Teorías subjetivas sobre el tiempo de espera y experiencias de la parentalidad adoptiva / Subjective theories about waiting time and experiences from adoptive parenting

Resumen El proceso de adopción comprende cambios importantes en las familias adoptivas, pues implica una reestructuración y adaptación a una nueva organización del sistema familiar. Durante este proceso los padres elaboran expectativas y creencias respecto a cómo comportarse frente a los cambios y adaptarse a sus hijos, desde donde dirigen sus prácticas de crianza. La percepción del tiempo que tenga cada persona posee un papel en cómo se desarrolla la identidad tanto individual como familiar, pues las experiencias pasadas, vivencias actuales y expectativas del futuro influyen en sus acciones. Por lo tanto, es posible decir que los padres adoptivos elaboran teorías subjetivas sobre este proceso y especialmente en relación con el tiempo de espera de la adopción, explicaciones que podrían incidir en la forma en que enfrentan este nuevo desafío y se preparan para la parentalidad. El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo comprender las teorías subjetivas sobre el tiempo de espera y las experiencias de la parentalidad adoptiva. Participaron diez madres y padres adoptivos mediante entrevistas episódicas individuales. Se analizaron los datos obtenidos utilizando técnicas de tres procedimientos de análisis: de contenido basado en la Teoría Fundamentada, específico para las teorías subjetivas y de la perspectiva temporal. De los hallazgos se destacan teorías subjetivas de contenido emocional ansioso durante el proceso de adopción. Además, contar con una red de apoyo, compartir experiencias con otros padres y el uso de estrategias personales son las principales estrategias de adaptación de los padres adoptivos que les permiten sobrellevar los sentimientos negativos durante el proceso.

Abstract The adoption process includes important changes in adoptive families, since it implies a restructuring and adaptation to a new organization of the family system. The path to parenthood entails changes at levels of mental, physical and social health, which in the case of adoptive parents, the challenges are greater or are altered in some way due to the unique characteristics of their experiences and the obstacles they face. To these challenges are added the usual stressors that parents face, such as changes in roles, increased stress, lack of sleep, alterations in the relationship and intimacy of the couple and difficulties that arise in raising their children. On the other hand, time is configured as a concrete dimension through which life develop. The relationship between objective time and subjective or psychological time will shape the perception of time that each person has, which has a role in how both individual and family identity develops. This is because people´s actions are influenced by past experiences, current experiences and future expectations. One of the areas of the adoption process that has not yet been deepened is the waiting time, the period of time between obtaining the suitability and assignment of the minor to the adoptive family, which can be considered important for the future family depending on how adoptive parents face it, this because the way in which the adoption process is experienced impacts both the path to parenthood and post-adoption adaptation. In fact, it confirms that waiting time influences the psychological well-being of adoptive parents. Therefore, it is possible to say that adoptive parents elaborate subjective theories about this process and especially in relation to the waiting time for adoption, explanations that could influence the way in which they face this new challenge and prepare for parenthood. The present study aimed to understand subjective theories about the waiting time and experiences of adoptive parenting. Ten adoptive mothers and fathers participated in this study through individual episodic interviews. The data obtained were analyzed using techniques of three analysis procedures: content based on Grounded Theory, specific for subjective theories and time perspective.

Gerontotecnologia educacional sobre acidente vascular cerebral / Educational gerontechnology on stroke

Resumo: Este estudo objetivou desenvolver uma gerontotecnologia educacional audiovisual sobre Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) para idosos atendidos em uma Unidade de Pronto Atendimento (UPA). A construção do produto deste estudo possibilitou a produção de um vídeo educacional para idosos, no qual foram abordadas orientações sobre prevenção e identificação precoce do AVC, e medidas emergenciais a serem tomadas. Trata-se de pesquisa metodológica descritiva, realizada na UPA 24 horas do município de Castro/ Paraná. A amostra foi de 56 participantes, constituída por 46 idosos que buscaram atendimento na UPA, e 10 juízes especialistas em gerontologia e/ou urgência e emergência do território nacional. Seguiram-se três etapas: I) Pré- produção- construção da sinopse, argumento, roteiro e storyboard do vídeo, seguido da validação do conteúdo educacional e storyboard pelos juízes especialistas; II) Produção- construção do vídeo educacional, por meio dos programas adobe photoshop, adobe after effects e adobe premiere, contemplando os doze princípios da teoria cognitiva da aprendizagem multimídia e posterior validação do vídeo pelos idosos, utilizando o instrumento Suitability Assessment of Materials; III) Pós-produção- edição, finalização e divulgação do vídeo. Para a análise dos dados empregou-se estatística descritiva, análise de conteúdo para as informações qualitativas com o apoio do software IRaMuTeQ, bem como o cálculo do Índice de Validade do Conteúdo (IVC). Como resultado, observou-se o déficit de conhecimento dos idosos a respeito da identificação, prevenção e necessidade de atendimento precoce diante do AVC. Concomitante à literatura científica, produziu-se o roteiro e o storyboard do vídeo, que foram validados pela concordância dos juízes especialistas (IVC= 0,96). O vídeo foi composto por 20 cenas em resolução Full HD, com duração de 07 minutos e 20 segundos. Houve 100% de concordância entre os idosos participantes, tornando-o adequado e validado. O vídeo educacional foi certificado como produto brasileiro na Agência Nacional do Cinema sob o número B22-002783-00000, divulgado em plataforma digital YouTube e nos monitores de televisão disponíveis na UPA. Conclui-se que a gerontotecnologia educacional desenvolvida no formato de vídeo bidimensional apresenta-se de forma lúdica, caracteriza-se como produção técnica e tecnológica de alta complexidade e médio teor inovativo, que possibilita a educação em saúde dos idosos sobre o acidente vascular cerebral. Responde a um problema previamente identificado no serviço, com potencial impacto social, econômico e de mudança na área de saúde a longo prazo, além de ser passível de replicação, como uma ferramenta de apoio aos profissionais de diferentes serviços de saúde. A ampla divulgação do vídeo proporcionará aos idosos e à rede de apoio conhecimentos e orientações significativas sobre o AVC, para que possam adotar medidas de prevenção, reconhecer precocemente sinais e sintomas e estimular a busca pelo serviço de emergência em tempo hábil, cumprindo com o propósito do produto.

