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Resumo Este trabalho faz parte de uma pesquisa maior, na qual se procura compreender como a somaterapia de Roberto Freire surgiu e se desenvolveu a partir da contracultura dos anos 1970. Abordam-se a criação e o desenvolvimento inicial da somaterapia, partindo do que se compreende ser um "mito de criação": uma narrativa ordenada e coerente que explica o surgimento da terapia e que aparece, de forma recorrente, com poucas alterações. Analisam-se, ainda, narrativas posteriores a esse período que remetem ao processo de nomeação da somaterapia. Nesta análise, são encontrados conflitos de dados e incongruências que indicam a complexidade desses processos e o esforço dos autores no sentido de ordenação e legitimação da técnica terapêutica.
Abstract This work is part of a larger survey on how Roberto Freire's somatherapy emerged and developed from the counterculture of the 1970s, addressing the creation and initial development of somatherapy, starting from what is understood to be a "creation myth," an orderly and coherent narrative explaining the emergence of this therapy that is frequently repeated with few changes. Later narratives referring to the process of naming somatherapy are also examined, revealing inconsistencies and conflicts in the data that indicate the complexity of these processes and the authors' efforts to add order and legitimacy to this therapeutic technique.
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Humanos , Historia del Siglo XX , Psicoterapia/historia , Psicoterapia/métodos , HistoriaRESUMEN
Esse artigo busca analisar o padrão de consumo em diferentes arranjos domiciliares no Brasil, a partir de dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF) de 2008-2009. Para isso, foram estimadas curvas de Engel considerando o tipo de arranjo domiciliar, dentre outras variáveis demográficas. Os resultados indicaram a existência de diferenças no padrão de consumo das famílias associadas ao sexo do responsável pelo domicílio, sobretudo nos arranjos "monoparental" e "unipessoal". Essas diferenças são mais evidentes sobre as despesas com habitação, saúde e educação/recreação, em que os gastos mensais per capita são muito menores para os tipos "monoparental masculino" e "unipessoal masculino" em relação ao "monoparental feminino" e "unipessoal feminino". Além disso, verificou-se que a composição da família (presença de filhos, idosos) e o seu tamanho afetam as decisões de consumo das famílias, em que a existência de crianças aumenta os gastos per capita com habitação e saúde e a presença de idosos leva a uma expansão dos gastos com saúde. Quanto ao tamanho da família, há indícios de que as famílias maiores podem se beneficiar dos ganhos de economia de escala e consumo conjunto em relação às despesas com habitação, alimentação e transporte.
The goal of this article was to analyze the pattern of consumption in different household living arrangements in Brazil using data from the 2008-2009 Brazilian Family Budget Survey (POF). We estimated Engel Curves taking into account the type of household living arrangement, among other demographic variables. Results indicated the existence of differences in the patterns of consumption of families associated to the gender of the person in charge of the household, especially in "single parent type with children" and "one person households" living arrangements. These differences are most evident in expenditure on Housing, Health and Education-recreation, in which the monthly per capita expenditure is much lower for single fathers and men living alone relative to single mothers and women living alone. In addition, we verified that family composition (presence of children, seniors) and their size affect household consumption decisions, in which the existence of children increases per capita expenditures on Housing and Health and the presence of seniors leads to an expansion of Health spending. With regard to family size, there are indications that families can benefit from economies of scale and joint consumption gains relative to Housing, Food and Transportation.
El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar el patrón de consumo en diferentes tipos de arreglos domiciliarios en Brasil utilizando datos de la Encuesta de Presupuesto Familiar (POF) de 2008-2009. Para ello, fueron estimadas curvas de Engel tomando em consideración el tipo de arreglo domiciliario, entre otras variables demográficas. Los resultados indicaron diferencias en el patrón de consumo de las familias asociadas al sexo del responsable del domicilio, sobre todo en los hogares del tipo monoparental y unipersonal. Estas diferencias son más evidentes sobre los gastos de vivienda, salud y educación-recreación, em los que los gastos mensuales per cápita son mucho menores para el monoparental masculino y unipersonal masculino en relación con el monoparental femenino y el unipersonal femenino. Además, se verificó que la composición de la familia (presencia de hijos, ancianos) y su tamaño afectan las decisiones de consumo de las familias, en que la existencia de niños aumenta los gastos per cápita con vivienda y saludy la presencia de ancianos, que lleva a una expansión de los gastos de salud. En cuanto al tamaño de la familia, existen indicios de que las familias pueden beneficiarse de las ganancias de economía de escala y consumo conjunto en relación con los gastos de vivienda, alimentación, transporte.
