural analgesia on patients who received epidural dexamethasone; pooled risk ratio between the experimental and control group demonstrated no significant maternal adverse events such as nausea and vomiting, shivering, hypotension, and fever. Pooled risk ratio and mean difference also showed that epidural dexamethasone had no significant effect on the neonatal APGAR and neonatal umbilical pH.@*Conclusion@#Present data demonstrated the potential role of dexamethasone as an adjuvant to epidural solution during labor analgesia on providing local anesthetic dose sparing effect through prolongation of the duration of epidural analgesia, with limited maternal and neonatal adverse events. These results should be interpreted with caution before adopting this technique in routine clinical practice.

Mesh meta-analysis of the efficacy of original and biosimilar TNF-α inhibitors in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis / 中华风湿病学杂志

Objective:In order to understand the difference of clinical efficacy between original TNF-α inhibitors (TNFi) and their biosimilars, Bayesian mesh Meta-analysis was compare Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab with their biosimilars in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS).Methods:A systematic literature search was performed, using Ovid Biomedical, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang Database and Weipu Database (up to March 8, 2023 for all resources above), to search publications of randomized controlled trial (RCT) about all original and biosimilar TNFi for the treatment of AS in all language. Two reviewers independently identified the eligible trails, evaluated bias risk and extracted relevant data. Based on Bayesian network, data analysis of included studies was conducted using statistical software R3.6.1 and R Studio.Results:The results of the network meta-analysis showed that, no significant differences was observed among. Etanercept, Infliximab,Adalimumab, and their biosimilars for ASAS20 when Infliximab was compared with Etanercept [ OR (95% CI)=1.4 (0.54, 3.5)], placebo was compared with Etanercept [ OR (95% CI)=0.35 (0.17,0.67)], No significant differences were observed among Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab, and their biosimilars for BASDAI, when Infliximab was compared with Ctanercept [ OR (95% CI)=-0.89 (-1.8, 0.081)], placebo was compared with Etanercept [ OR(95% CI)=1.7(0.86, 2.5)], No significant differences were observed among Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab, and their biosimilars for BASFI, when Infliximab was compared with Etanercept [ OR(95% CI)=-0.46(-1.3, 0.47)], placebo was compared with Etanercept [ OR(95% CI)=1.6(0.8, 2.3)]. Conclusion:Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab with their biosimilars are significantly superior to placebo and sulfasalazine in terms of ASAS20, BASDAI, BASFI, CRP, ESR. Limited evidence have shown that the efficacy of biological biosimilars are similar to that of their corresponding original drugs.

Colic and sleep outcomes of nonpharmacological intervention in infants with infantile colic: systematic review and metaanalysis

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to systematically review the colic and sleep outcomes of nonpharmacological intervention in infants with infantile colic and perform a meta-analysis of the available evidence. METHODS: The literature review for this systematic review was conducted between December 2022 and January 2023 using five electronic databases, namely PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, and ULAKBİM. Published articles were scanned using MeSH-based keywords. Only randomized controlled trials conducted in the past 5 years were included. The data were analyzed using the Review Manager computer program. RESULTS: This meta-analysis included three studies involving a total of 386 infantile colic infants. After nonpharmacological treatment, it was found that infants with infantile colic reduced crying time (standardized mean difference: 0.61; 95%CI 0.29-0.92; Z=3.79; p=0.00002), improved sleep duration (standardized mean difference: 0.22; 95%CI −0.04 to 0.48; Z=1.64; p=0.10), and decreased crying intensity (mean difference: −17.24; 95%CI −20.11 to 14.37; Z=11.77; p<0.000001). CONCLUSION: According to the meta-analysis findings, it was determined that the risk of bias was low in the studies included and that nonpharmacological chiropractic, craniosacral, and acupuncture treatments applied to infantile colic infants in the three included studies reduced crying time and intensity and increased sleep duration.

The effect of high-intensity interval training on post-exercise oxygen consumption: a meta-analysis / Efecto del entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad sobre el consumo de oxígeno después delejercicio: metaanálisis / Efeito do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade sobre o consumo de oxigênio depois do exercício: metanálise

ABSTRACT Introduction: The objective of this study was to present a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare total excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) for two training intervention models in healthy individuals, and the secondary objective was to understand whether oxygen consumption after exercise could really promote a meaningful help. Design: To design a meta-analysis review to compare two training intervention models (experimental: high-intensity interval training; and control: continuous moderate-intensity) and their effects on total EPOC in healthy individuals. Participants: Seventeen studies were considered to be of good methodological quality and with a low risk of bias. Methods: Literature searches were performed using the electronic databases with no restriction on year of publication. The keywords used were obtained by consulting Mesh Terms (PubMed) and DeCS (BIREME Health Science Descriptors). Results: The present study findings showed a tendency (random-effects model: 0.87, 95%-CI [0.35,1.38], I2=73%, p<0.01) to increase EPOC when measured following high-intensity interval training. Conclusions: Our study focused on the analysis of high- and moderate-intensity oxygen uptake results following exercise. Despite the growing popularity of high-intensity interval training, we found that the acute and chronic benefits remain limited. We understand that the lack of a standard protocol and standard training variables provides limited consensus to determine the magnitude of the EPOC. We suggest that longitudinal experimental studies may provide more robust conclusions. Another confounding factor in the studies investigated was the magnitude (time in minutes) of VO2 measurements when assessing EPOC. Measurement times ranged from 60 min to 720 min. Longitudinal studies and controlled experimental designs would facilitate more precise measurements and correct subject numbers would provide accurate effect sizes. Systematic reviewb of Level II studies.