Abstract: This study aimed to develop an audiovisual educational gerontotechology on Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) for elderly people treated at an Emergency Care Unit (UPA). The construction of the product of this study made it possible to produce an educational video for the elderly, in which guidelines on prevention and early identification of stroke were addressed, and emergency measures to be taken. This is a descriptive methodological research, carried out at the 24-hour UPA in the city of Castro/ Paraná. The sample consisted of 56 participants, consisting of 46 elderly people who sought care at the UPA, and 10 expert judges in gerontology and/or urgency and emergency care in the national territory. Three steps followed: I) Pre-production - construction of the synopsis, argument, script and storyboard of the video, followed by the validation of the educational content and storyboard by the expert judges; II) Production - construction of the educational video, through the adobe photoshop, adobe after effects and adobe premiere programs, covering the twelve principles of the cognitive theory of multimedia learning and subsequent validation of the video by the elderly, using the Suitability Assessment of Materials instrument; III) Post-production - editing, finalization and dissemination of the video. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, content analysis for qualitative information with the support of the IRaMuTeQ software, as well as the calculation of the Content Validity Index (CVI) were used. As a result, there was a lack of knowledge of the elderly regarding the identification, prevention and need for early care in the face of stroke. Concurrent with the scientific literature, the script and storyboard of the video were produced, which were validated by the agreement of the expert judges (CVI= 0.96). The video consisted of 20 scenes in Full HD resolution, lasting 7 minutes and 20 seconds. There was 100% agreement among the elderly participants, making it adequate and validated. The educational video was certified as a Brazilian product by the Agência Nacional do Cinema under the number B22-002783-00000, published on the YouTube digital platform and on television monitors available at the UPA. It is concluded that educational gerontotechnology developed in two-dimensional video format is presented in a playful way, characterized as technical and technological production of high complexity and medium innovative content, which enables health education for the elderly about stroke. It responds to a problem previously identified in the service, with potential social, economic and change impact in the health area in the long term, in addition to being replicable, as a support tool for professionals from different health services. The wide dissemination of the video will provide the elderly and the support network with significant knowledge and guidance on stroke, so that they can adopt preventive measures, recognize early signs and symptoms and encourage the search for the emergency service in a timely manner, fulfilling the purpose. of product.

Wise Infant Development®: creation of a software for teaching in pediatric nursing education / Wise Infant Development®: criação de um software para ensino em enfermagem pediátrica / Wise Infant Development®: creación de un software para la enseñanza de la educación en enfermería pediátrica

ABSTRACT Objectives: to create a software application for nursing education on child development assessment. Methods: this is a methodological applied research developed in three stages: analysis, design, and development. Product quality characteristics from the ISO/IEC 25010 standards were adopted. The programming language used was JavaScript. The educational software was developed based on a constructivist cognitive theory. Results: it was possible to create the software from the following quality metrics: functional suitability, reliability, usability, performance efficiency, compatibility, security, maintainability, and portability. The technology addresses child development in physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains and how this assessment should be carried out in Brazil. The software has pre and posttests, 5 learning modules, certificate issuance, support for doubts, and an administrative panel. Final Considerations: it is concluded that the software adds to the existing tools for child development monitoring, facilitating students' knowledge acquisition in promoting child health.

RESUMO Objetivos: criar um aplicativo de software para ensino de enfermagem na avaliação do desenvolvimento infantil. Métodos: pesquisa metodológica aplicada, desenvolvida em três etapas: análise, desenho e desenvolvimento. As características de qualidade do produto das normas ISO/IEC 25010 foram adotadas. A linguagem de programação usada foi JavaScript. O software educacional foi desenvolvido com base em uma teoria cognitiva construtivista. Resultados: foi possível criar o software a partir das seguintes métricas de qualidade: adequação funcional, confiabilidade, usabilidade, eficiência de desempenho, compatibilidade, segurança, manutenibilidade e portabilidade. A tecnologia aborda o desenvolvimento infantil nos domínios físico, cognitivo e psicossocial e como essa avaliação deve ser realizada no Brasil. O software possui pré e pós-testes, 5 módulos de aprendizagem, emissão de certificados, suporte para dúvidas e painel administrativo. Considerações Finais: o software agrega às ferramentas existentes para o acompanhamento do desenvolvimento infantil, facilitando a aquisição de conhecimentos dos alunos na promoção da saúde infantil.

RESUMEN Objetivos: crear una aplicación informática para la enseñanza de la enfermería en la evaluación del desarrollo infantil. Métodos: investigación metodológica aplicada, desarrollada en tres etapas: análisis, diseño y desarrollo. Se han adoptado las características de calidad del producto de las normas ISO/IEC 25010. El lenguaje de programación utilizado fue JavaScript. El software educativo se desarrolló en base a una teoría cognitiva constructivista. Resultados: fue posible crear el software a partir de las siguientes métricas de calidad: idoneidad funcional, confiabilidad, usabilidad, eficiencia de desempeño, compatibilidad, seguridad, mantenibilidad y portabilidad. La tecnología aborda el desarrollo infantil en los dominios físico, cognitivo y psicosocial y cómo esta evaluación debe llevarse a cabo en Brasil. El software cuenta con pruebas previas y posteriores, 5 módulos de aprendizaje, emisión de certificados, soporte para dudas y panel administrativo. Consideraciones Finales: el software se suma a las herramientas existentes para monitorear el desarrollo infantil, facilitando la adquisición de conocimientos por parte de los estudiantes en la promoción de la salud infantil.

