Carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma derived from recurrent pleomorphic adenoma shows important difference by array CGH compared to recurrent pleomorphic adenoma without malignant transformation / Carcinoma ex-adenoma pleomórfico derivado de adenoma pleomórfico recorrente mostra diferença importante por array CGH em comparação com adenoma pleomórfico recorrente sem transformação maligna

Abstract Introduction: A key step of cancer development is the progressive accumulation of genomic changes resulting in disruption of several biological mechanisms. Carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) is an aggressive neoplasm that arises from a pleomorphic adenoma. CXPA derived from a recurrent PA (RPA) has been rarely reported, and the genomic changes associated with these tumors have not yet been studied. Objective: We analyzed CXPA from RPAs and RPAs without malignant transformation using array-comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) to identify somatic copy number alterations and affected genes. Methods: DNA samples extracted from FFPE tumors were submitted to array-CGH investigation, and data was analyzed by Nexus Copy Number Discovery Edition v.7. Results: No somatic copy number alterations were found in RPAs without malignant transformation. As for CXPA from RPA, although genomic profiles were unique for each case, we detected some chromosomal regions that appear to be preferentially affected by copy number alterations. The first case of CXPA-RPA (frankly invasive myoepithelial carcinoma) showed copy number alterations affecting 1p36.33p13, 5p and chromosomes 3 and 8. The second case of CXPA-RPA (frankly invasive epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma) showed several alterations at chromosomes 3, 8, and 16, with two amplifications at 8p12p11.21 and 12q14.3q21.2. The third case of CXPA-RPA (minimally invasive epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma) exhibited amplifications at 12q13.3q14.1, 12q14.3, and 12q15. Conclusion: The occurrence of gains at chromosomes 3 and 8 and genomic amplifications at 8p and 12q, mainly those encompassing the HMGA2, MDM2, WIF1, WHSC1L1, LIRG3, CDK4 in CXAP from RPA can be a significant promotional factor in malignant transformation.

Resumo Introdução: Uma etapa fundamental do desenvolvimento do câncer é o acúmulo progressivo de alterações genômicas, resultando na ruptura de vários mecanismos biológicos. Carcinoma ex-adenoma pleomórfico (CXAP) é uma neoplasia agressiva que surge a partir de um adenoma pleomórfico. O CXAP derivado de um AP recorrente (APR) foi raramente relatado e, até o momento, as alterações genômicas associadas a esses tumores não foram estudados. Objetivo: Avaliar as diferenças entre os CXAPs decorrentes de APRs e os APRs sem transformações malignas usando hibridização genômica comparativa em microarrays (array Comparative Genomic Hibridization - aCGH) a fim de identificar alterações no número de cópias somáticas e os genes afetados. Método: Amostras de DNA extraídas de tumores provenientes de tecido emblocado em parafina foram submetidos à investigação com a técnica aCGH, e os dados foram analisados com o Nexus Copy Number Discovery Edition v.7. Resultados: Não observamos alterações no numero de cópias somáticas nos APRs sem transformação maligna. Quanto ao CXAP de APR, embora os perfis genômicos sejam exclusivos para cada caso, detectamos algumas regiões cromossômicas que pareciam ser preferencialmente afetadas por alterações no número de cópias. O primeiro caso de CXAP-APR (carcinoma mioepitelial francamente invasivo) apresentou alterações no numero de cópias afetando 1p36.33p13, 5p e cromossomos 3 e 8. O segundo caso de CXAP-APR (carcinoma epitelialmioepitelial francamente invasivo) apresentou várias alterações nos cromossomos 3, 8 e 16, com duas amplificações em 8p12p11.21 e 12q14.3q21.2. O terceiro caso de CXAP-APR (carcinoma epitelial-mioepitelial minimamente invasivo) apresentou amplificações em 12q13.3q14.1, 12q14.3, e 12q15. Conclusão: A ocorrência de ganhos de cromossomos 3 e 8, e as amplificações genômicas em 8p e 12q, principalmente aquelas que englobam os HMGA2, MDM2, WIF1, WHSC1L1, RG3, CDK4 no CXAP decorrente de APR podem ser fatores promocionais significativos para a transformação maligna.

