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Introducción. La producción de alimentos es una de las principales causas de Emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI). Estimar las emisiones GEI de la dieta es el punto de partida para definir dietas saludables y sostenibles con el ambiente. Objetivo. Estimar el total GEI de la dieta de mujeres adolescentes del oriente de Guatemala, así como la contribución de grupos de alimentos a este valor. Materiales y métodos. En el contexto de un estudio de agricultura y nutrición en el oriente de Guatemala, se realizó un análisis secundario de los datos dietéticos (Recordatorio de 24 horas) de 2082 mujeres adolescentes. Los alimentos reportados fueron enlazados con la base de datos SHARP, que contiene estimaciones de GEI para 944 alimentos. La variable de enlace fue un código único armonizado con el sistema de clasificación FoodEx2. Resultados. La dieta es poco diversa, principalmente a base de grupos de alimentos de origen vegetal, con poca presencia de alimentos de origen animal. El GEI de la dieta fue de 2,3 Kg CO2 eq/ per cápita/día, con la mayor contribución de comidas preparadas (26,7%) y panes, tortillas y similares (12,8%). Conclusiones. La dieta de las mujeres adolescentes de áreas rurales de Guatemala tiene un GEI inferior al reportado en otros países de la región para estratos socioeconómicos con mayor consumo de alimentos de origen animal. Este estudio es el punto de partida para sistematizar la metodología para continuar con las estimaciones de GEI en Guatemala(AU)
Introduction. Food production is one of the main causes of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGE). Estimating GHG emissions from the diet is the starting point for defining healthy and environmentally sustainable diets. Objective. Estimate the total GHGE in the diet of adolescent women from eastern Guatemala, as well as the contribution of food groups to this value. Materials and methods. In the context of an agriculture and nutrition study in eastern Guatemala, a secondary analysis of dietary data (24-hour recall) of 2082 adolescent women was performed. The reported foods were linked to the SHARP database, which contains GHGE estimates for 944 foods. The linking variable was a unique code harmonized with the FoodEx2 classification system. Results. The diet is not diverse, mainly based on food groups of plant origin, with little presence of foods of animal origin. The GHG of the diet was 2.3 Kg CO2 eq/per capita/day, with the greatest contribution from prepared foods (26.7%) and breads, tortillas and similar products (12.8%). Conclusions. The diet of adolescent women in rural areas of Guatemala has a lower GHG than that reported in other countries in the region for socioeconomic strata with greater consumption of foods of animal origin. This study is the starting point to systematize the methodology to continue with GHG estimates in Guatemala(AU)
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Humanos , Femenino , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto , Dieta , Gases de Efecto InvernaderoRESUMEN
Objective:To explore the effect of augmented renal clearance(ARC)on 24-hour area under the concentration-time curve to minimum inhibitory concentration ratio(AUC 24/MIC)of vancomycin and prognosis in critical children, thus to provide proposal for individual dosage regimen. Methods:Sixty-five critical children treated with vancomycin, who suffered from sepsis/septic shock, were brought into this retrospective cohort study.According to estimate glomerular filtration rate, these children were divided into ARC group ( n=27) and normal group ( n=38). The influencing factor of AUC 24/MIC of vancomycin and therapy prognosis for two groups were detected and analyzed. Results:There were no significant differences between two groups in basic setting (age, sex, weight), scores of pediatric sequential organ failure assessment and pediatric risk of mortality Ⅲ, infection markers (C-reactive protein and procalcitonin), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, hypoproteinemia, usage of diuretic and vasoactive agent( P>0.05). The patients from ARC group showed lower levels than those from normal group in AUC 24/MIC of vancomycin[375.2(300.8, 489.4) vs. 443.6(412.3, 593.2), Z=2.263, P=0.024] and it′s target achievement ratio (TAR)(40.7% vs. 76.3%, χ2=8.440, P=0.005). When usage of diuretic and vasoactive agent, the AUC 24/MIC of ARC group was lower than that of normal group( P<0.05). But there was no significant difference between ARC group and normal group regarding hypoproteinemia( P>0.05). The days of body temperature steady at least 48 hours[7.0(5.5, 9.0)d vs. 6.0(5.0, 8.0)d], the length of hospital stay[39.0(21.0, 58.0)d vs. 20.5(16.0, 28.0)d], the length of PICU stay[14.0(9.0, 31.5)d vs. 10.0(5.0, 15.0)d] were longer than those in normal group( P<0.05). There were no significant differences between ARC group and normal group regarding days of ventilation and infectious markers decreased at least 50%, as well as 28-days mortality( P>0.05). The multivariable analysis showed that the presence of ARC, hypoproteinemia, use of diuretics and vasoactive agent were significantly associated with AUC 24/MIC of vancomycin( P<0.05). Conclusion:ARC may down regulate levels of AUC 24/MIC and TAR of vancomycin.During ARC period, the usage of diuretic and vasoactive agent could affect the AUC 24/MIC of vancomycin.Individual dosage regimen should be employed for critical children suffered with ARC.