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

RESUMO Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar uma revisão sistemática e metanálise para comparar os efeitos de dois modelos de intervenção de treinamento sobre o consumo excessivo de oxigênio pós-exercício (EPOC) em indivíduos saudáveis em treinamento, e o objetivo secundário foi entender se o consumo de oxigênio depois de exercício realmente pode proporcionar ajuda substancial. Objetivo: Elaborar uma revisão de metanálise para comparar um modelo de treinamento de duas intervenções (experimental: treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade, e controle: contínuo de intensidade moderada) e o efeito sobre o EPOC total em indivíduos saudáveis. Participantes: Os 17 estudos foram considerados de boa qualidade metodológica e baixo risco de viés. Métodos: As buscas bibliográficas foram realizadas nos bancos de dados eletrônicos sem restrição de ano de publicação. Os descritores usados foram obtidos em MeSH (PubMed) e DeCS (Descritores em Ciências da Saúde da BIREME). Resultados: Os achados do presente estudo mostraram uma tendência (modelo de efeitos aleatórios: 0,87, IC 95% [0,35;1,38], I ² = 73%, p < 0,01) de aumento do EPOC quando as medidas foram realizadas depois de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade. Conclusões: Nosso estudo concentrou-se na análise dos resultados de alta e moderada intensidade no consumo de oxigênio depois do exercício. Apesar da crescente popularidade do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade, descobrimos que os benefícios agudos e crônicos permanecem limitados. Entendemos que a falta de um protocolo e variáveis padronizadas de treinamento fornecem consenso limitado para determinar a magnitude do EPOC. Sugerimos que estudos experimentais longitudinais podem fornecer conclusões mais robustas. Outro fator de confusão nos estudos investigados foi a magnitude (tempo em minutos) das medidas do VO2na avaliação do EPOC. Os tempos de medição variaram de 60 a 720 min. Estudos longitudinais e projetos experimentais controlados facilitariam medições mais precisas e números corretos de indivíduos forneceriam tamanhos de efeito precisos. Nível de evidência II; Revisão sistemáticabde Estudos.

Indicación profiláctica de aspirina para prevención de preeclampsia y sus complicaciones en embarazos de alto y moderado riesgo / Prophylactic use of aspirin for the prevention of preeclampsia and its complications in high and moderate risk pregnancies

Resumen OBJETIVO: Sintetizar la evidencia disponible de los últimos 10 años respecto de la indicación de la aspirina para prevenir la preeclampsia y sus complicaciones en embarazos de alto y moderado riesgo. METODOLOGÍA: Revisión de cinco bases de datos [Pubmed/Medline, ProQuest, Lilacs, HINARI y Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL)]. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, controlados, escritos en español o inglés publicados entre enero de 2010 y enero de 2020. Se emplearon los términos de vocabulario controlado DeCS y MeSH en las distintas interfases. En el caso de ProQuest se introdujeron, además, términos de vocabulario libre. Los detalles de la estrategia de búsqueda se visualizan en anexos. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 410 estudios, de los que se seleccionaron 8 que reunieron los criterios de elegibilidad. En dos estudios se encontró un efecto reductor de la aspirina en la incidencia de preeclampsia en comparación con placebo; otros dos estudios encontraron el mismo efecto en la incidencia de preeclampsia con parto pretérmino. No se encontraron estudios con bajo riesgo de sesgo que hubieran reportado un efecto significativo de la aspirina en las complicaciones de preeclampsia, ni en preeclampsia con y sin criterios de severidad. CONCLUSIONES: La evidencia señala que la aspirina en bajas dosis, indicada antes de las 16 semanas de embarazo, reduce la incidencia de preeclampsia debido a su efecto reductor en el parto pretérmino. A pesar de lo encontrado, la información sigue siendo limitada; de ahí la necesidad de contar con una mayor cantidad de estudios con bajo riesgo de sesgo.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To synthesize the available evidence of the last 10 years regarding the use of aspirin for the prevention of preeclampsia and its complications in high and moderate risk pregnancies. Methodology: Five electronic databases [Pubmed/Medline, ProQuest, Lilacs, HINARI, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL)] were reviewed. Randomized controlled clinical trials in Spanish and English published between 01/01/2010 and 01/01/2020 were considered. The DeCS and MeSH controlled vocabulary terms were used in the different interfaces. In the case of ProQuest, free vocabulary terms were also introduced. The details of the search strategy are displayed in annexes. RESULTS: 410 studies were identified, of which 8 studies that met the eligibility criteria were selected. 2 studies found a reducing effect of aspirin on the incidence of preeclampsia compared to placebo and another 2 studies found the same effect on the incidence of preeclampsia with preterm delivery. No studies with low risk of bias were found that have reported a significant effect of aspirin on the complications of preeclampsia, nor on preeclampsia with and without criteria of severity. CONCLUSIONS: there is evidence indicating that low-dose aspirin before 16 weeks of gestation reduces the incidence of preeclampsia, this is due to the reducing impact it has on the incidence of preeclampsia with preterm delivery. Despite the results found, the information is still limited, and it is necessary to have a greater number of studies with low risk of bias.

As associações entre tempo de tela e saúde mental no ciclo vital / The associations between screen time and mental health across the life cycle