Application of aCGH technology in diagnosing small supernumerary marker chromosome / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To explore the clinical application of array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and karyotype a-nalysis in the prenatal evaluation of fetal with small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) .Methods One case was indenti-fied with de novo small supernumerary marker chromosome .G-banding analysis indicated that the fetus had a karyotype of 47 , XY ,+Mar .aCGH was used to define the precise location and size of de novo chromosome .Results aCGH revealed that there was 2 .03 Mb duplication from 15q11 .1-q11 .2 in the fetus .aCGH revealed the presence of small supernumerary marker chromosome . Conclusion The technologies of aCGH can be used for identifying the origin of small supernumerary marker chromosome and defi-ning the loci of the chromosome .Combined with the karyotype analysis ,it can be applied to genetics analysis and prenatal diagnosis .

Diagnóstico genético preimplantacional: análisis de aneuploidías únicas / Preimplantational genetic diagnosis: single aneuploidies analysis

Introducción: De las causas más conocidas en cuanto a la falta del éxito en el embarazo con tratamientos de reproducción asistida son aquellas relacionadas a las aneuploidías cromosómicas presentes en los embriones. El diagnóstico genético preimplantacional (PGD) es una técnica empleada en reproducción asistida para detectar estas anomalías, seleccionando aquellos que sean cromosómicamente normales, para luego transferirlos al útero de la paciente. Los embriones con aneuploidías únicas podrían tener la capacidad de sobrevivir y lograr la implantación, y por lo tanto, sin diagnóstico previo, estas podrían pasar desapercibidas. Objetivos: Determinar la incidencia de aneuploidías únicas en embriones de buena calidad embrionaria en el día 3 de desarrollo hasta blastocisto. Diseño: Estadístico y experimental. Instituciones: Reprogenetics Latinoamérica y Centro de Reproducción asistida, de la Clínica Concebir. Material Biológico: Muestras de biopsia embrionaria. Metodología: Análisis comparativo de resultados a partir de la evaluación de cada muestra obtenida por biopsia en el día tercero y día quinto de desarrollo embrionario, realizando el PGD por hibridación in situ (FISH) y genómica comparada (aCGH), respectivamente. Resultados: El 62,9% de embriones que presentaron monosomías únicas al tercer día de desarrollo embrionario resultaron ser de 8 células. Pero cuando se evaluó por aCGH en día cinco, 42,3% resultó anormal, y de estos 37,5% perteneció al estadio de 8 células. El índice de monosomías únicas en blastocisto resultó ser 57,9% de un total de 84,2% de aneuploidías únicas. Conclusiones: Los embriones de 8 células en el tercer día de desarrollo embrionario son los más probables de llegar al estadio de blastocisto, así como presentar aneuploidías únicas.

Background: Known causes of unsuccessful pregnancy in couples undergoing assisted reproduction treatment include embryo aneuploidies. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a technique used in assisted reproduction in order to detect these abnormalities, select embryos chromosomally normal and subsequently transfer to the patients’ uterus. Embryos with single aneuploidies may have the ability to survive and achieve unnoticed implantation. Objectives: To determine incidence of single aneuploidies in good quality embryos in third day of development to blastocyst. Design: Statistical and experimental study. Setting: Reprogenetics Latin-America and Assisted Reproduction Center - Concebir. Biologic material: Samples of embryo biopsies. Methods: Comparative analysis of results from evaluation of each sample obtained by embryo biopsy on the third and fifth days of embryonic development, performing PGD by respectively in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomics (aCGH). Results: On third day of embryonic development 62.9% of embryos with single monosomy had 8-cell morphology. Though when evaluated by aCGH in the blastocyst stage 42.3% were abnormal and 37.5% of these belonged to the 8-cell stage. Single monosomies index in the blastocyst stage was 57.9% in 84.2% of single aneuploidies. Conclusions: Eight-cell embryos on the third day of embryonic development are most likely to reach blastocyst stage and have single aneuploidies.