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Background: The prevalence of Autism in South Asia is 1 in 93 children, where, prevalence is much higher, 3% in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. Consumption of daily required nutrient is essential for these children like normal ones but sometimes may be neglected. Objectives: This study was undertaken to assess the macro and micronutrient consumption among the children with autism in Dhaka city and compared to the requirement.Material & Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 100 subjects where male-female ratio was 3:2, were studied from urban autism centers Dhaka, Bangladesh. Anthropometric parameters height, weight, BMI and 24-hour dietary recall (individual 3days) were collected following predesigned questionnaire. Data was collected from face to face interview from both parents and center抯 teacher as appropriate. Nutritive value of food was calculated using Food Composition Table for Bangladesh, 2014 using a food software. For statistical analysis, SPSS 20 was used.Results:The average age and BMI of subjects were 11 yrs and 21 kg/m2 respectively. The mean 盨Dvalues (g/day) of protein, fat and carbohydrate intake were 38�, 47� and 116� respectively. The average intake of (mg/day) thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, magnesium, iron, niacin, and zinc was 0.68�32, 0.46�23, 33�, 144�, 137�, 6.5� 11�and 5.2�respectively. About 94% children consumed only 33% of the required calcium. Nearly 42% children took 67% of the required magnesium. Similarly, half of the children failed to consume 33% thiamine and zinc of the requirement. Conclusions:Consumption of calcium, thiamine, folic acid, and zinc are seemed to be lower than their requirement.
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ABSTRACT Background There are no data of reference values on 24-hour multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH (pH-MII) monitoring in Argentinian populations. Objective Our aim was to obtain the normal values of pH-MII variables among healthy asymptomatic volunteers in a metropolitan Health Care Center of Argentina, and to compare them with data already published from other regions around the world. Methods A cross-sectional study was undertaken in a tertiary referral center in Buenos Aires. We enrolled healthy subjects and asked them to undergo esophageal pH-MII 24hours monitoring. pH-MII variables were recorded and described. Results Median reflux events was 20.5 (25-75%, 95%) interquartile range: (14-46, 50) and proximal reflux episodes was 2.5 (0-10, 11). Sixty percent were acid reflux episodes: 12 (5-29, 38), representing a relatively low value when compared to those reported in European, American and Chinese populations. Conclusion Our study shows the first reference of normal values of gastroesophageal reflux in an Argentinian population. We found a total number of reflux events and a total number of proximal reflux events lower than what was reported until this date by other authors.
RESUMO Contexto Não há dados de valores de referência sobre o monitoramento de impedância intraluminal multicanal 24 horas e monitoramento de pH (pH-MII) em populações argentinas. Objetivo O objetivo foi obter os valores normais das variáveis pH-MII entre voluntários assintomáticos saudáveis em um centro metropolitano de saúde da Argentina, e compará-los com dados já publicados de outras regiões do mundo. Métodos Estudo transversal foi realizado em um centro de referência terciário em Buenos Aires. Foram recrutados indivíduos saudáveis para se submeterem ao monitoramento esofágico pH-MII 24 horas. As variáveis pH-MII foram registradas e descritas. Resultados A média de eventos de refluxo foi de 20,5 (25-75%, 95%) entre os episódios interquartis: (14-46, 50) e os episódios de refluxo proximal foram de 2,5 (0-10, 11). Sessenta por cento foram episódios de refluxo ácido: 12 (5-29, 38), representando um valor relativamente baixo quando comparado com os relatados em populações europeias, americanas e chinesas. Conclusão Nosso estudo mostra a primeira referência de valores normais de refluxo gastroesofágico em uma população argentina. Encontramos um número total de eventos de refluxo e um número total de eventos de refluxo proximal menor do que o relatado até esta data por outros autores.
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Objective:Using 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (24h-UNa) as the surrogate measure of sodium intake, to evaluate the joint association of 24h-UNa and serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) levels with the risk of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods:This retrospective study included 670 hospitalized T2DM cases in the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2018 to October 2021. Patients were divided into the albuminuria-positive group or negative-group according to the level of 24-hour urinary albumin excretion (24h-UAE); They were also divided into the high-sodium group or low-sodium group according to the level of 24h-UNa; Patients were divided into the low-VD group or high-VD group according to the level of 25-OHD. Combining 24h-UNa and 25-OHD, the patients were further divided into four groups: high-VD low-sodium group ( n=85), high-VD high-sodium group ( n=122), low-VD low-sodium group ( n=248), and low-VD high-sodium group ( n=215). The effect of 24h-UNa and 25-OHD association on albuminuria was analyzed by binary regression. Results:There were significant differences in 24h-UAE level among the four groups ( P<0.01), the level of 24h-UAE in the low-VD high-sodium group was significantly higher than that in low-VD low-sodium group, high-VD low-sodium group, and high-VD high-sodium group [39.00(13.00, 319.00)mg/24 h vs 22.00(10.00, 99.00)mg/24 h, 22.00(9.00, 72.50)mg/24 h, 22.45(9.69, 72.75)mg/24 h; P=0.047, P=0.019, P=0.030]. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between 24h-UNa and 24h-UAE in the low-VD group ( P=0.017), but not in the high-VD group ( P=0.411). Binary regression analyses showed that both 24h-UNa ( P=0.017) and 25-OHD( P=0.023) were independent risk factors for positive albuminuria in patients with T2DM. The risk of positive albuminuria in the low-VD high-sodium group was 1.789 times higher than that in the high-VD low-sodium group ( P=0.037). Conclusion:24h-UAE in T2DM patients was affected by the combination of 24h-UNa and 25-OHD. A low level of 25-OHD increased the risk of albuminuria in high sodium intake T2DM patients.