Introdução: O cotidiano está cada vez mais permeado pela tecnologia. A evolução das plataformas de mídia, além de otimizar a informação, tem um papel importante na aproximação das pessoas, sobretudo em contextos de isolamento social, como o vivido na pandemia da Covid-19. Pais, professores, pesquisadores e formuladores de políticas relatam preocupação com possíveis efeitos desfavoráveis do uso excessivo de telas, em especial, na saúde mental das pessoas. Como os indivíduos podem responder diferentemente a exposição às telas em cada etapa do desenvolvimento, este estudo tem o objetivo de investigar as associações entre tempo de tela e a saúde mental dos indivíduos nas diferentes fases do ciclo vital. Desde crianças, nos adolescentes, nos adultos até os idosos serão avaliados quanto aos potenciais efeitos da exposição às telas. Método: A investigação foi realizada por meio de quatro revisões sistemáticas da literatura. Uma pergunta PICO foi estabelecida, em conformidade com o Protocolo PRISMA, bem como foi realizado registro da revisão no PROSPERO e avaliado risco de viés por instrumentos padronizados. As bases de dados Scopus, Pubmed e PsycInfo foram escolhidas para busca do tema e os descritores foram escolhidos conforme a faixa etária e de acordo com o significado no MESH. Como o uso das telas tem se modificado ao longo dos anos, optamos por incluir apenas estudos dos últimos 10 anos. Amostras com as idades pertinentes a cada fase do ciclo vital, sem diagnóstico mencionado de problemas de saúde mental prévio, que utilizaram escalas para avaliar os diversos aspectos de saúde mental e que apresentaram associações diretas de tempo de tela com desfechos de saúde mental foram selecionadas. A perspectiva ao longo da vida foi norteadora para a comparabilidade e análise dos resultados. Resultados: Dentre os desfechos em saúde mental, depressão e ansiedade foram os que apareceram em todas as quatro fases investigadas do ciclo vital. As respostas à influência do tempo de tela na saúde mental foram diferentes em cada fase do ciclo vital. O uso de telas apontou fatores particulares com adolescentes apresentando mais autoagressão relacionada ao uso de telas; adultos mais estresse, idosos mais sofrimento psicológico e crianças apresentaram mais problemas de comportamentos. O conteúdo das telas demonstrou exercer impacto importante na saúde mental e não somente a contabilização do tempo. Conclusão: O indicador "tempo de tela" pode não ser o mais apropriado para as investigações dos efeitos da exposição a dispositivos de tela em resultados de saúde mental. Pesquisas futuras devem considerar a ideia de que nos encontramos irremediavelmente envolvidos pelas telas e resta descobrir maneiras de se conviver de forma saudável com essa nova realidade.

Introduction: Everyday life is increasingly permeated by technology. The evolution of media platforms, in addition to optimizing information, plays an important role in bringing people together, especially in contexts of social isolation, such as that experienced during the Covid-19 pandemic. Parents, teachers, researchers and policy makers report concern about possible unfavorable effects of excessive screen use, especially on people's mental health. As individuals may respond differently to exposure to screens at each stage of development, this study aims to investigate the associations between screen time and the mental health of individuals at different stages of the life cycle. Children, teenagers, adults and the elderly will be assessed regarding the potential effects of exposure to screens. Method: The investigation was carried out through four systematic literature reviews. A PICO question was established, in accordance with the PRISMA Protocol, and the review was registered in PROSPERO and risk of bias was assessed using standardized instruments. The Scopus, Pubmed and PsycInfo databases were chosen to search for the topic and the descriptors were chosen according to the age group and according to the meaning in MESH. As the use of screens has changed over the years, we chose to only include studies from the last 10 years. Samples with ages relevant to each phase of the life cycle, without a previous diagnosis of mental health problems, which used scales to assess the different aspects of mental health and which presented direct associations between screen time and mental health outcomes were selected. The lifelong perspective was a guide for comparability and analysis of results. Results: Among the mental health outcomes, depression and anxiety were those that appeared in all four phases of the life cycle investigated. Responses to the influence of screen time on mental health were different at each stage of the life cycle. The use of screens highlighted particular factors with adolescents presenting more self-harm related to the use of screens; adults more stress, elderly people more psychological suffering and children showed more behavioral problems. The content of screens has been shown to have an important impact on mental health, not just time tracking. Conclusion: The "screen time" indicator may not be the most appropriate for investigations of the effects of exposure to screen devices on mental health outcomes. Future research should consider the idea that we find ourselves irremediably involved in screens and that it remains to discover ways to live in a healthy way with this new reality.

Os impactos de técnicas não farmacológicas na impulsividade / The impacts of non-pharmacological techniques on impulsivity

A impulsividade é um fenômeno multifacetado e é caracterizada por diferentes padrões cognitivos e comportamentais que podem levar a consequências disfuncionais imediatas e em médio/longo prazo. O tratamento da impulsividade tem sido um grande desafio na área da saúde mental, pois não há muitas ferramentas bem descritas e cientificamente validadas que sejam eficazes para a melhora do bem-estar geral desses indivíduos. Dentre as abordagens gerais que podem ser utilizadas para isso, destacam-se as intervenções farmacológicas, atividades físicas e abordagens psicoterápicas como a terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC), o treinamento de habilidades sociais e emocionais e a terapia de controle de impulsos. Neste estudo, iremos analisar outras três técnicas não farmacológicas promissoras para serem utilizadas no controle de impulso que são as técnicas de Yoga, Mindfulness e Neuromodulação não invasiva. Para isso, fizemos três revisões sistemáticas conduzidas em acordo com os critérios do PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Os protocolos de revisão foram registrados no Registro Prospectivo Internacional de Revisões Sistemáticas (PROSPERO). Para escolha dos descritores que seriam utilizados na busca foi utilizado o Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). A pesquisa pelos artigos foi feita nas bases de dados da PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct e Embase. Só foram incluídos artigos em inglês e não houve delimitação de período de publicação dos artigos incluídos. Os artigos incluídos nesta revisão sistemática foram selecionados de forma independente por dois revisores distintos. Eles realizaram a seleção em duas etapas, sendo a primeira baseada na leitura dos títulos e resumos e a segunda com a leitura completa do texto e caso houvesse divergência na seleção dos artigos, um terceiro revisor foi acionado. A qualidade dos estudos incluídos nestas revisões sistemáticas foi avaliada utilizando a ferramenta Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Ao final da seleção dos artigos, 6 artigos foram analisados no estudo sobre yoga, 18 no de Mindfulness e 18 no de Neuromodulação não invasiva (9 artigos sobre Estimulação Transcraniana por Corrente Contínua (ETCC) e 9 sobre Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana (EMT)) e foi realizada metanálise de seus dados. Com base nos resultados obtidos, as técnicas de Yoga e Mindfulness surgem como promissoras no tratamento da impulsividade, demonstrando efetividade em diversos testes psicométricos e escalas. Essas abordagens terapêuticas são de fácil implantação, escaláveis e apresentam baixo custo, o que as torna viáveis tanto para o contexto clínico quanto para a saúde pública. Por outro lado, os estudos sobre ETCC e EMT ainda carecem de evidências suficientes para embasar sua implementação no tratamento da impulsividade. A falta de padronização nos estímulos utilizados e a diversidade nos desenhos de estudo dificultam a definição de protocolos efetivos. Portanto, futuras pesquisas serão necessárias para estabelecer parâmetros mais específicos e padrões de intervenção claros para essas técnicas de neuromodulação não invasiva no contexto da impulsividade.