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Humanos , Investigación , Presupuestos , Demografía , Composición Familiar , Recreación , Brasil , Gastos en Salud , ViviendaRESUMEN
Genetically modified cotton GHB614 from Bayer Crop Science expresses a modified epsps gene (2mepsps) gene from maize encoding the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase (2 mEPSPS), which confers tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate. Updated bioinformatics analyses of the inserted DNA and flanking sequences in GHB614 have not indicated potential production of putatively harmful toxins or allergens caused by the genetic modification. Genomic stability of the functional insert and consistent expression of the 2mepsps gene has been shown over several generations of cotton GHB614. Field trials indicate that with the exception of the introduced trait, cotton GHB614 is compositionally, phenotypically and agronomically equivalent to its conventional counterpart Coker 312 and other cotton cultivars. A 42-day nutritional assessment trial with broilers did not reveal adverse effects of cottonseed meal from GHB614. The 2mEPSPS protein produced in GHB614 does not show amino acid sequence resemblance to known toxins or IgE-dependent allergens, nor has it been reported to cause IgE-mediated allergic reactions. It is therefore unlikely that the 2 mEPSPS protein will cause toxic or IgE-mediated allergic reactions to food or feed containing cotton GHB614 compared to conventional cotton cultivars. Cotton is not cultivated in Norway, and there are no cross-compatible wild or weedy relatives of cotton in Europe. Based on current knowledge and with the exception of the introduced trait, the VKM GMO Panel concludes that cotton GHB614 is nutritionally, compositionally, phenotypically and agronomically equivalent to and as safe as its conventional counterpart and other cotton cultivars. Considering the intended uses, which exclude cultivation, the VKM GMO Panel concludes that GHB614 does not represent an environmental risk in Norway.
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Objective To evaluate the predictive role of TEL/AML1 fusion gene in protocol CCLG-ALL-2008 and to identify relevant factors influencing the outcome of ALL with TEL/AML1 fusion gene. Methods Ninety-nine patients with ALL harboring TEL/AML1 fusion gene (positive) and 329 cases without any specific fusion genes (negative) at diagnosis of B-lineage ALL from June 2008 to December 2014 were enrolled and their clinical and biological features were analyzed. Following-up ended in October 2015, the survival status was calculated by K-M curve and prognostic factors were analyzed by COX model. Results There were no differences between the two groups in age, white blood cell at the diagnostic stage, and treatment responses at 4 time points, namely, prednisone good response on day 8, M3 status of BM on D15, and the minimal residual disease (MRD) more than 1.0×10-3 on day 33 and 12th week. During the follow-up period, the relapse rate was lower in the positive group than that in the negative group (14/99 vs 69/329), the mortality rate of the negative group was twice of that in the positive group (55/329 vs 8/99). The five-year overall survival (OS) rate, relapse-free survival (RFS) rate and event-free survival (EFS) rate of the positive group were (86.1 ± 4.9)%, (80.7 ± 5.1)% and (78.9 ± 5.1)%, respectively, and (79 ±2.8)%, (72± 3.1)%, and (69.6+ 3.1)% for the negative group as well. COX regression analysis indicated that relapse and MRD level at the 12th week were independent prognostic factors on OS, RFS, and EFS (P<0.05) for the two groups. Conclusions TEL/AML1 fusion gene could be regarded as a relatively good indicator of risks in ALL children treated by CCLG-ALL-2008 protocol. ALL patients with TEL/AML1 are recommended to receive more intensive therapy including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation when the patients were high level of MRD on the 12th week after treatment.
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En 2010 se desarrolló una batería de instrumentos para evaluar factores psicosociales laborales de riesgo para la salud, en respuesta a la Resolución 2646 de 2008 del Ministerio de la Protección Social de Colombia. Sin embargo, esta cuenta con algunas limitaciones que, a partir de la construcción y validación de una nueva batería, en el presente estudio se buscan superar. La nueva batería ofrece, recursos adicionales para la evaluación de estos factores: incorpora los instrumentos e indicadores centrales de los modelos demanda-control-apoyo social y desequilibrio esfuerzo-recompensa, y los factores intralaborales no contemplados en dichos modelos, pero que la Resolución considera necesarios, se midieron con pruebas preexistentes o desarrolladas por los autores. Con los datos recolectados es posible calcular indicadores globales de demanda, control y apoyo social; además de condiciones familiares y sociales de riesgo, afrontamiento, personalidad e indicadores de salud y bienestar. Para la validación, la batería se aplicó a una muestra de 16.095 trabajadores de diferentes ocupaciones y municipios colombianos. Los análisis de consistencia interna y validez permiten afirmar que la batería es sencilla de aplicar en papel o por computador, permitirá comparar ocupaciones, obtener puntuaciones unificadas por variable, ofrecer un diagnóstico de un número importante de las variables sugeridas en la Resolución y comparar los resultados de los trabajadores colombianos con los de otros países.