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The value of 24 - hour multichannel intraluminal impedance - pH (24 h MII - pH) monitoring is still unknown in most patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and the value of mean nocturnal baseline impedance (MNBI) in the diagnosis of GERD remains controversial. Aims: To analyze the characteristics of esophageal MNBI in GERD patients, and to investigate the diagnostic value of MNBI for GERD. Methods: The clinical data of 111 patients suspected of GERD and monitored for 24 h MII-pH from May 2019 to December 2021 at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College were retrospectively analyzed. According to DeMeester standard, patients were divided into non - GERD group and GERD group. Reflux parameters and MNBI of each channel between the two groups were compared. The correlation between distal and proximal esophageal MNBI and reflux parameters were analyzed. ROC curve was used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of MNBI for GERD. Results: Compared with non-GERD patients, the acid exposure time (AET), DeMeester score, total reflux times, acid reflux times and non-acid reflux times in GERD group were increased, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). MNBI at 3 cm, 5 cm and 7 cm above the dentate line and distal MNBI in the GERD group were decreased, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). Spearman correlation analysis showed that distal MNBI was negatively correlated with AET, DeMeester score, acid reflux times and weak acid reflux times (P<0.05). There were significant negative correlations between proximal MNBI and AET, DeMeester score and weak acid reflux times (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that AUC of distal MNBI for the diagnosis of GERD was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.66-0.81, P<0.01), when the cut-off value was 1 191.42 Ω, the sensitivity and specificity of distal MNBI for diagnosis of GERD were 82.9% and 53.9%, respectively. Conclusions: Distal esophageal MNBI has good diagnostic significance for GERD patients, and can be used as a new impedance index for the auxiliary diagnosis of GERD.
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Introducción: La Ataxia Espinocerebelosa tipo 2 (SCA2) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa y hereditaria. No se ha realizado ningún estudio para la caracterización de la ingesta nutricional en pacientes cubanos con SCA2. Objetivo: Comprobar la reproducibilidad y fiabilidad del método de recordatorio de 24 horas para la evaluación de la ingesta nutricional en pacientes cubanos con SCA2, y obtener una caracterización preliminar de la misma en estos pacientes. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal con test-retest que incluyó 35 pacientes con diagnóstico de SCA2. Se empleó el cuestionario dietético de recordatorio de 24 horas incorporado al sistema CERES+. Resultados: Se obtuvieron correlaciones altamente significativas entre la primera y segunda mediciones para la ingesta estimada de energía, nutrientes y según grupos de alimentos. En la mayoría de los elementos relativos a la ingesta estimada de energía y nutrientes, y en todos los grupos de alimentos, se obtuvieron coeficientes de correlación intraclase (0,75. Se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre pacientes de sexo masculino o femenino en cuanto a la ingesta de proteínas, carbohidratos, cobalamina, hierro, sodio y cinc. Se obtuvo un incremento en la ingesta de sodio y una disminución en la ingesta de ácido fólico y cobre, con respecto a las recomendaciones de ingesta nutricional diaria para la población cubana. Conclusiones: Se comprobó la elevada reproducibilidad y fiabilidad del cuestionario dietético recordatorio de 24 horas para la evaluación de la ingesta nutricional en pacientes con SCA2 y se logró una caracterización preliminar de la ingesta nutricional en estos pacientes(AU)
Introduction: Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is a neurodegenerative and inherited disorder. No study has been conducted to characterize nutritional intake in Cuban SCA2 patients. Objective: To test the reproducibility and reliability of the 24-hour dietary recall method for the assessment of nutritional intake in Cuban patients with SCA2, as well as to obtain a preliminary characterization of nutritional intake in these patients. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional test-retest study was conducted on 35 SCA2 patients. The 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire in the CERES+ system was used. Results: Highly significant correlations between the first and second measurements were obtained for energy and nutrients intake, and according to food groups. Intraclass correlation coefficients higher than 0.75 were obtained for energy and most of the nutrients and according to food groups. Significant differences were obtained between male and female patients in terms of proteins, carbohydrates, cobalamin, iron, sodium, and zinc intake. An increase in sodium intake and a decrease in folic acid and copper intake were obtained. SCA2 patients showed increased sodium intake, and decreased folic acid and copper intake relative to nutritional intake recommendations for the Cuban population. Conclusions: The 24-hour recall dietary questionnaire is reproducible and reliable for the assessment of nutritional intake in SCA2 patients. Preliminary characterization of nutritional intake in SCA2 patients was obtained(AU)