Sistematización de la creación del modelo escuelas en movimiento: Intervención en salud escolar / Systematization of the Creation of the Moving Schools Model: Intervention In School Health

Resumen El objetivo de esta sistematización es mostrar el proceso que dio origen al modelo escuelas en movimiento", conceptualmente anclado al modelo ecológico, cuyo propósito es contrarrestar los efectos del sedentarismo, el sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil desde el ámbito escolar. El trabajo se gestó valiéndose de estructuras ya existentes e instaladas en instituciones públicas, que contemplaban, dentro de sus acciones, la creación de espacios de promoción de la salud y actividad física; desde esta perspectiva, se utilizó la RECAFIS (Red Costarricense de Actividad Física para la Salud) del sector Belén-Flores, de la provincia de Heredia, Costa Rica, que sirvió de plataforma para implementar este modelo de intervención llamado escuelas en movimiento. Dicho modelo se llevó a cabo en tres escuelas públicas en la provincia de Heredia. La metodología consistió en observar las actividades que realizaban los niños y las niñas durante el tiempo escolar (recreos, clases de educación física, comportamiento en las aulas). Posteriormente se ejecutó un plan de actividades dirigido a la promoción de estilos activos en los niveles interpersonal, intrapersonal y organizativo. Esta estrategia de trabajo estuvo respaldada con el modelo ecológico. Se sistematizaron las experiencias vividas con el fin de orientar la construcción de intervenciones en la promoción de estilos de vida activos en la niñez dentro del ámbito escolar, mediante la estimulación de destrezas motoras básicas como brincar, saltar y correr. Se incluyen las intervenciones en las que participaron las familias, con los niños y niñas e instituciones. Conclusiones: La intervención multinivel, interinstitucional basada en la teoría ecológica demostró su idoneidad para promocionar estilos de vida activos en los espacios de los niveles académicos y desde clases de Educación Física, mediante intervenciones novedosas, que contemplen sus gustos e intereses para ser sujetos más activos y saludables sin segregar a escolares con sobrepeso y obesidad, por los efectos de estigmatización y obstáculos que generó esta práctica.

Abstract This systematization aims to show the process that originated the schools in the movement model, conceptually anchored to the ecological model whose purpose is to counteract the effects of a sedentary lifestyle, overweight, and childhood obesity at school. The work was conceived using existing structures installed in public institutions; this included, among the actions, the creation of spaces to promote health and physical activity. Under this perspective, RECAFIS (Costa Rican Network of Physical Activity for Health) from the Belen-Flores sector, in the province of Heredia, Costa Rica, was used; it served as a platform to implement this intervention model called schools in movement. This model was implemented in three public schools in the province of Heredia. The methodology consisted of observing the activities that boys and girls carried out during school time (breaks, physical education classes, classroom behavior). Subsequently, an activity plan was implemented to promote active styles at the interpersonal, intrapersonal, and organizational levels. The ecological model supported this work strategy. The experiences lived were systematized to guide the construction of interventions to promote active lifestyles in childhood within the school environment by stimulating basic motor skills such as skipping, jumping, and running. The interventions in which families, children, and institutions participated are included. Conclusions: The multi-level, inter-institutional intervention, based on the ecological theory, demonstrated its suitability to promote active lifestyles in the spaces of the academic levels and from Physical Education classes, through original interventions, which contemplate students' tastes and interests to let them be more active and healthy without segregating overweight and obese schoolchildren due to the stigmatization effects and obstacles that this practice generated.

Resumo O objetivo desta sistematização é mostrar o processo que deu origem ao modelo das Escolas em Movimento, conceitualmente ancorado no Modelo Ecológico; que tem como finalidade, contrariar os efeitos do sedentarismo, do excesso de peso e da obesidade infantil a partir do ambiente escolar. O trabalho foi realizado utilizando estruturas existentes instaladas em instituições públicas, o que incluiu a criação de espaços de promoção da saúde e da atividade física em suas ações. Sob esta perspectiva, a RECAFIS (Rede Costarriquenha de Atividade Física para a Saúde) do setor Belén-Flores, na província de Heredia, Costa Rica, foi utilizada como plataforma para implementar este modelo de intervenção denominado Escolas em Movimento. Este modelo foi realizado em três escolas públicas na província de Heredia. A metodologia consistia em observar as atividades que as crianças realizavam durante o horário escolar (intervalos, aulas de educação física, comportamento em sala de aula). Posteriormente, foi implementado um plano de atividades destinado a promover estilos ativos nos níveis interpessoal, intrapessoal e organizacional. Esta estratégia de trabalho foi apoiada pelo Modelo Ecológico. As experiências foram sistematizadas a fim de orientar a construção de intervenções na promoção de estilos de vida ativos em crianças dentro do ambiente escolar, através do estímulo de habilidades motoras básicas como pular, saltar e correr. Isto inclui intervenções envolvendo famílias, crianças e instituições. Conclusões: A intervenção interinstitucional multinivel baseada na Teoria Ecológica demonstrou sua aptidão para promover estilos de vida ativos nos espaços das matérias acadêmicas e das aulas de Educação Física, através de intervenções inovadoras, que contemplam seus gostos e interesses a fim de serem mais ativos e saudáveis, sem segregar o excesso de peso e as crianças obesas em idade escolar, devido aos efeitos de estigmatização e obstáculos gerados por esta prática.