Impulsivity is a multifaceted phenomenon characterized by different cognitive and behavioral patterns that can lead to immediate and medium-to-long-term dysfunctional consequences. The treatment of impulsivity has been a major challenge in the field of mental health, as there are not many well-described and scientifically validated tools that are effective in improving the overall well-being of these individuals. Among the general approaches that can be used for this purpose, pharmacological interventions, physical activities, and psychotherapeutic approaches such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), social and emotional skills training, and impulse control therapy stand out. In this study, we will analyze three other promising non-pharmacological techniques for impulse control, namely Yoga, Mindfulness, and non-invasive neuromodulation. To do so, we conducted three systematic reviews in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) criteria. The review protocols were registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) were used to select the descriptors for the search. The article search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Embase databases. Only articles in English were included, and there was no restriction on the publication period of the included articles. The articles included in this systematic review were independently selected by two different reviewers. They performed the selection in two stages, the first based on the reading of titles and abstracts, and the second with the full-text reading. In case of divergence in the article selection, a third reviewer was consulted. The quality of the studies included in these systematic reviews was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. At the end of the article selection process, 6 articles were analyzed in the Yoga study, 18 in the Mindfulness study, and 18 in the non-invasive neuromodulation study (9 articles on Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and 9 on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)), and a meta-analysis of their data was performed. Based on the results obtained, Yoga and Mindfulness techniques emerge as promising in the treatment of impulsivity, demonstrating effectiveness in various psychometric tests and scales. These therapeutic approaches are easy to implement, scalable, and cost-effective, making them viable for both clinical and public health contexts. On the other hand, studies on tDCS and TMS still lack sufficient evidence to support their implementation in the treatment of impulsivity. The lack of standardization in the stimuli used and the diversity in study designs hinder the definition of effective protocols. Therefore, future research will be necessary to establish more specific parameters and clear intervention standards for these non-invasive neuromodulation techniques in the context of impulsivity

Análise de eventos adversos a medicamentos provenientes do sistema on-line brasileiro e o impacto global da pandemia da COVID-19 nas notificações / Analysis of adverse drug events from the Brazilian online system and the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on notifications

Justificativa: Os eventos adversos a medicamentos são uma das principais causas de mortes evitáveis nos sistemas de assistência à saúde e este problema se tornou ainda mais desafiador durante a pandemia da COVID-19, devido à falta de evidências robustas acerca de medicamentos efetivos para o tratamento da doença. Ademais, uma das principais barreiras para a compreensão aprofundada deste fenômeno é a problemática da subnotificação, especialmente em países de baixa e média renda. Objetivos: Analisar o perfil e a ocorrência de eventos adversos a medicamentos notificados por profissionais da saúde, pacientes e empresas/fabricantes no sistema nacional de informação on-line (NOTIVISA) nas cinco regiões brasileiras e avaliar o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 nas notificações de eventos adversos a medicamentos às autoridades sanitárias em âmbito global. Método: Para o alcance dos objetivos propostos, foram realizados dois estudos. O primeiro estudo consistiu em um estudo epidemiológico e foram analisadas as notificações de eventos adversos a medicamentos inseridos no banco de dados do sistema brasileiro NOTIVISA, no período de 18 março de 2014 a 04 de dezembro de 2018, por duas pesquisadoras de forma independente. Procedeu-se à análise descritiva das variáveis desfecho e preditoras de eventos adversos a medicamentos, características dos pacientes, região brasileira, grau do dano e classificação do erro de medicação. O segundo estudo envolveu revisão sistemática da literatura conduzida nas bases de dados eletrônicas: Medline, Embase, Cinahl, Scielo e literatura cinzenta, utilizando os Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DECs) e Medical Subject Heading (MeSH). A revisão foi relatada de acordo com as diretrizes PRISMA-2020 e a seleção dos estudos, bem como a extração de dados, foram realizadas por três revisores independentes. O risco de viés foi verificado por meio da ferramenta ROBINS-I. Resultados: Um total de 6.289 notificações foram analisadas e foi verificado um crescente aumento em seu número até o ano de 2016; posteriormente, queda gradual das notificações de eventos adversos a medicamentos foi detectada no período de 2017 e 2018. Houve maior frequência de notificações na região sudeste (48%) e os casos envolveram, predominantemente, pessoas do sexo feminino (52,1%), na faixa etária dos 18 a 65 anos (56,8%) e com neoplasias (22,9%). Além disso, 96% ocorreram durante a prestação de cuidados por um profissional, mais de 78% transcorreram no período diurno e 43% resultaram em danos leves. Na revisão sistemática, foram rastreados 6.014 artigos; destes, 1.863 duplicatas foram removidas. Após triagem, 4.143 foram excluídos por não atenderem aos critérios de inclusão e oito estudos foram elegíveis para a análise qualitativa. Não foram encontradas publicações na literatura cinzenta que contemplassem os critérios de inclusão propostos para esta revisão. Os estudos contemplam notificações de eventos adversos a medicamentos oriundas de 13 países, envolveram pacientes com idade média de 55 anos e sem comorbidades. Cinco estudos evidenciam que o número de notificações aumentou durante a pandemia contraponto outras duas publicações que apontam maior número de notificações antes da pandemia. Ademais, em um estudo, o resultado foi inconclusivo. Em dois estudos, foi identificado alto risco de viés. Conclusão: Os resultados do estudo demonstram que as notificações de EAM aumentaram durante a pandemia. No período pré-pandêmico houve destaque para a região sudeste conhecida com umas mais desenvolvidas, levando a danos leves principalmente vinculados ao erro de administração do medicamento comprometendo a segurança do paciente. Se faz necessário o reforço da importância no monitoramento e da real descoberta do motivo ao qual levou ao aumento nas notificações durante o período pandêmico a fim de melhorias nos processos de saúde e capacitação profissional para obter zero danos evitáveis.