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Humanos , Vitamina B 12 , Evaluación Nutricional , Ataxias Espinocerebelosas/dietoterapia , Ingestión de Alimentos , Ácido Fólico , Estudios Transversales , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE@#To investigate accuracy of the currently used strategies for intraocular pressure measurements for reflecting actual 24-hour intraocular pressure fluctuations.@*METHODS@#From September, 2018 to January, 2019, the patients with a suspected diagnosis of primary open angle glaucoma at our hospital were prospectively enrolled to receive 24-hour intraocular pressure monitoring using a Goldmann tonometer. With the intraocular pressure measurements at 0:00, 2:00, 5:00, 7:00, 8:00, 10:00, 11:00, 14:00, 16:00, 18:00, 20:00, and 22:00 as the gold standard (strategy 1), we compared the measurements taken at 5:00, 7:00, 10:00, 14:00, 18:00, and 22:00 (strategy 2) and at 8:00, 11:00, 14:00, and 16:00 (strategy 3) for their accuracy in reflecting 24-h intraocular pressure fluctuations.@*RESULTS@#A total of 41 patients (82 eyes) were enrolled in this study. The peak intraocular pressures measured using the 3 strategies were 21.09±4.15 mmHg, 20.54±4.10 mmHg, and 19.91±4.38 mmHg, respectively, showing significant differences among them (@*CONCLUSIONS@#For suspected cases of glaucoma, intraocular pressure measurements at 4 and 6 time points of a day can not precisely reflect the actual range of intraocular pressure fluctuations, and may lead to a missed diagnosis of glaucoma.
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Humanos , Glaucoma/diagnóstico , Glaucoma de Ángulo Abierto , Presión Intraocular , Estudios Prospectivos , Tonometría OcularRESUMEN
Abstract Objective: To estimate the usual intake and the prevalence of inadequacy of selected nutrients in the Mexican population and the potential effect that the nutrient retention factors (NRF) could have on these estimates. Likewise, document the methodology used in the analysis of the 24 hours of the mid-way National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016 (Ensanut MC 2016). Materials and methods: Dietary information from the Ensanut MC 2016 was analyzed with and without the use of NRFs. Results: Most nutrients evaluated showed a relevant inadequacy prevalence above 10% in all age groups. Likewise, we documented that, when NRFs were not applied, estimated intakes and prevalence were significantly underestimated in a range of 2% to 55.5%. Conclusions: We documented the relevance of the application of NRFs for adequate estimation of the prevalence of inadequate intake of selected nutrients in population studies.
Resumen Objetivo: Estimar la ingesta habitual y la prevalencia de inadecuación de nutrimentos selectos en la población mexicana y el efecto potencial de los factores de retención de nutrimentos (FRN). Asimismo, describir la metodología utilizada en el procesamiento del recordatorio de 24 horas de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016 (Ensanut MC 2016). Material y métodos: Se analizó la información dietética de Ensanut MC 2016 con y sin utilización de FRN. Resultados: En los nutrimentos evaluados, las prevalencias de inadecuación fueron superiores al 10% en todos los grupos de estudio. La no consideración de los FRN causó la subestimación en las prevalencias de inadecuación en un rango de 2% a 55.5%. Conclusión: Se documenta la relevancia de la aplicación de FRN para la adecuada estimación de las prevalencias de inadecuación en estudios poblacionales.
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Humanos , Vitaminas , Nutrientes/administración & dosificación , Dieta , Minerales/administración & dosificación , Vitaminas/administración & dosificación , Ingestión de Energía , Encuestas Nutricionales , Prevalencia , Micronutrientes , Ingesta Diaria Recomendada , MéxicoRESUMEN
Background: Progressive proteinuria implies worsening of the condition in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and hence its quantification guides clinician in making decision and planning treatment. The gold standard is 24 hour urine protein estimation. Urine sediment cytology, also known as ‘liquid renal biopsy’ identifies and analyses the extent of renal damage.Methods: Objectives of the study were to compare the efficacy of urine dipstick test to 24 hour urine protein estimation in detecting proteinuria in pre-eclampsic patients and to describe the findings in urine sediment examination in assessing proteinuria in above patients. Urine dipstick test and sediment cytology were performed on the urinary samples of 242 pregnant women with high BP recordings (BP>140/90 mm Hg) which were collected and tested in Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Kottayam during the study period of 18 months. This was compared with 24 hour urine protein values (gold standard).Results: About 154 patients (63.63%) had significant proteinuria of more than 300mg/24hr. Dipstick method showed 78.57% sensitivity and 81.82% specificity for prediction of significant proteinuria. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value of urine dipstick test were 88.32% and 68.57% respectively. Urine sediment examination revealed the presence of casts only in 11.98% of study population. Conclusions: Diagnostic accuracy of automated urine dipstick test in assessing proteinuria was 79.75%. For grade 1 proteinuria, diagnostic accuracy was 79.81%, for Grade 2 it increased to 93.14% and for grade 3 & 4, accuracy was 98.68%. Urine sediment examination didn’t correlate with proteinuria and hence the extent of renal damage in pre-eclampsia.