Cri-du-chat Syndrome: Application of Array CGH in Diagnostic Evaluation

The human genome contains many submicroscopic copy number variations which includes deletions, duplications and insertions. Although conventional karyotyping remains an important diagnostic tool in evaluating a dysmorphic patient with mental retardation, molecular diagnostic technology such as array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) has proven to be sensitive and reliable in detecting these submicroscopic anomalies. A 3 month-old infant with dysmorphic facies, microcephaly and global developmental delay was referred for genetic evaluation. Preliminary karyotyping which was confounded by the quality of metaphase spread was normal; however, aCGH detected a 30.6Mb deletion from 5p15.33-p13.3. This case illustrates the usefulness of aCGH as an adjunctive investigative tool for detecting chromosomal imbalances.

A Case of Partial Trisomy 15q25.3-qter / 대한진단검사의학회지

A 15q25-qter partial trisomy characterized by pre or postnatal overgrowth, tall stature, macrocephaly and craniosynostosis has rarely been reported. The cause of overgrowth has been thought to be the triplication of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) gene located on the 15q26.3. We report a patient with partial trisomy 15q25.3-qter showing mental retardation, developmental delay, macrocephaly, long narrow face, ptosis, high palate arch, scoliosis, clinodactyly and overgrowth. Additional material located on terminal 2q was found in karyotyping analysis. In bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone-based-array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis, a gain of 31 clones on 15q25.3-qter and a loss of 2 clones on 2q37.3 were observed. An extra copy of IGF1R gene was observed on derivative chromosome 2 in FISH analysis. In conclusion, the patient was diagnosed to have de novo 46,XX,der(2)t(2;15)(q37.3;q25.3) chromosome complement. Adequate genetic counseling and regular follow-ups would be needed for the patient.

Genomic DNA Aberration Profiles in Paraffin-Embedded Breast Tumor Using Array-CGH on c-erbB-2 Overexpression

PURPOSE: Array-CGH is the technique for detecting multiple chromosomal abnormalities in the genomic DNA with using a single procedure. Compared with conventional CGH, there are many advantages for array-CGH such as high resolution, simplified image analysis and high throughput, and its oligo-strategy allows a genome based design. We analyzed the gene aberrations in breast cancer patient to discover the other genomic aberrations that are associated with c-erbB-2 amplification. METHODS: 10 cases of breast cancer patients, considering its c-erbB-2 status of the paraffin embedded tissues, were analyzed with performing array-CGH. RESULTS: The repeated aberrations in whole cases were found in 78 loci, of which repeatedly gained in 1p36.33, 19p13.13, and lost in 14q32.33, 4q32.3, 10p15.3, 14q21.1. The unsupervised dendrogram couldn't show significant classifier for its limited case number. Each tissue from one bilateral breast cancer patient showed a different aberration pattern. There were no BRCA1, 2 aberrations in this study. The concordance was 100% between the IHC and the a-CGH. By the supervised clustering on the c-erbB-2 factor, 18 aberrations (gained in 17q12-21.1, 17q12, 17q21.1, 17q11.2 and lost in 22q11.1, 15q11.2) were found in c-erbB-2 (+) group with the permutation t-test. The repeated aberrations of c-erbB-2 (+) group were found in 170 loci, of which repeatedly gained in 17q12, 17q21.1 and lost in 14q32.33, 22q11.1. CONCLUSION: Although the number of cases was small, performing a-CGH with paraffin embedded breast cancer tissue was a useful technique for rapidly identifying DNA aberrations with high throughput, and this technique showed significant aberrations for some clinical variables.