Justification: Adverse drug events are one of the leading causes of preventable deaths in health care systems and this problem has become even more challenging during the pandemic of COVID-19, due to the lack of robust evidence about effective drugs for treating the disease. Moreover, one of the main barriers to a thorough understanding of this phenomenon is the problem of underreporting, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Objectives: To analyze the profile and occurrence of adverse drug events reported by health professionals, patients, and companies/manufacturers in the national online notification system (NOTIVISA) in the five Brazilian regions and to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adverse drug events notifications to health authorities globally. Method: To achieve the proposed objectives, two studies were carried out. The first study consisted of an epidemiological study and the notifications of adverse drug events entered in the database of the Brazilian NOTIVISA system from March 18, 2014, to December 04, 2018, were analyzed. Only cases involving adverse drug events were screened and this process was carried out by two researchers independently. We performed a descriptive analysis of the outcome and predictor variables of adverse drug events, patient characteristics, Brazilian region, degree of harm, and medication error classification. The second study involved a systematic literature review conducted in the electronic databases: Medline, Embase, Cinalh, Scielo and grey literature, using Health Sciences Descriptors (HSC) and Medical Subject Heading (MeSH). The review was reported according to PRISMA-2020 guidelines and the selection of studies as well as data extraction were performed by three independent reviewers. The risk of bias was checked using the ROBINS-I tool. Results: A total of 6.289 notifications were analyzed and an increasing increase in their number was verified until the year 2016, subsequently, gradual decrease in adverse drug events notifications was detected in the period of 2017 and 2018. There was a higher frequency of notifications in the southeast region (48%) and the cases predominantly involved females (52.1%), in the age group 18 to 65 years (56.8%) and with neoplasms (22.9%). In addition, 96% occurred during the provision of care by a professional, more than 78% occurred during daytime hours, and 43% resulted in minor injuries. In the systematic review, 6,014 articles were screened; of these, 1,863 duplicates were removed. After screening, 4,143 were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria and eight studies were eligible for qualitative analysis. No publications were found in the gray literature that met the inclusion criteria proposed for this review. The studies contemplate notifications of adverse drug events from 13 countries, involved patients with a mean age of 55 years and without comorbidities. Five studies show that the number of notifications increased during the pandemic, as opposed to two other publications that indicate a higher number of notifications before the pandemic. Moreover, in one study, the result was inconclusive. In two studies, a high risk of bias was identified. Conclusion: The results of the study show that ADE notifications increased during the pandemic. In the pre-pandemic period, there was an emphasis on the southeastern region known as the most developed, leading to mild damage mainly linked to drug administration error, compromising patient safety. It is necessary to reinforce the importance of monitoring and the real discovery of the reason that led to the increase in notifications during the pandemic period in order to improve health processes and professional training to obtain zero preventable damage.

Análise de eventos adversos a medicamentos provenientes do sistema on-line brasileiro e o impacto global da pandemia da COVID-19 nas notificações / Analysis of adverse drug events from the Brazilian online system and the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on notifications