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Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a chronic microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Microalbuminuria is an earliest marker of DN. Effective screening measures are required for early diagnosis and management to halt the progression of diabetic nephropathy. We wanted to evaluate urine Albumin Creatinine Ratio (ACR) as an earlier predictor of diabetic nephropathy in comparison to the gold standard test 24-hours urine protein.METHODSThis is a cross sectional study conducted among 210 patients of type-2 DM admitted in the medical ward of a tertiary care hospital, who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Relevant history including duration of DM, and other comorbidities was taken from the patients. Vital parameters such as heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were recorded. CBC, RFT, FBS, PPBS, HbA1c, Fundoscopy were done in all patients. Urine analysis for ACR from random urine sample and 24-hours urine protein from 24-hour urine sample were done.RESULTSProteinuria was present in 80.95% of patients and that with 24-hour urinary protein, in 59.04% patients. ACR showed sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 46.51% with PPV of 72.94% and NPV of 100%. ACR has strong positive correlation with 24-hours urinary protein. Positive correlation of urine ACR was seen with serum creatinine, blood urea, HbA1c, anaemia, duration of diabetes and the presence of diabetic retinopathy.CONCLUSIONSACR shows high sensitivity in the detection of proteinuria, especially microalbuminuria and hence can be considered as an alternative to 24-hour urine protein in an early screening for DN.
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Objective To analyze the intake and changes of food and nutrients in 223 residents of Yangpu District from 2011 to 2015. Methods From the China Nutritional Transition Cohort Study in 2011 and 2015, the data in the study was obtained on Yangpu District′s residents aged 2 and above.A dietary survey was conducted using the 3-day 24-hour dietary recall and condiment weighing method to obtain data on food and nutrients intake per reference man per day and the nutrient source of energy, and to analyze the intake status of different years. Results The intake of vegetables, fruits, livestock and poultry, aquatic products, eggs, milk and dairy products, soybeans and nuts, edible oil and salt per reference man per day was lower in 2015 than in 2011.The insufficient intake proportions of cereals and tubers, vegetables, fruits, aquatic products, eggs, milk and dairy products, soybeans and nuts, and edible oils were 56.0%, 84.0%, 98.2%, 56.0%, 70.2%, 97.8%, 85.3% and 91.1%, respectively, the excessive intake proportion of livestock and poultry meat was 51.6%;the intake of energy, protein, fat and micronutrient per reference man per day in 2015 was lower than in 2011, and the insufficient intake proportion of energy, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C, and calcium were 84.0%, 56.4%, 97.3%, 93.8%, 93.3%, 90.2% and 91.6%, respectively.In 2011 and 2015, it was found that residents who had the proportions of energy supply from carbohydrate lower than 50% accounted for 64.6% and 49.8%, those who had the proportions of energy supply from protein higher than 15% accounted for 76.2% and 40.4%, and those who had the proportions of energy supply from fat higher than 30% accounted for 76.7% and 72.9%. Conclusion In 2011-2015, the food and nutrients intakes among community residents in Yangpu District generally decrease, showing the coexistent problems of insufficient and excessive food intake, and the insufficient intake is serious.The insufficient intake of energy, vitamins and calcium is still a severe problem.And the dietary structure is not rational; the proportions of energy supply from three major nutrients are unbalanced.It is suggested that nutrition education for residents should be enhanced.