A battery of questionnaires to assess psychosocial risk factors at work was developed in 2010 in response to Resolution 2646 created by the Colombian Ministry of Social Protection. However, this battery presents some theoretical and practical limitations. A new battery of instruments has been designed and validated that includes instruments and risk indicators of the demand-control-social support and the effort-reward imbalance models. Other factors, not included in these models, but that Resolution 2646 suggests should be assessed, have also been added, and with this additional information, the new battery allows us to also calculate a "global indicator" of demand, control, and social support; family and social risk conditions, coping and personality; and health and wellbeing. The new battery was administered to a sample of 16,095 workers from different occupations and representative Colombian regions. An analysis of the various domains indicates that internal consistency of the various scales is high. The new battery has the following properties: it is simple to use in paper format or when administered by computer, it enables comparison between occupations, it offers unified scores for each variable, and provides information to assess the risk factors suggested by resolution 2646. In addition, it will make it possible to compare the results obtained when analyzing Colombian workers with those obtained from studies of workers from other countries.
Em 2010, desenvolveu-se uma bateria de instrumentos para avaliar fatores psicossociais trabalhistas de risco para a saúde, em resposta à Resolução 2 646 do Ministério da Proteção Social da Colômbia. Contudo, esta conta com algumas limitações que, a partir da construção e da validação de uma nova bateria, neste estudo se pretendem superar. Além disso, a nova bateria oferece recursos adicionais para a avaliação desses fatores: a presente bateria incorpora os instrumentos e os indicadores centrais dos modelos demanda-controle-apoio social e desiquilíbrio esforço-recompensa e os fatores internos do trabalho não considerados nesses modelos, mas que a Resolução considera necessários, mediram-se com testes preexistentes ou desenvolvidos pelos autores. Com os dados coletados, é possível calcular indicadores globais de demanda, controle e apoio social; além de condições familiares e sociais de risco, enfrentamento, personalidade e indicadores de saúde e bem-estar. Para a validação, a bateria foi aplicada a uma amostra de 16 095 trabalhadores de diferentes cargos e municípios colombianos. As análises de consistência interna e validade permitem afirmar que a bateria é simples de aplicar em papel ou digital, permitirá comparar cargos, obter pontuações unificadas por variável, oferecer um diagnóstico de um número importante das variáveis sugeridas na Resolução bem como permitirá comparar os resultados dos trabalhadores colombianos com os de outros países.
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Humanos , Adulto , Psicología Social , Normas SocialesRESUMEN
Objective To evaluate the prognostic factors in predicting relapse of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with CCLG-2008 protocol. Methods From December 1st 2008 and December 31st 2012, 358 patients diagnosed with ALL and treated with the CCLG-ALL 2008 protocol were enrolled in this study. All patients were followed up until September 1st, 2015. Prognostic impact of clinical features, response to treatment, biological features were analyzed and multivariate analysis of predicted value was performed by Cox-regression analysis. Results After treatment of CCLG-ALL 2008 protocol, 79 patients suffered from relapse. The relapse rate in the standard-risk, intermediate-risk and the high-risk groups were 13.3%, 17.6%, and 41.3%, respectively (P?100×109/L, non-remission in 15th day of induction (M3), the level of minimal residual disease (MRD) on 12w (12w-MRD)?>10-4 were signiifcantly higher, their corresponding hazard ratio were 3.17 (1.58?~?6.36), 1.87 (1.07?~?3.30), and 1.90 (1.12?~?3.20), respectively (P?10-4 were the independent prognostic factors for childhood B-ALL.