Internal construct validity of the Brazilian version of a tool for assessing the population's knowledge of human papillomavirus / Validade interna do construto da versão brasileira de um instrumento para aferição do conhecimento sobre o papilomavírus humano

ABSTRACT: Objective: To verify the internal construct validity of the Brazilian Portuguese version of a tool for measuring the general population's knowledge of human papillomavirus (HPV). Materials and methods: A cross-culturally adapted Brazilian Portuguese version of a measurement tool originally designed for English speaking populations was administered to 330 adults in Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. After examining the overall suitability of the method, we performed investigations based on the item response theory and exploratory factor analysis. Results: Ten of the 29 items presented a low contribution to the construct and were excluded from subsequent analysis. The factor analysis yielded three factors, which explained approximately 51% of the variance variability. A different arrangement from the original measurement tool was found: general HPV knowledge, with six items; HPV vaccination knowledge, with five items; HPV transmission and testing knowledge, with eight items. Conclusion: The Brazilian Portuguese version under study presented a different behavior from the original measurement tool, but proved to be a reliable and valid instrument in assessing the Brazilian population's knowledge about HPV.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Verificar a validade interna do construto da versão em português de uma ferramenta para aferir o conhecimento da população sobre o papilomavírus humano (HPV). Materiais e métodos: Uma versão brasileira transculturalmente adaptada de uma ferramenta de aferição de conhecimento sobre HPV originalmente projetada para ser utilizada em populações de língua inglesa foi aplicada a 330 adultos em Tubarão/SC, Brasil. Após examinar a adequação geral do método, foram realizadas análises baseadas na Teoria de Resposta ao Item e na Análise Fatorial Exploratória. Resultados: Dez dos 29 itens apresentaram baixa contribuição para o construto e foram excluídos das análises subsequentes. Três fatores foram gerados pela análise fatorial e explicaram aproximadamente 51% da variabilidade da variância. Um arranjo diferente em relação ao instrumento de medida original foi encontrado, baseado em: conhecimento geral do HPV, com seis perguntas; conhecimento sobre vacinação contra o HPV, com cinco perguntas; e conhecimento sobre transmissão e teste de HPV com oito perguntas. Conclusão: A versão brasileira em estudo apresentou um comportamento diferente da ferramenta de aferição original, mas demonstrou ser um instrumento confiável e válido para acessar o conhecimento da população brasileira sobre o HPV.

Research and Practice of " Three Suitability" Theory in Processing of Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中国实验方剂学杂志

As an important part of clinical medication, the main function of processing of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is to reduce toxicity and increase efficiency. The key to the best clinical efficacy of TCM after processing lies in three aspects of moderation, adaptation and timeliness, namely " three suitability" theory. In recent years, scholars have done a lot of research under the guide of " three suitability" theory, fully explaining the scientific connotation of the theory, which greatly promoted the inheritance and innovation of TCM processing. In this paper, the basic connotation of " three suitability" theory was summarized, combining with a large number of modern research reports, the pharmacodynamics and composition changes of processed drugs were analyzed and discussed under the guide of " three suitability" theory. At the end of the paper, the authors proposed that we should not only systematize the traditional processing theories, but also use modern advanced technologies to explain the essence of traditional processing theories, and to innovate and develop new processing theories, promote the development of TCM processing discipline and the progress of TCM processing industry.

Elaboração e validação de cartilha para prevenção da diarreia infantil / Elaboración y validación de libreta para la prevención de la diarrea infantil / Elaboration and validation of a reader on childhood diarrhea prevention

Resumo Objetivo Elaborar, validar e avaliar uma cartilha educativa para a promoção da autoeficácia materna na prevenção da diarreia infantil. Método Estudo metodológico, desenvolvido a partir da elaboração, validação e avaliação do material educativo por 30 juízes de conteúdo e três técnicos. Para validação, avaliou-se clareza da linguagem, pertinência prática e relevância teórica, calculando-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo para cada item; e aplicou-se o instrumento Suitability Assesment of Materials (SAM) para avaliação da cartilha. Resultados A cartilha teve como título "Você é capaz de prevenir a diarreia no seu filho!" e foi elaborada tendo como referencial a Teoria da Autoeficácia. Os juízes de conteúdo atribuíram Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) global de 0,88 para clareza da linguagem, 0,91 para pertinência prática e 0,92 para relevância teórica; e os juízes técnicos atribuíram IVC de 0,96, 1,00 e 1,00 para os mesmos itens avaliados, respectivamente. A avaliação dos juízes de conteúdo e técnicos a partir do SAM classificou o material como "superior", com média de 88,7% e 90,1%, respectivamente. Conclusão A cartilha apresenta conteúdo e aparência adequados para a promoção da autoeficácia materna na prevenção da diarreia infantil.

Resumen Objetivo Elaborar, validar y evaluar una libreta educativa para la promoción de la Autoeficacia materna en la prevención de la diarrea infantil. Método Estudio metodológico desarrollado partiendo de la elaboración, validación y evaluación del material educativo por 30 expertos en contenido y tres técnicos. Para la validación se evaluó claridad del lenguaje, adecuación práctica y relevancia teórica, calculándose el Índice de Validez de Contenido para cada ítem; y se aplicó el instrumento Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) para evaluación de la libreta. Resultados La libreta se tituló "¡Tú eres capaz de prevenir la diarrea de tu hijo!", y fue elaborada sobre el referencial de la Teoría de la Autoeficacia. Los expertos en contenido le otorgaron Índice de Validez de Contenido (IVC) global de 0,88 a la claridad del lenguaje, 0,91 a adecuación práctica y 0,92 a relevancia teórica; y los técnicos puntuaron con IVC de 0,96, 1,00 y 1,00 a los mismos ítems evaluados, respectivamente. La evaluación de los expertos en contenido y técnicos a partir del SAM clasificaron al material como "superior", con promedio de 88,7% y 90,1%, respectivamente. Conclusión La libreta ofrece contenido y apariencia adecuados para promoción de Autoeficacia materna en la prevención de la diarrea infantil.