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OBJECTIVES: Most cohort studies used food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) to evaluate coffee consumption as it assesses habitual dietary patterns, whereas some studies have used the 24-hour recalls (24HR) as it elicits in-depth description of foods and the amount eaten. The aim of this study was to compare FFQs and 24HR to assess the consumption of various types of coffee.METHODS: We included 25,904 participants aged 40 years or older from the Health Examinees (HEXA) Study of the Korean Genome and Epidemiologic Study (KoGES). Each participant completed one FFQ and one-day (n=11,280) or two-day 24HR (n=14,624). We classified coffee types into: black coffee, coffee with sugar and cream, and coffee with sugar alone or cream alone. We compared the proportions of nondrinkers, black coffee, and coffee with sugar and cream through FFQ and 24HR.RESULTS: Among those who completed one FFQ and one-day 24HR, 39.4% of “nondrinkers” on one-day 24HR reported that they did not drink coffee on their FFQs. Whereas among those who complete two-day 24HR, 71.2% of “nondrinkers” on two-day 24HR said that they did not drink coffee on their FFQs. Among those who completed one FFQ and oneday 24HR, 58.3% marked “black coffee” on one-day 24HR said that they drank black coffee on their FFQs. Among those who complete two-day 24HR, 58.8% marked “black coffee” on two-day 24HR said that they drank black coffee on their FFQs. The kappa coefficients and percent agreements were 0.4 and 59.6%, respectively, for the comparison of coffee intake between FFQ and one-day 24HR, and 0.6 and 72.8%, respectively, for the comparison of coffee intake between FFQ and two-day 24HR.CONCLUSIONS: We found discrepancies between FFQs and 24HR in the types of coffee consumed. Such limitations should be considered when using the 24HR data to examine the effect of coffee consumption on disease development.
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Café , Estudios de Cohortes , Estudios Epidemiológicos , GenomaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the differences in reflux patterns in 24-hour esophageal pH-impedance monitoring in patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD), reflux hypersensitivity (RH) and functional heartburn (FH) and explore the possible mechanism of symptoms in patients with heartburn and negative endoscopic findings.@*METHODS@#Seventy-nine patients with heartburn as the main symptoms but negative endoscopic findings, including 35 with NERD, 16 with RH and 28 with FH, were enrolled in this study.All the patients underwent 24-h esophageal pH-impedance monitoring and esophagogastroscopy, and the results were compared among the 3 groups.@*RESULTS@#Acid reflux episode was significantly increased and weakly alkaline reflux episode was significantly decreased in NERD group in comparison with RH group and FH group (@*CONCLUSIONS@#Patients with NERD, RH and FH had different reflux patterns.Acid reflux is predominant in the NERD, while weakly alkaline reflux is significantly increased RH and FH.In patients with normal esophageal acid exposure but without symptoms or without recorded symptoms during esophageal pH-impedance monitoring, analysis of the total reflux episode, mixed reflux episode, proximal acid reflux episode and percentage can help in the differential diagnosis between RH and FH.
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Humanos , Impedancia Eléctrica , Monitorización del pH Esofágico , Reflujo Gastroesofágico/diagnóstico , Pirosis/etiología , Concentración de Iones de HidrógenoRESUMEN
Background: Preeclampsia is a multisystem endothelial disease leading to glomeruloendotheliosis with endothelial leak causing significant proteinuria. It is associated with high maternal and fetal risks and fetomaternal morbidity and mortality. Spot urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) leads to earlier detection of glomerular damage leading to prompt management of preeclamptic patients. To determine the accuracy of Spot Urinary ACR as an indicator to detect proteinuria and its use as a rapid alternative test over 24-hour urinary protein in women with Preeclampsia and to find the correlation between the two.Methods: Spot urinary ACR was measured in 70 consecutive patients with preeclampsia in Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh. The best cut-off value to differentiate between significant and insignificant proteinuria was calculated. The mean, standard deviation and range of various parameters were computed and various statistical tests were used. The Area under the curve and ROC curve were plotted.Results: The best cut-off value to differentiate significant and insignificant proteinuria was calculated as 291.9 mg/g beyond which adverse fetomaternal outcomes and complications were seen. The correlation coefficient between 24-hour urinary protein and spot urinary albumin to creatinine ratio was 0.922 highly significant. The area under the curve was found to be 0.98 with a standard error of 0.0155 which implied that the discriminant ability of spot urinary ACR to differentiate significant proteinuria from insignificant proteinuria in patients with preeclampsia was found to be 98%. Similar studies mentioned in the table below showed a good correlation between 24-hour urinary protein estimation and spot urinary ACR.Conclusions: Compared with 24-hour urinary protein excretion, spot urinary ACR is a simple and accurate indicator of significant proteinuria and helps to detect fetomaternal outcomes in preeclamptic women which may lead to prompt management to reduce fetomaternal complications.
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Con el objetivo de indagar sobre los hábitos alimentarios de los estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), y compararlos con las Guías Alimentarias para la Población Argentina se llevó a cabo un estudio cuali-cuantitativo, descriptivo, observacional y transversal. Se aplicó una encuesta y un recordatorio de 24 horas. La muestra quedó conformada por 140 alumnos. El consumo de alimentos declarado mostró que el 70% había consumido leche o yogur, el 56,4% frutas, el 79,3% verduras, el 75,7% carnes, el 62,1% cereales, el 20% huevos y el 25% fiambres. El 46,4% declaró haber utilizado azúcar y el 20% edulcorante. El 81,4% expresó haber consumido panificados blancos y sólo el 15,7% integrales. Los vegetales y el edulcorante fueron más consumidos por las mujeres y las carnes y los panificados blancos por los hombres. Respecto del hábito de desayunar fue importante el número de estudiantes que cumplió la recomendación de las Guías. El número de ingestas diarias recomendado (mínimo 4) lo cumplió el 77%. Sólo el 12,8% declaró consumir frutas y verduras tal como es recomendado (5 porciones al día). Respecto de los panificados, esta muestra no cumple la recomendación de seleccionar granos integrales.