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Introducción: La parotiditis es una enfermedad viral, prevenible, que se presenta aún en la población Colombiana a pesar de los esquemas de vacunación establecidos, su presentación más frecuente es la inflamación de la glándula parótida, en su mayoría bilateral y asincrónica. Complicaciones infecciosas como sialoadenitis bacteriana y neurológicas como meningitis, encefalitis, parálisis facial, hipoacusia neurosensorial y poliradiculitis ascendente han sido reportadas (1-6). Diseño: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio mediante el análisis de las bases de datos del SIVIGILA en los periodos 2008 al 2013 del evento de Parotiditis. La información codificada en tablas dinámicas, sin incluir información personal se introdujo en el paquete Estadístico SPSS versión 22 y se realizó el análisis de variables críticas: edad, genero, ocupación, etnia, geo-referenciación (comuna y barrio), aseguradora y UPGD (Unidades Primarias Generadoras de Datos) (7). Resultados: Se observó que la parotiditis en Cali, Valle del Cauca, afecta principalmente la población entre 1 y 14 años de edad, más frecuente de género masculino, hay asociación con los casos de parotiditis en pacientes de 1 a 4 años provenientes de las comunas 14 y 15 de estratos socio-económicos bajos. Conclusiones: Antes de la vacunación masiva, la parotiditis era una enfermedad infecciosa común en todo el mundo. Actualmente estamos expuestos a esta patología en pocas ocasiones, es de vital importancia que en la consulta Otorrinolaringológica se realice el diagnóstico precoz y el reporte oportuno al sistema de vigilancia de la dirección local de salud.
Introduction: Mumps is a preventable viral disease; it is still present in the Colombian population, despite the established vaccination schemes. The most common sign of mumps is the inflammation of the parotid gland, mostly bilateral and asynchronous. Infectious complications such as bacterial sialadenitis, and neurological such as meningitis, encephalitis, facial palsy, sensorineural hearing loss or ascending polyradiculitis have been reported. Design: Cross-sectional Study. Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted; by analyzing Mumps event in databases of SIVIGILA (National Public Health Surveillance System) from 2008 to 2013. Information encoded in pivot tables, excluding personal information, was entered in SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 22, and critical variables where analyzed: age, gender, occupation, ethnicity, geo-referencing (municipality/ commune and district), health insurance company and UPGD (Primary Data Generating Units). Results: The study showed that mumps in Cali, Valle del Cauca, mainly affects male patients aged between 1 and 14 years. There is a partnering within mumps cases in patients aged 1 to 4 years from low socio-economic strata districts 14 and 15. Conclusion: Before widespread vaccination programs, mumps was a common infectious disease worldwide. Currently, we are rarely exposed to this disease. It is vital to get an early diagnosis and a timely report to the health surveillance system, in the consultation with the otolaryngologist.
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Paperas , Factores de Riesgo , Monitoreo EpidemiológicoRESUMEN
Objective To compare the 7th edition of International Union Against Cancer ( UICC) staging system with the Chinese 2008 staging system for nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( NPC) , and to provide evidence for further updating of the staging system. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed among 767 patients who were pathologically and newly diagnosed with non?metastatic NPC and treated with intensity?modulated radiotherapy from 2006 to 2012. Based on the main prognostic indices, overall survival ( OS) , locoregional failure?free survival( LFFS) local relapse?free survival ( LRFS) , and distant metastasis?free survival ( DMFS) rates, the value of T stage, N stage, and clinical stage in prognostic prediction was compared between the two staging systems. The Kaplan?Meier method was used for calculating survival rates. The log?rank test was used for survival difference analysis. The Cox model was used for multivariate prognostic analysis. Results In terms of T stage, the Chinese 2008 staging system was a significantly better predictor of the OS and LRFS rates than the 7th edition of UICC staging system. In terms of N stage, they were comparable in the prediction of the OS and DMFS rates. In terms of clinical stage, the 7th edition of UICC staging system was a significantly better predictor of the OS rate than the Chinese 2008 staging system. For the new staging system proposed based on the statistical results, the T, N, and clinical staging gave significantly better prognostic prediction. Conclusions The 7th edition of UICC staging system and the Chinese 2008 staging system for NPC have their own advantages in prognostic prediction. The new staging system proposed in this study could contribute to the updating of the current staging system for NPC.
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Objective To perform the performance evaluation on the automatic biochemical analyzer with the national standards (YY/T0654-2008).Methods The stray light,absorbance accuracy,absorbance stability and repeatability,absorbance linearity, sample carrying contamination rate,sampling accuracy and repeatability,repeatability of TP,ALT,BUN,etc.in the ADVIA 2400 automatic chemical analyzer were detected according to the national standard(YY/T0654-2008).Results The stray light detection value of the ADVIA 2400 analyzer was 6.2Abs;the error of absorbance accuracy was 0.002 9 and 0.007 5 on the absorbance of 0.5Abs and 1.0Abs;the absorbance stability was 0.000 52;the coefficient variation(CV)of absorbance repeatability was 0.12%;the absorbance linearity range was 0.000 2-3.305 7;the sample carrying contamination rate was 0.1% The sampling accuracy and repeatability conformed to the requirement;CV of repeatability of TP,ALT and BUN was 0.6%,1.2% and 1.2% respectively. Conclusion The measurements of various items of the ADVIA 2400 automatic biochemical analyzer meet the national standard (YY/T0654-2008).