Abstract Objective Elaborate, validate and evaluate an educational reader to promote maternal self-efficacy in the prevention of childhood diarrhea. Method Methodological study, developed based on the elaboration, validation and evaluation of educational material by 30 content judges and three technicians. For the validation, the clarity of the language, practical pertinence and theoretical relevance were considered, calculating the Content Validity Index for each item; and the tool Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) was applied to evaluate the reader. Results The reader was titled "You can prevent diarrhea in you child" was elaborated in the framework of Self-Efficacy Theory. The content judges attributed a global Content Validity Index (CVI) of 0.88 for language clarity, 0.91 for practical pertinence and 0.92 for theoretical relevance; and the technical judges attributed CVI of 0.96, 1.00 and 1.00 for the same items assessed, respectively. The assessment of the content and technical judges based on the SAM tool classified the material as "superior", with average coefficients of 88.7% and 90.1%, respectively. Conclusion The reader was considered appropriate in terms of face and content validation to promote maternal self-efficacy in the prevention of childhood diarrhea.

Outcome Questionnaire (oq-45. 2): avaliação das propriedades psicométricas via modelo bifactor e tri / Outcome Questionnaire (oq-45. 2): assessment of the psychometric properties using bifactor model and irt / Outcome Questionnaire (oq-45. 2): evaluación de las propiedades psicometricas via modelo bifactor y tri

O objetivo foi avaliar as propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira do Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45.2), instrumento designado a avaliar o progresso de pacientes em psicoterapia. Comparou-se o ajuste de diferentes modelos de medidas propostos ao OQ-45.2 através da Análise Fatorial Confirmatória e verificou-se os parâmetros dos itens e dos participantes por meio do Modelo de Resposta Gradual. 419 adultos responderam ao instrumento (32,18±14,3; 62,8%, mulheres). Os resultados demonstram a adequação da estrutura Bifactor composta por três fatores específicos (desconforto subjetivo, relações interpessoais e desempenho do papel social) e um fator geral (desajustamento global) quando comparados aos outros modelos: unifatorial e com três fatores correlacionados. Verificou-se a invariância da estrutura interna do OQ-45.2 ao avaliar homens e mulheres. Em relação às propriedades dos itens (dificuldade e ajustamento) foram obtidos parâmetros psicométricos apropriados para a avaliação de resultados psicoterapêuticos. Conclui-se que o OQ-45.2 é uma medida adequada para avaliação destas características na população brasileira.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45.2), an instrument that assesses the progress of patients in psychotherapy. The adjustments of different measure models proposed to OQ-45.2 were compared through Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and the parameters of items and participants were estimated through the Andrich's rating scale model. The sample comprised 419 adults (mean age: 32.18±14.3; 62.8% women). The results demonstrated the suitability of the bifactor model with three specific factors (subjective discomfort, interpersonal relationships and performance in social roles) and a general factor (overall maladjustment) when compared to others in the literature, like the one-factor and the three related factors models. It was observed a model invariance of the OQ-45 internal structure for both men and women assessment. Regarding the items' properties (adjustment and difficulty) were obtained the appropriate psychometric parameters for the assessment of psychotherapeutic outcome. In conclusion, the OQ-45 is an appropriate measure tool for assessing these characteristics in Brazilian population.

El objetivo fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión brasileña del Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45.2), instrumento diseñado para evaluar el progreso de los pacientes en psicoterapia. Ha sido comparado el ajuste de los diferentes modelos de medidas para OQ-45.2 mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio y ha sido encontrado los parámetros de los items y de los participantes a través del Modelo de Respuesta Gradual. 419 adultos respondieron el instrumento (32,18±14,3; 62,8% mujeres). Los resultados demuestran la adecuación del modelo bifactor formado por tres factores específicos (el malestar subjetivo, las relaciones interpersonales y el desempeño del papel social) y un general (desajuste global) cuando se compara con otros modelos de la literatura: un factor de tres y factores relacionados. Se observó la invariancia de la estructura interna del OQ-45.2 cuando se evaluaron personas del sexo femenino y masculino. Con respecto a las propiedades de los elementos (ajuste de dificultad) se obtuvieron parámetros psicométricos apropiados para la evaluación de los resultados psicoterapéuticos. Se concluyó que el instrumento presenta buenas propiedades psicométricas para evaluación de la población brasileña.

Escala de percepção do suporte social - versão adulta: um estudo pela Teoria de Resposta ao Item / Scale of perceived social support - adult version: a study using Item Response Theory

A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar os parâmetros dos itens e das pessoas, obtidos por meio do modelo de Rasch, para os fatores da Escala de Percepção do Suporte Social - versão Adulta. A amostra foi composta por 533 universitários, provenientes de três estados brasileiros, com idade entre 18 e 62 anos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (69%). Os participantes responderam à Escala de Percepção do Suporte Social - versão Adulta, composta por 36 itens, distribuídos em quatro dimensões: Afetivo; Interações Sociais; Instrumental; Enfrentamento de Problemas. Os resultados encontrados apontaram a adequação do instrumento, com base no modelo de Rasch. Todos os itens da Escala estiveram dentro dos parâmetros recomendados pelo modelo, assim como as categorias de resposta se mostraram discriminativas. Pôde-se constatar que a média do mapa de itens esteve abaixo da média das pessoas, indicando que eles foram facilmente endossados pela amostra...

This study aimed to verify the parameters of the items and persons using the Rasch model for the factors of the Scale of Perceived Social Support (adult version). The sample consisted of 533 students from three Brazilian states, with ages ranging from 18 to 62 years, the majority being female (69%). Participants responded to the Scale of Perceived Social Support (adult version), consisting of 36 items, divided into four elements, namely Affective; Social Interactions; Instrumental; and Coping with Problems. The results indicated the suitability of the elements of the Scale of Perceived Social Support (adult version), based on the Rasch model. All scale items were within the parameters recommended by the model, and the categories of responses proved to be discriminative. The average of the items from the item map was below the average for people, indicating that the items were easily endorsed by the sample...