The aim of this study was to investigate the dietary habits of the students at the School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences of the National University of Rosario (UNR), and to compare them with the Dietary Guidelines for the Argentinian population. We carried out a quantitative, descriptive, observational cross-sectional study using a 24- hour dietary recall questionnaire. The sample was made up of 140 students. The declared food consumption showed that 70% consumed milk or yogurt, 56.4% fruits, 79.3% vegetables, 75.7% meats, 62.1% cereals, 20% eggs and 25% cold cuts. Sugar consumption was reported by 46.4% of the students, and use of artificial sweeteners by 20% of them. Most students (81.4%) consumed white bread and only 15.7% whole wheat. While vegetables and sweeteners were more consumed by women, meat and white bread were more consumed by men. Many students met the recommendation for breakfast consumption. The recommended number of daily meals (minimum 4) was met by 77%. Only 12.8% reported eating fruits and vegetables as recommended (5 servings a day). Regarding breads, this sample does not meet the recommendation of selecting whole grains.
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Estudiantes de Medicina/psicología , Conducta Alimentaria , Argentina , Estudios Transversales , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Promoción de la SaludRESUMEN
Background A healthy diet in a college student life is critical to ensure their normal growth, study anddevelopment.Aim In order to accurately assess the dietary pattern of college students and guide it, our study aims to evaluatethe validity of instant photography as an alternative dietary assessment method in college students.Methods Nine participants were enrolled and given a presentation on dietary assessment methods, includingweighing, 24-hour recall, and instant photography. The participants took pictures of their foods from three anglesbefore and after eating for constant seven days, foods weighing was completed by others. Then, the participantsrecalled the foods’ weights after 24 hours. Two trained observers estimated food weight from the digital images(n = 285) gathered at the end of the study with the aid of Chinese food atlas reference.Results Instant photograph showed significant correlation with weighing method on food weights of grains,tubers, vegetables, fruits, meat and eggs (all P ≤ 0.01). 24-hour method had similar correlation with weighingmethod on food weights except fruits. Compared with 24-hour recall, instant photograph displayedunderestimation on weights of grains, tubers, vegetables, and meat. However, instant photograph had moreaccurate estimations on weights of fruits and egg. Furthermore, compared with nutrients data from weighingmethod, both instant photography and 24-hour recall methods showed promising estimations on the amounts ofenergy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, calcium, iron and zinc (all P < 0.001). Comparedwith 24-hour recall, instant photograph displayed underestimation on the amounts of energy, protein, fat,carbohydrate, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc. However, instant photograph had a more accurate estimationon calcium.
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Objective To validate and evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of Tanaka (T method) and SH2 (S method) used to estimate the 24-hour urinary sodium excretion of patients in Shanghai with hypertension. Methods A hundred and eighty hypertensive patients, hospitalized in the Internal Medicine Ward of Changhai Hospital affiliated to Navy Medical University from January 2017 to January 2018, were enrolled in present study. The specimens were collected of morning urine, afternoon urine, evening urine and the completed 24h urine, and the levels of sodium, potassium and creatinine in urine specimens were detected. The differences of estimation value calculated by T method and S method were compared, and the consistency of estimated value and actual urinary sodium excretion were compared by Bland-Altman plots respectively. Results There were 122 patients were enrolled in the final statistical analysis. The average urinary sodium excretion was 151.02mmol (about 8.83g salt). The average deviation values estimated by T method at 3 time points were 34.99, 22.72 and 48.76mmol, and estimated by S method were –6.83, –6.82, –6.31mmol. The intra-group correlation coefficient (ICC) was higher of T method in morning urine specimen and of S method in three time spots urine specimens. Bland-Altman plots showed that the higher the level of 24h urine sodium excretion, the greater the bias of S method with a linear trend. Conclusion Because of the varying degrees of limitation, both T and S methods are not suitable for estimating the individual 24h urinary sodium excretion. The two methods are suitable for estimating the average 24h urinary sodium level of population, while S method is more accurate than T method.