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Objective To examine the content of the 69 iPhone applications(Apps) for smoking cessation that were distributed through the online iTunes store and explore Apps′level of adherence to the U .S .Public Health Service′s 2008 Clinical Practice Guideline for Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence (called guidelines) for the purpose of developing high quality Apps ,as of De-cember 29 ,2012 .Methods All Apps was categorized into 5 types based on National Tobacco Cessation Collaborative .In order to get the Apps′level of adherence to guidelines ,the content of every application was compared with guidelines respectively .Results Apps identified for smoking cessation were found to have low levels of adherence to key guidelines .Conclusion It is necessary that current and future Apps should be developed around evidence-based practices and guidelines to get reliable Apps for smoking cessa-tion .
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Objective To clinically verify the rationality of evaluation standard of oropharynx involvement in the Chinese 2008 staging system for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).Methods 333 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed,untreated,and nonmetastatic NPC were included.All patients had an MRI examnation of the nasopharynx and neck.The status of oropharynx involvement were evaluated.Results Of the 333 patients with NPC,26 (7.8 ％) patients presented with oropharynx involvement.Tumor invasion into oropharynx was highly related to tumor invasion into nasal cavity,parapharyngeal space,skull base,medial pterygoid muscle,paranasal sinuses,intracalvarium and masticator space excluding medial pterygoid muscle (P ＜ 0.050).The oropharynx involvement was associated with poorer 5-year overall survival (OS) and distant failure-free survival (DFFS) (38.1％ vs 72.6 ％,P＜ 0.001 and 49.1％ vs 84.5 ％,P＜ 0.001,respectively).By multivariate analyze,it was observed that oropharynx involvement was a significant predictive factor for OS and DFFS (P ＜ 0.001,P ＜ 0.001).Significant differences were observed in the 5-year OS (38.1％ vs 80.9 ％,P ＜ 0.001) and DFFS rates (49.1％ vs 89.3 ％,P ＜ 0.001) between the patients with oropharynx involvement and stage T2 patients.Conclusions MRI-evidenced oropharynx involvement had a negative impact on OS and DFFS in NPC patients.The oropharynx involvement is associated with poorer 5-year OS and DFFS compared with stage T2.The evaluation standard of oropharynx involvement for NPC in the Chinese 2008 staging system could be revised.
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Limited studies are available concerning the effect of heavy metal exposure on cardiovascular diseases. As environmental pollution increases, food contamination, including heavy metal contamination of fish, also increases. However, researches based on the intake of heavy metals, cardiovascular disease, and fish intakes are inconclusive. We assessed an association of heavy metal exposure with cardiovascular disease and fish intake in a nationally representative group of general Korean adults. We used data from the combined 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), and analyzed the data of 5,139 Koreans who participated in KNHANES. All participants were older than 20 years, and were diagnosed with stroke, ischemic heart disease, or hypertension. The mean blood cadmium, lead concentration, and mercury concentration of subjects were 1.07 +/- 0.01 microg/L, 2.49 +/- 0.02 microg/dL, and 5.19 +/- 0.08 microg/L, respectively. We used the survey logistic regression model to account for the complex sample design of the cardiovascular disease risk in order to estimate the odds ratios (OR). After adjusting for age, education, income, alcohol, smoking, and BMI, the increase of serum cadmium in blood was associated with the increase in the prevalence of hypertension. Further, the increase in blood cadmium concentration was associated with the increase of both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Although higher fish intakes were significantly associated with higher blood mercury concentration (p for trend < 0.0001), fish intakes did not affect either blood cadmium or lead concentration. Comparing the highest fish intake group with the lowest intake group, the OR of hypertension was 0.31 (95% CI: 0.19-0.59) in the crude model for total fish. However, these associations were no longer significant after the adjustment for potential confounding factors. In conclusion, cadmium in blood was associated with an increased risk of hypertension in the general Korean adult population. However, we found no evidence of a clear relationship between cardiovascular disease and frequency of fish consumption.