Evaluación de un programa de prevención del consumo de drogas para adolescentes / Evaluation of a drug abuse prevention program for adolescents

This paper shows the evaluation of the effectiveness of a selective prevention on drug use in adolescents, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior by Azjen. To develop this program, different theoretical models were evaluated considering their suitability to the institutional context in which it will be implemented. The criteria used to select a model that could be useful as a basis to design and evaluate a preventive intervention for drug use included: a) incorporation of protective and risk factors that could be malleable; b) consistency, parsimony and theoretical economy; c) a demonstrated explanatory and predictive capacity; d) empirical effectiveness; e) practical applicability. One of the models that complies with these requirements is the Model of Planned Behavior by Azjen, which proposes that the most immediate causes for drug use are the intentions of the subject to consume them or not. These intentions are determinated by the «attitudes¼ toward drug use, by the normative beliefs or «subjective norm¼ and by the Perceived Behavior Control. Attitudes toward the behavior are a person's overall evaluation of the behavior (i.e drug use) and the corresponding positive or negative judgments about it. The normative beliefs or subjective norms are a person's own estimate of social pressure to use or not to use drugs. Subjective norms have two interacting components: beliefs about how other people, who may be significant to the person, would like them to behave (normative beliefs), and the positive or negative judgments about each belief (outcome evaluations). Perceived behavioral control is the magnitude to which a person feels able to carry out the behavior. It includes two aspects: how much control a person has over the behavior; and how confident a person feels about being able to perform or not the behavior. It is determined by control beliefs about the power of both situational and internal factors to inhibit or facilitate the performance of the behavior. Perceived behavioral control, the last element introduced in the theory, along with the attitude to conduct, and the subjective norm, contribute, all of them, to predict the behavior intention. Generally speaking, there is important empirical evidence concerning the predictive and explicative capacity of this model in different populations. Once the theoretical model was chosen, indicators related to constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior were elaborated adapting these constructs to the features of middle education Mexican population by means of a series of interviews with focal groups. Based on these indicators, a scale was constructed to prove the explanatory capacity of the theoretical model in Mexican population. The reliability and validity of this self-applied questionnaire was proved. Once this was done, based on these antecedents, the model was adapted in a practical sense. This means that the content, objectives and techniques for a preventive intervention were developed. This preventive intervention was piloted and then evaluated through the aforementioned scale. The program included attitudinal and normative components, conformed by informative strategies and persuasive messages directed to an attitudinal change, as well as the development of strategies of behavioral control focused on social abilities that included components derived from social learning theory, and a series of cognitive behavioral techniques accorded to the Planned Behavioral Theory. It was expected a reduction in the drugs use intention by means of a change of drug use favorable beliefs as well as reinforcing unfavorable beliefs of drug use. It was also tried to change the perception about the magnitude of drug users in the subject's immediate surroundings and on its perception about social acceptance or tolerance for drugs. Also it was tried to increase the perception of self control, in order to the develop behavioral control skills to refuse the offer of drugs. The first sessions (devoted to work on subjective norm) were directed to create an interest in the participants regarding to their relation with favorable situations to drug consumption, and to modify their perception about the real magnitude of drug use and about approval and social tolerance to them, both topics frequently overestimated for some adolescents. These sessions were also devoted to identifying beliefs associated with drug use and the value that participants give to these beliefs, in order to question those that are established upon false premises. The next sessions (devoted to perceived behavioral control) had as an objective to learn appropriated behavioral responses to confront risk situations, in order to increase the perception of self-control in those circumstances. This was achieved by means of modeling, essay and reinforcing techniques. This model was designed to be applied in groups no greater than 15 persons, twice a week in five sessions of 50 minutes each. The program was applied by professional personnel such as psychologists or social workers with previous experience in drugs use prevention. The program was implemented in three groups (one for each grade) of five high schools in Mexico City and was applied to three groups of school, randomly chosen; other three groups, in the same grades, were used as control groups. The groups were randomly chosen. Other three groups, in the same grades, were used as comparison groups. Then, the final sample was composed by 250 participants (96 from intervened groups and 154 from comparison groups) from 1 2 to 15 years old, and with slightly more men than women, but equivalent for cases and control. The results showed that the intervened group had a statistical significant reduction in the intention of drugs use. On the contrary, the comparative group showed an increasing intention to use them. With respect to the set of variables that predicted the behavioral intention, the perceived behavioral control stands out as the variable that had the greatest change. There were no significant differences in pre-post measures in the control group. Differences between pre-post measurements were also contrasted between both groups using a Student's /test that showed significant differences in perceived behavioral control and behavioral intention variables. Finally, in order to get a greater control on the test scores, an ANCOVA analysis was applied using the post-test scores as dependent variable and the pre-test scores as covariables. This analysis was useful to corroborate the significance of the drug use intention in the future, mainly in situations that require an amount of self-control, while attitude and normative variables did not show significative changes. Outcomes confirmed the pertinence to give greater resources (time, quantity, and complexity of activities, didactic materials, etc.) to the sessions devoted to developing behavioral control skills. These results can be considered satisfactory, because the main objective of the program was to reduce the intention to use drugs; however, it is also necessary to strengthen the attitudinal and normative components. It is necessary to consider that the variable «subjective norm¼ obtained the lowest levels in confidence, possibly because of the use of self-reported answers in a variable so sensitive to the influence of social elements. For this reason, it is necessary to develop questions that diminish this element that, according to Doll and Azjen, can explain, even a 5% of variance in «behavioral intention¼. Finally, it must be considered that this evaluation shows the effectiveness of the program to achieve the expected changes in behavioral intention variable only in controlled situations. It is necessary to investigate if it is possible to obtain similar results in more usual conditions and with other populations. This means that as well as to grant the internal validity of the evaluation it is also necessary to establish its external validity.