Justificativa: Os eventos adversos a medicamentos são uma das principais causas de mortes evitáveis nos sistemas de assistência à saúde e este problema se tornou ainda mais desafiador durante a pandemia da COVID-19, devido à falta de evidências robustas acerca de medicamentos efetivos para o tratamento da doença. Ademais, uma das principais barreiras para a compreensão aprofundada deste fenômeno é a problemática da subnotificação, especialmente em países de baixa e média renda. Objetivos: Analisar o perfil e a ocorrência de eventos adversos a medicamentos notificados por profissionais da saúde, pacientes e empresas/fabricantes no sistema nacional de informação on-line (NOTIVISA) nas cinco regiões brasileiras e avaliar o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 nas notificações de eventos adversos a medicamentos às autoridades sanitárias em âmbito global. Método: Para o alcance dos objetivos propostos, foram realizados dois estudos. O primeiro estudo consistiu em um estudo epidemiológico e foram analisadas as notificações de eventos adversos a medicamentos inseridos no banco de dados do sistema brasileiro NOTIVISA, no período de 18 março de 2014 a 04 de dezembro de 2018, por duas pesquisadoras de forma independente. Procedeu-se à análise descritiva das variáveis desfecho e preditoras de eventos adversos a medicamentos, características dos pacientes, região brasileira, grau do dano e classificação do erro de medicação. O segundo estudo envolveu revisão sistemática da literatura conduzida nas bases de dados eletrônicas: Medline, Embase, Cinahl, Scielo e literatura cinzenta, utilizando os Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DECs) e Medical Subject Heading (MeSH). A revisão foi relatada de acordo com as diretrizes PRISMA-2020 e a seleção dos estudos, bem como a extração de dados, foram realizadas por três revisores independentes. O risco de viés foi verificado por meio da ferramenta ROBINS-I. Resultados: Um total de 6.289 notificações foram analisadas e foi verificado um crescente aumento em seu número até o ano de 2016; posteriormente, queda gradual das notificações de eventos adversos a medicamentos foi detectada no período de 2017 e 2018. Houve maior frequência de notificações na região sudeste (48%) e os casos envolveram, predominantemente, pessoas do sexo feminino (52,1%), na faixa etária dos 18 a 65 anos (56,8%) e com neoplasias (22,9%). Além disso, 96% ocorreram durante a prestação de cuidados por um profissional, mais de 78% transcorreram no período diurno e 43% resultaram em danos leves. Na revisão sistemática, foram rastreados 6.014 artigos; destes, 1.863 duplicatas foram removidas. Após triagem, 4.143 foram excluídos por não atenderem aos critérios de inclusão e oito estudos foram elegíveis para a análise qualitativa. Não foram encontradas publicações na literatura cinzenta que contemplassem os critérios de inclusão propostos para esta revisão. Os estudos contemplam notificações de eventos adversos a medicamentos oriundas de 13 países, envolveram pacientes com idade média de 55 anos e sem comorbidades. Cinco estudos evidenciam que o número de notificações aumentou durante a pandemia contraponto outras duas publicações que apontam maior número de notificações antes da pandemia. Ademais, em um estudo, o resultado foi inconclusivo. Em dois estudos, foi identificado alto risco de viés. Conclusão: Os resultados do estudo demonstram que as notificações de EAM aumentaram durante a pandemia. No período pré-pandêmico houve destaque para a região sudeste conhecida com umas mais desenvolvidas, levando a danos leves principalmente vinculados ao erro de administração do medicamento comprometendo a segurança do paciente. Se faz necessário o reforço da importância no monitoramento e da real descoberta do motivo ao qual levou ao aumento nas notificações durante o período pandêmico a fim de melhorias nos processos de saúde e capacitação profissional para obter zero danos evitáveis.

Justification: Adverse drug events are one of the leading causes of preventable deaths in health care systems and this problem has become even more challenging during the pandemic of COVID-19, due to the lack of robust evidence about effective drugs for treating the disease. Moreover, one of the main barriers to a thorough understanding of this phenomenon is the problem of underreporting, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Objectives: To analyze the profile and occurrence of adverse drug events reported by health professionals, patients, and companies/manufacturers in the national online notification system (NOTIVISA) in the five Brazilian regions and to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adverse drug events notifications to health authorities globally. Method: To achieve the proposed objectives, two studies were carried out. The first study consisted of an epidemiological study and the notifications of adverse drug events entered in the database of the Brazilian NOTIVISA system from March 18, 2014, to December 04, 2018, were analyzed. Only cases involving adverse drug events were screened and this process was carried out by two researchers independently. We performed a descriptive analysis of the outcome and predictor variables of adverse drug events, patient characteristics, Brazilian region, degree of harm, and medication error classification. The second study involved a systematic literature review conducted in the electronic databases: Medline, Embase, Cinalh, Scielo and grey literature, using Health Sciences Descriptors (HSC) and Medical Subject Heading (MeSH). The review was reported according to PRISMA-2020 guidelines and the selection of studies as well as data extraction were performed by three independent reviewers. The risk of bias was checked using the ROBINS-I tool. Results: A total of 6.289 notifications were analyzed and an increasing increase in their number was verified until the year 2016, subsequently, gradual decrease in adverse drug events notifications was detected in the period of 2017 and 2018. There was a higher frequency of notifications in the southeast region (48%) and the cases predominantly involved females (52.1%), in the age group 18 to 65 years (56.8%) and with neoplasms (22.9%). In addition, 96% occurred during the provision of care by a professional, more than 78% occurred during daytime hours, and 43% resulted in minor injuries. In the systematic review, 6,014 articles were screened; of these, 1,863 duplicates were removed. After screening, 4,143 were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria and eight studies were eligible for qualitative analysis. No publications were found in the gray literature that met the inclusion criteria proposed for this review. The studies contemplate notifications of adverse drug events from 13 countries, involved patients with a mean age of 55 years and without comorbidities. Five studies show that the number of notifications increased during the pandemic, as opposed to two other publications that indicate a higher number of notifications before the pandemic. Moreover, in one study, the result was inconclusive. In two studies, a high risk of bias was identified. Conclusion: The results of the study show that ADE notifications increased during the pandemic. In the pre-pandemic period, there was an emphasis on the southeastern region known as the most developed, leading to mild damage mainly linked to drug administration error, compromising patient safety. It is necessary to reinforce the importance of monitoring and the real discovery of the reason that led to the increase in notifications during the pandemic period in order to improve health processes and professional training to obtain zero preventable damage.

Revisión sistemática con metaanálisis. Iodo povidona / Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Povidone Iodine

Introducción: La descontaminación preoperatoria de la piel es parte de la práctica quirúrgica estándar. La infección del sitio quirúrgico implica un gasto adicional a los sistemas de salud y un incremento en la morbilidad y mortalidad de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía. El iodo povidona es un desinfectante muy utilizado para eliminar la carga bacteriana cutánea. Objetivo: Constatar si el iodo povidona es mejor que otros desinfectantes cutáneos en la reducción de las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en Google Académico, PubMed y Embase utilizando los términos Mesh; iodo povidona, infección del sitio quirúrgico, cirugía, antisépticos locales, unidos por el operador booleano AND y los filtros Adultos, desde 2015, y ensayos clínicos controlados. Se aplicó la escala de Jadad para riesgo de sesgos y el Consort 2010 y la lista de chequeo PRISMA para determinar la calidad del estudio. El riesgo relativo fue la medida de efecto para un IC95 y un error de 0,05. Se incluyeron 8 ensayos clínicos controlados, n= 4800 casos, con la distribución de eventos en los grupos experimental 140/2402 y control 141/2398, para una diferencia no significativa p=0,444. La heterogeneidad fue I2=62,57 por ciento. Conclusiones: No existieron diferencias entre el iodo povidona y el resto de los desinfectantes para disminuir el porcentaje de infecciones del sitio quirúrgico en este estudio(AU)