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Adulto , Humanos , Presión Sanguínea , Cadmio , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Contaminación Ambiental , Contaminación de Alimentos , Hipertensión , Modelos Logísticos , Metales Pesados , Isquemia Miocárdica , Encuestas Nutricionales , Oportunidad Relativa , Prevalencia , Humo , Fumar , Accidente CerebrovascularRESUMEN
La clasificación de la hipertensión pulmonar (HP) ha pasado por una serie de cambios desde la primera clasificación propuesta en 1973 en la Conferencia Internacional sobre Hipertensión Pulmonar Primaria (HPP) en Ginebra (Suiza), hasta la actualidad. De todos modos, las tendencias de los Simposios fueron siempre crear categorías de HP que compartan similitudes en los mecanismos fisiopatológicos, presentación clínica, y enfoques terapéuticos. Además de facilitar la mejor atención de los pacientes con esta patología, la ventaja de la 'clasificación clínica" es haber permitido la realización de ensayos clínicos en un grupo bien definido de pacientes con una patogénesis subyacente compartida con la aprobación de 8 medicamentos diferentes en todo el mundo para el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP). En el 4º Simposio Mundial de 2008 sobre HP celebrado en Dana Point, California (EEUU), se modificaron ligeramente las anteriores clasificaciones para reflejar con precisión la información publicada en los últimos 5 años y para aclarar algunas áreas. Las modificaciones aprobadas en esta reunión, principalmente, conciernen al Grupo 1, la HAP.
The classification of pulmonary hypertension (PH) has gone through several changes since the first classification proposed in 1973 at the International Conference on Primary Pulmonary Hypertension (PPH) in Geneva (Switzerland). Anyway, symposia always trended to create categories of PH based on similarities in pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestation and therapeutic approaches. In addition to providing the best care of patients with this condition, the advantage of 'clinical classification" relays on allowing the design of clinical trials in a well-defined group of patients with a shared underlying pathogenesis with the approval of 8 different drugs at all the world for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Within the 4th World Symposium on PH held in 2008, at Dana Point, California (USA), classifications were slightly modified to reflect accurately the information published in the last 5 years, as well as to clarify some areas. Changes approved at this meeting, mainly concern the Group 1, PAH.
A classificação da hipertensão pulmonar (HP) passou por diversas alterações desde a classificação proposta pela primeira vez, em 1973, na Conferência Internacional sobre hipertensão pulmonar primária (HPP), em Genebra (Suíça). Enfim, simpósios sempre tenderam a criar categorias de HP com base em similaridades nos mecanismos fisiopatológicos, manifestações clínicas e condutas terapêuticas. Além de proporcionar o melhor atendimento dos pacientes com esta condição, a vantagem de 'classificação clínica", relés que permite o desenho de ensaios clínicos em um grupo bem definido de pacientes com uma patogênese comum subjacente, com a aprovação de oito diferentes drogas em todos os o mundo para o tratamento da hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP). Dentro do quarto Simpósio Mundial de HP, realizada em 2008, em Dana Point, Califórnia (EUA), a classificação foi ligeiramente modificada para refletir com precisão as informações publicadas nos últimos cinco anos e para clarificar algumas áreas. As modificações aprovadas nesta reunião, principalmente preocupação do Grupo 1, a HAP.
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The preceding DIN 6800-2 (1997) protocol has been revised by a German task group and its latest version was published in March 2008 as the national standard dosimetry protocol DIN 6800-2 (2008 March). Since then, in Germany the determination of absorbed dose to water for high-energy photon and electron beams has to be performed according to this new German dosimetry protocol. The IAEA Code of Practice TRS 398 (2000) and the AAPM TG-51 are the two main protocols applied internationally. The new German version has widely adapted the methodology and dosimetric data of TRS-398. This paper investigates systematically the DIN 6800-2 protocol and compares it with the procedures and results obtained by using the international protocols. The investigation was performed with 6 MV and 18 MV photon beams as well as with electron beams from 5 MeV to 21 MeV. While only cylindrical chambers were used for photon beams, the measurements of electron beams were performed by using cylindrical and plane-parallel chambers. It was found that the discrepancies in the determination of absorbed dose to water among the three protocols were 0.23% for photon beams and 1.2% for electron beams. The determination of water absorbed dose was also checked by a national audit procedure using TLDs. The comparison between the measurements following the DIN 6800-2 protocol and the TLD audit-procedure confirmed a difference of less than 2%. The advantage of the new German protocol DIN 6800-2 lies in the renouncement on the cross calibration procedure as well as its clear presentation of formulas and parameters. In the past, the different protocols evoluted differently from time to time. Fortunately today, a good convergence has been obtained in concepts and methods.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the metabolic profile and nutrient intake data in Korean adolescents according to exercise regularity using the forth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2008 data. A total of 834 Korean adolescents (440 boys, 394 girls) aged 12 to 18 years were classified into exercising male (EM), non-exercising male (NM), exercising female (EF), and non-exercising female (NF) groups. EM exhibited significantly higher weight (P < 0.001), waist circumference (WC) (P < 0.01) and body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.001) than NM. EF showed significantly greater height (P < 0.01), weight (P<0.001), WC (P < 0.001), and BMI (P < 0.001) than NF. Although ratios of macronutrient intake were within the appropriate range in all groups, energy, riboflavin, vitamin C and calcium were assessed as in adequate by the nutritional adequacy ratio (NAR) in all groups. Moreover, EF and NF had inadequate intake of vitamin A and iron according to NAR, respectively. There were significant correlations between height and NAR protein (r = 0.249, P < 0.001), and mean adequacy ratio (MAR) (r = 0.177, P < 0.01), and between weight and NAR protein (r = 0.180, P < 0.01), and MAR(r = 0.136, P < 0.05) in EM. On the other hand, there were significant correlations between weight and NAR protein (r = 0.270, P < 0.01), WC and NAR protein (r = 0.271, P < 0.01), and BMI and NAR protein (r = 0.326, P < 0.01) in NM. There were significant correlations height and NAR Fe (r = 0.153, P < 0.05) in EF. However, there were no significant correlations between metabolic factors and nutritional adequacy in NF. Although we noted no significant differences in MAR between the groups, the exercising groups showed higher MAR values than the non-exercising groups. Therefore, practicing of ideal dietary behaviors appears to be induced through physical activity and regular exercise in Korean adolescents.