Se presentan los resultados de la evaluación de la eficacia de un programa de prevención selectiva del consumo de drogas para adolescentes, basado en la teoría de la conducta planificada de Ajzen. Para el desarrollo de este programa se identificaron y evaluaron distintos modelos teóricos. Los criterios considerados para seleccionar un modelo que pudiera servir de base para el diseño y evaluación de una alternativa de intervención preventiva del uso de drogas, teórica y empíricamente sustentada, comprendieron: a) la inclusión de factores de riesgo o protectores maleables; b) consistencia, parsimonia y economía teóricas; c) probada capacidad explicativa y predictiva; d) eficacia empírica; e) aplicabilidad práctica. Uno de los modelos teóricos que cumplen satisfactoriamente estos requisitos es el Modelo de la Conducta Planificada de Ajzen, el cual plantea que la causa más inmediata del uso de drogas son las intenciones del individuo respecto a consumirlas o no. Estas intenciones están determinadas a su vez por dos componentes; por una parte, las actitudes hacia el consumo, y por otra, las creencias normativas o norma subjetiva. Las actitudes están conformadas por el conjunto de creencias sobre las consecuencias del consumo y por el valor afectivo que tales consecuencias tienen para el sujeto. Las creencias normativas o norma subjetiva también están determinadas por dos componentes. Por un lado, la percepción de que otras personas significativas para el sujeto aprueban o desaprueban el consumo y, por otro, la motivación del sujeto para acomodarse a las expectativas o deseos de estas personas. El control conductual percibido, último componente introducido en la teoría, contribuye ¡unto con la actitud hada la conducta y la norma subjetiva a predecir la intención conductual. En general, se cuenta con importante evidencia empírica acerca de la validez predictiva y explicativa de este modelo, en relación con el consumo de drogas entre distintas poblaciones. Una vez elegido el modelo teórico se elaboró una escala de medición para probar su capacidad explicativa para el caso de uso de drogas en población mexicana. Probada la capacidad explicativa del modelo, se llevó a cabo su adaptación práctica, en términos de desarrollar contenidos, objetivos y técnicas de una intervención preventiva basada en el mismo. Por último, se realizó la prueba piloto y la evaluación de la aplicación controlada de tal intervención. La evaluación de resultados se apoyó en un diseño experimental con prueba-postprueba y un grupo control. El programa se aplicó en cinco escuelas secundarias de la Ciudad de México. Se intervino a tres grupos de cada escuela, uno por grado, elegidos aleatoriamente. La muestra final, una vez depurada, quedó conformada por 250 jóvenes (96 casos y 154 controles) de entre 12 y 15 años de edad. Para la evaluación se utilizó una cédula creada ex profeso y probada previamente en una muestra de 1 200 alumnos, mostrando buenos niveles de confiabilidad y validez. Los resultados muestran que en el grupo intervenido tuvo lugar una disminución estadísticamente significativa de la intención de usar drogas, en tanto que los alumnos del grupo comparativo mostraron, por el contrario, un incremento en la intención de uso durante el mismo lapso. Del mismo modo, entre las variables antecedentes de la intención conductual, a saber, actitud, norma subjetiva^ control conductual percibido, la variable que mostró un mayor cambio fue esta última. También se contrastaron las «puntuaciones de ganancia¼ (diferencias antes-después) del grupo de los casos contra las del grupo de los controles, con lo que se pudo observar que las diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos se presentaron en las variables control conductual percibido e intención conductual. Finalmente, mediante el Modelo Lineal General (MLG) ANCOVA, se pudo corroborar la significativa reducción de la intención de utilizar sustancias y el incremento en la percepción de autocontrol, mientras que la actitud y la variable normativa no mostraron cambios significativos, lo que confirma la pertinencia de haber dotado de mayores recursos (tiempo, número y complejidad de las actividades, materiales didácticos, etc.) a las sesiones dedicadas al desarrollo de habilidades de control conductual, sobre la base previamente probada, tanto en población anglosajona como entre jóvenes mexicanos, de que esta variable suele tener un mayor peso en la explicación de la intención de usar drogas.

Aplicación del modelo LLTM de Fischer al análisis de las fuentes de dificultad de ítemes de razonamiento deductivo / Application of the Fischer LLTM model to the analysis of the sources of difficulty of deductive reasoning items

El Modelo Logístico Lineal de Rasgo Latente (LLTM) de Fischer permite descomponer la dificultad de un ítem como suma de los efectos debidos a las fuentes de dificultad predichas por las teorías cognitivas, decidir si éstos son significativos y estimarlos. En el estudio que se informa se diseñaron y elaboraron 24 ítemes de razonamiento deductivo teniendo en cuenta las fuentes de dificultad predichas por las teorías cognitivas y por la experiencia educacional. Se administraron a 251 estudiantes de la Carrera de Psicología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA). Se describe el procedimiento para seleccionar un subconjunto de los mismos al cual ajuste el modelo LLTM. El objetivo de este trabajo fue verificar la pertinencia de las fuentes de dificultad consideradas y orientar la construcción de nuevos ítemes. Se logró un buen ajuste del modelo de Rasch (p = .89) y del modelo LLTM (p = .11) sobre 12 de ellos. Los valores z de Wald resultaron no significativos para los 12 ítemes mencionados. La correlación de los parámetros de dificultad estimados en ambos modelos fue: r = .99. Se consideraron cinco componentes que resultaron significativos. Éstos fueron, en orden decreciente de dificultad, la presencia de: (a) falacias de afirmación del consecuente y de negación del antecedente, (b) negación afectando a la disyunción o conjunción, (c) contenido abstracto o simbólico, (d) cuantificadores y (e) condicionales. Se verificaron los supuestos de invariancia para los parámetros de los ítemes y de los sujetos. Los resultados de esta etapa exploratoria alientan a seguir construyendo ítemes tomando en cuenta las fuentes de dificultad halladas.