Introduction: Preoperative skin decontamination is part of standard surgical practice. Surgical site infection implies an additional cost to health systems and an increase in morbidity and mortality of patients undergoing surgery. Povidone iodine is a widely used disinfectant to eliminate the bacterial load on the skin. Objective: To verify if povidone iodine is better than other skin disinfectants in reducing surgical site infections. Methods: A search of articles and controlled clinical trials published since 2015 was carried out in Google Scholar, PubMed and Embase and using terms of the Mesh such as povidone iodine, surgical site infection, surgery, local antiseptics, joined by the Boolean operator AND in addition to Adult filters. The Jadad scale for risk of bias and Consort 2010 and PRISMA checklist were applied to determine the quality of the study. Relative risk was the measure of effect for CI95 and an error of 0.05. Eight controlled clinical trials were included, n= 4800 cases, with the distribution of events in the experimental groups 140/2402 and control 141/2398, for a non-significant difference p=0.444. Heterogeneity was I2=62.57 percent. Conclusions: There were no differences between povidone iodine and the rest of the disinfectants to reduce the percentage of surgical site infections in this study(AU)

Revisión de las pruebas cognitivas breves para pacientes con sospecha de demencia / Review of brief cognitive tests for patients with suspected dementia

RESUMEN NTRODUCCIÓN: Para ser útiles, las pruebas cognitivas breves (PCB) deben ser rápidas, sensibles, fáciles de realizar y no necesitar de un gran entrenamiento para hacerlo. Las pruebas cognitivas breves comúnmente utilizadas incluyen el Mini Examen del Estado Mental (MMSE) y la Evaluación Cognitiva de Montreal (MoCA). OBJETIVO: Brindar una descripción de las PCB disponibles y sus propiedades psicométricas para la detección de la demencia. MÉTODOS: Revisión narrativa RESULTADOS: El MMSE le otorga un gran peso a la orientación, la memoria, la visuo-espacialidad y el lenguaje, y, en consecuencia, puede ser sensible a los déficits cognitivos encontrados en la demencia tipo Alzheimer. MoCA es una prueba breve más compleja que evalúa una gama más amplia de dominios cognitivos, especialmente funciones ejecutivas, proporcionando una mayor sensibilidad para detectar el deterioro cognitivo leve y otros tipos de demencia, no solo la demencia tipo Alzheimer. CONCLUSIONES: Las PCB son parte del arsenal necesario para ayudar a confirmar la sospecha de la demencia. La escolaridad tiene un impacto importante en el desempeño de las PCB y puede sesgar la interpretación de los resultados obtenidos.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: To be useful, Brief Cognitive Tests (BCTs) must be fast, sensitive, easy to perform, and not require extensive training to do so. Commonly used brief cognitive tests include the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). OBJECTIVE: To provide a description of the available BCTs and their psychometric properties for the detection of dementia. METHODS: Narrative review RESULTS: The MMSE places great weight on orientation, memory, visuospatiality, and language, and, consequently, may be sensitive to the cognitive deficits found in Alzheimer's dementia. MoCA is a more complex brief test that assesses a broader range of cognitive domains, especially executive functions, providing greater sensitivity for detecting mild cognitive impairment and other types of dementia, not just Alzheimer's dementia. CONCLUSIONS: BCTs are part of the arsenal needed to help confirm suspected dementia. Schooling has an important impact on the performance of BCTs and can bias the interpretation of the results obtained.

Puntajes de propensión y estudios observacionales. Aplicaciones en investigación quirúrgica

El diseño ideal para estimar los efectos de intervenciones es un ensayo clínico con asignación aleatoria (AA), en los que esta AA a la intervención, equilibra características observadas y no observadas de los sujetos que componen los grupos en estudio. Si no se puede realizar AA, existe una alternativa para controlar sesgos, conocida como puntajes de propensión (PP). Los PP son útiles para estimar el efecto de una intervención o exposición sobre un resultado en estudios observacionales, especialmente cuando se estima la posibilidad que existan sesgos de confusión y selección debido a una asignación de tratamiento no aleatoria. Son una técnica de emparejamiento avanzada de variables de confusión como edad, sexo, etc., permitiendo que se puedan comparar pacientes de edad similar en grupos de intervención y de comparación. Esto, se puede complejizar si se decide agregar muchas variables al proceso de emparejamiento (edad, sexo, etnia, nivel educacional), puesto que será difícil encontrar coincidencias exactas para los sujetos. Entonces, los PP resuelven este problema de dimensionalidad comprimiendo factores relevantes en un solo puntaje, así, los pacientes con PP similares se comparan entre los grupos de intervención y comparación. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue generar un documento de estudio referente al uso de los PP y su rol en investigación quirúrgica.

The ideal design to estimate the effects of interventions, is a randomized clinical trial (RCT), in which the random allocation (RA) to the intervention allows balancing the observed and unobserved characteristics of the subjects that make up the study groups. In situations where RA cannot be performed, there is an alternative to bias control, which is known as propensity score (PS). This tool is useful for estimating the effect of an intervention or exposure on an outcome in observational studies, especially when it is estimated that confounding and selection biases may exist due to an unintended intervention RA. Is an advanced matching technique for confounding variables such as age, sex, etc., which allows patients of similar age to be compared in the intervention and comparison groups. This can become more complex if it is decided to add many variables to the matching process (age, sex, ethnicity, educational level), since it will be difficult to find exact matches for the subjects under study. PS then solves this dimensionality problem by compressing the relevant factors into a single score, such that patients with similar PS are compared between the intervention and comparison groups. The aim of this manuscript was to generate a study document referring to some issues of the use of PS in surgical research.