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Adolescente , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ácido Ascórbico , Índice de Masa Corporal , Calcio , Mano , Hierro , Metaboloma , Actividad Motora , Encuestas Nutricionales , Riboflavina , Vitamina A , Circunferencia de la CinturaRESUMEN
Objective To compare the Chinese'92 and 2008 staging systems of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) based on the long term survival of the patients. Methods Clinical data of 498 NPC patients treated with definitive IMRT were retrospectively analyzed. The distributions of patients in the two staging systems were compared. The long term outcomes according to T, N and overall stages in each system were evaluated. Kappa value and Pearson coefficient were used to evaluate the agreement and correlation of the two systems. Results The distributions of both T and N stage between'92 and 2008 stage systems were different. In both staging systems, the local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) curves of T_1, T_2 andT_3 were close up (even overlaped), though they were apart from T_4. The distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) curves overlaped of N_1 and N_2 in the'92 staging system, while separated of N_1, N_2 and N_3 in the 2008 staging system. Significant difference of DMFS was not found between N, and N_2 in'92 staging system, while did exist among N_0, N_1, N_2 and N_3 stages in 2008 staging system. In the both staging systems, the disease-specific survival (DSS) of stage Ⅰ did not significantly differ from that of stage Ⅱ or Ⅲ. The statistical analysis showed the conformality of DSS curves in the two system was 89% (Kappa =0. 833 ,P <0.01), with agood relative rate (r=0. 919,P<0. 01). Conclusions The difference between'92 and 2008 staging system is mainly in N stage. The 2008 N stage seems more reasonable compared with'92 N stage, which is able to better forecast the DMFS. There are some agreements and correlations between the two staging systems.
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Objective To carry out a comparative study between the Chinese 2008 and'92 staging system of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods A total of 777 patients presented with untreated nondisseminated NPC who had received MRI scan of nasopharynx and neck were studied retrospectively. The clinical materials and information of imaging were collected. All patients were restaged according to the Chinese 2008 and 92 staging system of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Distribution of T, N stage, survival and prognostic value were compared. 513 patients of the 777 cases were treated with conventional radiotherapy,264 cases with intensity modulated radiation therapy. Results The 3-year follow-up rate was 97.6%. The consistency of T stages was 95.0%. T, N and clinical stage distributions in two systems were similar ( Kappa = 0. 93, P = 0. 000; Kappa = 0. 58, P = 0. 000; Kappa = 0. 74, P = 0. 000). Local failure-free survival and disease specific survival were also similar. There was no difference of distant metastasis between N0 and N1(x2 = 1.94,P=0. 164), and a marginal difference between N1 and N2(x2 =3.83,P=0.051) in the Chinese'92 staging system. However, although there was also no difference of distant metastasis-free survival between No and N1a(x2 =0. 07,P =0. 797), ) the difference of overall survival among N1b, N2, and N3 were significant ( x2 = 4. 95, P = 0. 026; x2 = 6. 74, P = 0. 009) in the Chinese 2008 staging system. Conventional radiotherapy or intensity modulated radiation therapy was not a prognostic factor for survival ( x2 = 3.60,P =0. 058). It is reasonable for the Chinese 2008 staging system integrated lymph node characteristics such as laterality, level and extranodal neoplastic spread into the N staging criteria ( x2 = 6. 59, P = 0. 010; x2 =4.78,P=0. 029;x2=9.32,P=0. 002). Conclusions For the Chinese 2008 staging system, it was reasonable to simplify the previous T stage. The N stage showed a better predictive role of distant failure.The role of retropharyngeal lymph node in stage system needs further investigation.