The processes involved in deductive reasoning have been studied by Cognitive Psychology since the seventies. Many hypotheses have been put forward to explain the difficulties in solving simple reasoning problems when considering their logical connectives, content and context of the tasks in which they are presented. These hypotheses have led to the development of different theories of reasoning like those based on the formal inference rules approach (Braine, 1978; Braine & O'Brien, 1991; Braine & Rumain, 1983; Rips, 1994), the Pragmatic Schemas Theory (Cheng & Holyoak, 1985) and the theory of semantic mental models (Johnson-Laird, 1983, Johnson-Laird & Byrne, 1991). The componential models of the Item Response Theory have allowed Psychometry to explain said these processes (Embretson, 1994). Thus, for instance, the Linear Logistic Latent Trait Model (LLTM) (Fischer, 1973, 1997), an extension of the Rasch model, expresses item difficulty as the sum of the effects due to the sources of difficulty predicted by the mentioned cognitive theories, which enables us to decide whether these effects are significant and estimate them. In other words, the Rasch item parameters β1 are linearly decomposed in the form where p is the number of components considered, αl -the basic parameters of the model, expresses the difficulty of each component l, w il is the weight of αl with respect to the difficulty of the item i and c is an arbitrary normalization constant. Formula (1) implies that the application of the LLTM model makes sense only when the Rasch model fits the data. On the other hand, if the proposed components were sufficiently exhaustive to explain the differences between the items, formula (1) would allow us, once the basic parameters αl have been estimated, to recover estimates similar to those obtained directly by the application of the Rasch model, which would imply a high correlation between the parameters estimated under both models. The identification of the difficulty components and the estimate of their effects may be useful to generate items with preset difficulty parameters. This paper describes the process to find a subset of deductive reasoning items to which the LLTM model fits well. A set of 24 deductive reasoning items were designed and created considering the sources of difficulty predicted by cognitive theories and educational practice. The objective is to verify the suitability of such sources and to guide the construction of new items. Each item may consist of one, two or three premises and one conclusion. The individual must decide whether the conclusion is true or false. Nine items are made of concrete content, neutral to avoid any bias due beliefs or opinions, and the remaining ones have abstract or symbolic content. They were administered to a sample of 251 students of Psychology (Universidad de Buenos Aires - Argentina), composed of 24% males and 76% females, whose average age is 22.68 (DS = 6.35). Good fit for the Rasch model (p = .89) and for the LLTM model (p = .11) were obtained for 12 of them. The Wald z-values were not significant for the 12 items mentioned before. The linear correlation between the parameters estimated under both models was r = .99. Five components that turned out to be significant were considered. These components are listed in a decreasing level of difficulty: (a) affirmation of the consequent and negation of antecedent fallacies, (b) negation when affecting disjunction / conjunction, (c) abstract or symbolic content, (d) quantifiers and (e) conditionals. The two assumptions that refer to both, the item and subject parameter invariance, were checked. The results of this exploratory step encourage us to go on constructing new items taking into account the sources of difficulty that were found.

Study on combination components and effectiveness of Chinese traditional herbal formulas / 中国中药杂志

Chinese herbal prescriptions enhance the clinical curative effect through the use of multi-composition formulas, and the combined use of several components from herbal extracts is an enhanced mode of formulae organization and compatibility. The research with the combination components is under the guidance of the traditional Chinese medical theory which apply medical therapy following syndrome differentiation. The purpose is to enhance drug safety, clinical suitability, and to use drugs with clearer ingredients and mechanisms of action, with more stable and controllable product quality for commercial production. So the study of combination components must establish the methodology of combining standard components, confirming the main components through trial design, removing the poisonous components, and ascertaining dosage and ratios of all the components used. The mode of combination component has three forms: the one from the combined use of prepared medicinal herbs, the one from directly combined use of components, and the one from the standard ingredient composition of single herb. These three forms strictly follow the mechanisms of multi-component and multi-target medical intervention. The significance of using combined effective components is to ensure the accuracy and safety of clinical dosage, enhance the clinical effectiveness, reduce the use of medicinal herbs, decrease the side-effects, and to promote modern Chinese medicines that have clear ingredients and mechanisms. Our study on the chemistry and pharmacology of Chinese herbs provided scientific foundation to the combination effective components. Nowadays the modern medicine is faced with the complicated disease spectra, meanwhile, the single-ingredient chemical drug is not able to achieve satisfactory curative effect. So there is a need to develop new medicine with effective combination components to meet new opportunities and challenges. Therefore, it has becomes a new mode of developing combined components from effective traditional formulas and from single standard ingredient under traditional Chinese medicine theory, unlike the conventional way of clinic--experience based drug development. This new mode will promote the academic research and the industry development of traditional Chinese medicine.

Analysis for the Performance of Zeolite 5A Molecular Sieve to Adsorb CO_2 in Crew Module / 航天医学与医学工程

Objective To analyze the performance of adsorbing CO2 with zeolite 5A molecular sieve in crew module. Methods Fitting analysis was based on experimental data of adsorbing CO2,O2 and N2 with zeolite 5A molecular sieve and the suitability of isotherm adsorbing equation of Langmuir,Freundlich and BET models to be conducted with Origin software. Then using obtained equations and competitive adsorbing theory,the adsorbed amounts of these three kinds of gas under competitive condition were calculated. Results The constants in equations for adsorbing CO2,O2 and N2 with zeolite 5A molecular sieve were determined,and adsorbed amounts for above three kinds of gases under competitive condition were calculated. Conclusion The adsorbed CO2 amount is affected by high fraction of N2. Therefore zeolite 5A molecular sieve should be modified technically so that its adsorption in N2 might be reduced to an ignored amount.