Proximal enamel thickness quantification in orthodontics for interproximal reduction: A systematic review / Cuantificación del espesor del esmalte proximal en ortodoncia para la reducción interproximal: una revisión sistemática

Background: Interproximal enamel reduction is a valuable procedure in orthodontics used in several conditions, however, not knowing the average value of proximal enamel thickness might lead to excess enamel removal and consequently to adverse effects. Objective:The objective of this systematic review is to expose the average proximal enamel thicknesses found in the literature, and the differences that might be found between different ethnicities and age groups. Search Methods: 5 electronic databases were used to perform the search. Representative keywords comprised of "enamel", "thickness", "orthodontics" "proximal thickness" and "quantification"; different combination of these keywords with truncation, and medical subject headings (MESH) were used. Selection Criteria: In vitro and in vivo studies, where the quantification of the proximal enamel thickness of the mesial and distal sides were evaluated independently. Data Collection and Analysis: The PICO model was used to evaluate and select the in vitro and in vivo studies. ROBINS-I tool was used to assess the risk of bias of non-randomized clinical studies and a modification of Cochrane risk of bias tool was implemented for the in vitro studies. The quality of evidence and results were evaluated using The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal checklist tools for Quasi-Experimental Studies. Results: Literature search identified 3298 records from 5 databases. Ultimately, nine eligible studies were included in the review. Conclusions: The proximal enamel thickness increases as we move distal through the arch and is greater on the distal side compared to the mesial side of each individual tooth. Additionally, there is no difference in the proximal enamel thickness between genders but there is between ethnicities.

Antecedentes:La reducción del esmalte interproximal es un procedimiento valioso en ortodoncia utilizado en varias condiciones, sin embargo, no conocer el valor promedio del espesor del esmalte proximal puede conducir a una eliminación excesiva del esmalte y, en consecuencia, a efectos adversos. Objetivo:El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática es exponer los espesores promedio de esmalte proximal encontrados en la literatura y las diferencias que se pueden encontrar entre diferentes etnias y grupos de edad. Materiales y métodos:se utilizaron 5 bases de datos electrónicas para realizar la búsqueda. Palabras clave representativas compuestas por "esmalte", "grosor", "ortodoncia", "grosor proximal" y "cuantificación"; Se utilizaron diferentes combinaciones de estas palabras clave con truncamiento y encabezados de temas médicos (MESH). Criterios de Selección: Estudios in vitro e in vivo, donde se evaluó de forma independiente la cuantificación del espesor del esmalte proximal de los lados mesial y distal. Recopilación y análisis de datos:se utilizó el modelo PICO para evaluar y seleccionar los estudios in vitro e in vivo. Se utilizó la herramienta ROBINS-I para evaluar el riesgo de sesgo de los estudios clínicos no aleatorizados y se implementó una modificación de la herramienta Cochrane de riesgo de sesgo para los estudios in vitro. La calidad de la evidencia y los resultados se evaluaron utilizando las herramientas de lista de verificación de evaluación crítica del Instituto Joanna Briggs (JBI) para estudios cuasi-experimentales. Resultados:La búsqueda bibliográfica identificó 3298 registros de 5 bases de datos. Finalmente, se incluyeron nueve estudios elegibles en la revisión. Conclusiones:El grosor del esmalte proximal aumenta a medida que avanzamos distalmente a travésdel arco y es mayor en el lado distal en comparación con el lado mesial de cada diente individual. Además, no hay diferencia en el grosor del esmalte proximal entre géneros, pero sí entre etnias

A meta-analysis on the effectiveness of postoperative analgesia with intrathecal nalbuphine versus intrathecal fentanyl as neuraxial adjuvants in cesarean section

@#<p><strong>Background: </strong>Inadequately treated postoperative pain can contribute significantly to morbidity in women undergoing cesarean section.  Recent studies showed that nalbuphine and fentanyl has promising result as neuraxial adjuvants in terms of postoperative analgesia and with lower incidents of adverse effect when use in cesarean section. </p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the effectiveness of postoperative analgesia with intrathecal nalbuphine versus intrathecal fentanyl as neuraxial adjuvants in cesarean section. </p><p><strong>Methods</strong>:  A meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines was performed.  Articles were searched through the Cochrane Library, PubMed.Gov and Pubmed Central, Google Scholar, HERDIN, WPRIM and ProQuest Guideline Central using different search strategies such as keywords and MeSH term.  Cochrane version 2 risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2) was used to assess for quality.  Quantitative data were pooled and analyzed using Review Manager 5.4. </p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of four trials, involving 425 full term pregnant women were analyzed. The pooled mean difference showed significantly longer duration of postoperative analgesia (MD=21.12 minutes, 95%CI=11.13,31.11, I2=73%), pooled risk ratio showed lesser risk for pruritus (RR=0.09, 95%CI=0.02,0.50, I2 = 0%) and postoperative nausea and vomiting (RR=0.38, 95%CI= 0.19,0.78, I2 = 11%) who received intrathecal nalbuphine compared to intrathecal fentanyl. </p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The results of this meta-analysis demonstrates that the use of intrathecal nalbuphine appears to have a better outcome in increasing the duration of postoperative analgesia and with lesser incidence of PONV and pruritus than fentanyl.  However, due to the presence of heterogeneity it warrants that the results should be treated with caution especially with the possibility of publication bias. </p><p><strong>Recommendations: </strong>Better literature search through inclusion of high-quality studies from relevant databases and strict adherence on the uniformity of the dosage and <strong>methods</strong> used are very crucial to achieve the target clinical outcomes and minimize the publication bias. </p>