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Objective@#To estimate the dietary salt and potassium intake by two 24 hour urine salt and potassium excretion in primary and secondary school students.@*Methods@#The boarders from Grade 5 to 6 in a rural primary school and Grade 1 to 3 in a rural middle school in Changde City, Hunan Province were recruited from October to December in 2017. Subjects who had 2 and more urinary incontinence episodes or a history of kidney disease or diarrhea and girls in menstruation were excluded. The final analysis included 284 subjects. Questionnaires on basic demographic information were collected, and height and weight were examined. Two inconsecutive 24-hour urine specimens were collected in weekdays. The differences and consistency between two 24-hour urine were tested and dietary salt and potassium intake were assessed by the average of two 24-hour urine collections.@*Results@#A Total of 284 participants was (12.1±1.5) years old, of which 148 (52.1%) were boys and 36 (12.7%) were overweight. In the first 24-hour urine, the volume [P50 (P25, P75)=670 (513, 868) ml], potassium concentration [P50 (P25, P75)=29 (21, 39) mmol/L] and potassium excretion [P50 (P25, P75)=0.7 (0.6, 1.0) g] were similar to those in the second 24-hour urine [P50 (P25, P75) values were 660 (490, 916) ml, 30 (21,40) mmol/L, and 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) g, respectively]. But the sodium and creatinine concentrations, salt excretion in the first 24-hour urine [P50 (P25, P75) values were 175 (123, 219) mmol/L, 7.20 (5.15, 10.86) mmol/L and 6.6 (5.0, 8.7) g, respectively] were lower than those in the second 24-hour urine [P50 (P25, P75) values were 188 (133, 248) mmol/L, 8.66 (5.99, 12.47) mmol/L and 7.3 (5.2, 9.2) g, respectively] (all P values<0.05). The intraclass correlation coefficients between salt and potassium excretions in the two 24-hour urine were 0.534 (95%CI: 0.412-0.631) and 0.478 (95%CI: 0.341-0.587) (P<0.001), respectively. The mean±SD of salt consumed was (7.3±2.5) g (range: 2.3 to 18.8 g) per day by all participants. Overweight children consumed more salt [(8.2±2.6) g/d] than those non-overweight [(7.2±2.4) g/d] (P<0.05). The mean±SD of potassium consumed was (1.1±0.3) g (range: 0.4 to 2.3 g) per day. Boys consumed more potassium [(1.1±0.3) g/d] than girls [(1.0±0.3) g/d] (P<0.05), and overweight children had higher potassium intake [(1.2±0.3) g/d] than those non-overweight [(1.0±0.3) g/d] (P<0.05). A total of 212 participants (74.6%) consumed more salt than the recommended level and all participants had inadequate potassium intake.@*Conclusion@#The problem of excessive salt intake and insufficient potassium intake of rural primary and middle school students was serious.
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Objective To analyze the relationship between body type,age,gender,esophageal motility function,lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) and clinical classification and type of reflux contents of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).Methods From September 2015 to July 2016,at Beijing Tongren Hospital of China Capital Medical University,the results of 24-hour esophageal impedance-pH monitoring of 141 patients with GERD were retrospectively analyzed.The differences of reflux contents were compared in patients with GERD among different body type,age,gender,esophageal motility function,LESP and clinical classification.Mann-Whitney test was performed for comparison between groups.Results Acid reflux was more common in obese patients (body mass index more than 23.9 kg/m2) compared with patients with normal body type (body mass index from 18.5 to 23.9 kg/m2) (18.5,7.0 to 45.3 vs.10.0,2.0 to 32.0),and the difference was statistically significant (Z =-2.320,P =0.020).Patients under 65 years old had more numbers of weak acid reflux,non-acid reflux and gas reflux than patients over 65 years old (58.5,32.8 to95.0 vs.40.0,24.0to71.0;19.5,6.0to47.5 vs.8.0,3.0 to19.0;46.0,23.8to79.3 vs.35.0,11.0 to 56.0),and the differences were statistically significant (Z =-2.690,-3.286 and-2.091,all P＜0.05).Male patients had more gas and mixed reflux compared with female patients (53.5,24.0 to 122.8 vs.36.0,19.0 to 67.0;34.0,20.8 to 50.0 vs.27.0,14.0 to 43.0),and the differences were statistically significant (Z =-2.424 and-1.961,both P ＜ 0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in reflux contents between patients with normal esophageal motility and patients with esophageal motility disorder (weak or interrupted peristalsis) (all P ＞ 0.05).Patients with reflux esophagitis(RE) and/or Barrett's esophagus (BE) had more weak acid reflux,non-acid reflux and gas reflux compared with patients with non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) (61.0,31.3 to 102.5 vs.44.0,24.5 to 66.5;18.0,8.0 to 36.5 vs.8.0,2.0 to 22.0;49.5,27.5 to 86.5 vs.26.0,11.0 to 47.0),and the differences were statistically significant (Z =-2.585,-2.942 and-3.278,all P ＜ 0.05).Patients with lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation were more likely to have weak acid reflux than patients with normal LES function (57.0,32.3 to 87.0 vs.40.0,21.0 to 73.0),the difference was statistically significant (Z =-2.065,P =0.039).Conclusion Body type,age,gender,LESP and clinical classification are related to type of reflux contents in GERD patients,while esophageal peristalsis is irrelevant.