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BACKGROUND: We evaluated the clinical significance of revised 2008 WHO classification needed to diagnose mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL). METHODS: A total of 22 MPAL patients, previously diagnosed by applying the scoring system of the European Group for Immunological Classification of Acute Leukemias (EGIL) were reclassified based on the 2008 WHO classification. RESULTS: In 2008 WHO classification, the number of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) required for assigning more than one lineage was markedly decreased, from 26 to 11, compared with that of EGIL. Seventeen of the 22 MPAL patients were reclassified as MPAL with following details: 6 MPAL with t(9;22)(q34;q11.2); BCR-ABL1, 1 MPAL with t(v;11q23); MLL rearranged, 7 MPAL, B/Myeloid, not otherwise specified (NOS) and 3 MPAL, T/Myeloid, NOS. Five patients were excluded from MPAL in the revised classification: 4 cytoplasmic myeloperoxidase (cMPO)-negative and 1 CD19-negative. The failure of complete remission achievement and occurrence of relapse were associated with poor prognosis (P=0.0002 and P=0.009, respectively). But the presence of Philadelphia chromsome was not significantly related with patient outcome (P=0.082). One patient with cCD79a, CD20, CD38, cMPO and CD15, whose diagnosis was reclassified from MPAL to AML has survived during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Because of decreased number of mAbs needed, it is possible that acute leukemia panel is designed to include all mAbs required to diagnose MPAL according to 2008 WHO classification. When diagnosing MPAL, it is critical to figure out positivity in either cMPO or CD19, and AML expressing more than 2 lymphoid antigens are considered as MPAL.
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Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedad Aguda , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Cromosomas Humanos , Proteínas de Fusión bcr-abl/metabolismo , Leucemia/clasificación , Fenotipo , Cromosoma Filadelfia , Análisis de Supervivencia , Organización Mundial de la SaludRESUMEN
Este trabalho discute os padrões estabelecidos pelas resoluções Conama 357/2005 e 397/2008 para os compostos de amônia em efluentes e corpos d'água. Os padrões estabelecidos pelas referidas resoluções são confrontados com os estabelecidos pela revogada Resolução Conama 20/1986 e com os padrões norte-americanos. As discussões permitem concluir que a Resolução Conama 357/2005 apresenta avanços em relação aos padrões anteriormente estabelecidos, incorporando a influência do pH sobre distribuição e toxicidade dos compostos amoniacais e alterando a concentração máxima aceitável para a amônia total nos efluentes. A Resolução Conama 397/2008 permite a eliminação do limite para efluentes sanitários. No entanto, as referidas resoluções não consideram a influência da temperatura sobre o comportamento dos compostos de amônia.
This paper discusses the Brazilian National Council legislation (Resolutions 357/2005 and 397/2008) standards for ammonia composts in water and effluents. Standards indicated by resolutions are compared to those from previous Conama Resolution 20/1986 and with North American standards. It is concluded that the new ammonia limit concentrations, from Resolution 357/2005 for water bodies and industrial effluents and the elimination of effluent concentration limits for sanitary effluents, by Resolution 397/2008, represent an advance over previous Brazilian standards by considering the pH influence on the distribution and toxicity of ammonia composts, increasing the maximum total ammonia concentration for industrial effluents and eliminating maximum total concentration limits for sanitary effluents. However, the Resolution 357/2005 does not take into account temperature influence on these distribution and toxicity.
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Objective To analyze the emergency medical services of the 2006 Olympic Came opening ceremony,and meanwhile to provide information and data for medical treatment at future international activities.Method About 120 000 people,consisting of athletes,actors,audience and staff,joined the opening ceremony.The emergency medical services were completed according to gathering regions,flowing directions,routes,and peaks,and the results were statistically analyzed.Results Twenty-two medical stations and 61 emergency medical supervising units provided pre-hospital services,and there turned out to be 573 patients during the opening ceremony.All of the patients were provided with emergent medical services on the spot,and some critically ill patients were sent to the local hospital after first aid.There was no death,serious.injuries,or chaos during the Opening Ceremony.Conchusions The foundation of emergency service is to set up a sound emergency response system.To successfully fulfill the minion.it is well-advised to enforce the pre-hospital human resources and emergency equipments,make serial trainings.collocate the medical station and supervising stands according to the the number of patients and its peak.