Apendicectomía en pacientes con situs inversus: Serie de tres casos con manejo laparoscópico / Appendectomy in patients with situs inversus: Three cases series with laparoscopic approach

Introducción. La transposición de los órganos debido al situs inversus (SI) es una rara afección que dificulta el diagnóstico de la apendicitis aguda. Esta condición hace que la sintomatología del paciente y los hallazgos al examen físico puedan ser atípicos, lo que demanda el uso de imágenes para la confirmación diagnóstica en la mayoría de los casos. Métodos. Se describieron tres casos de apendicitis en pacientes con diagnóstico de situs inversus. Dos de ellos tenían el antecedente conocido, mientras el tercer caso fue diagnosticado de forma intraoperatoria. Resultados. En dos pacientes se decidió llevar a cirugía vía laparoscópica sin imágenes diagnósticas adicionales. Los pacientes evolucionaron de manera satisfactoria. Conclusión. Siempre se debe considerar la apendicitis dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales en los pacientes con dolor en fosa ilíaca izquierda. Es fundamental diagnosticar y tratar la apendicitis de manera efectiva para minimizar las complicaciones asociadas. La importancia de la anamnesis y la sospecha clínica del examinador son vitales en estos casos, que se pueden confirmar con las imágenes diagnósticas. Pueden existir casos en donde la condición clínica del paciente no permita la realización de estudios diagnósticos por imágenes; esto apoya cada vez más el uso del abordaje laparoscópico. Se recomienda considerar el abordaje laparoscópico en primera instancia, ya que nos permite la confirmación diagnóstica de situs inversus totalis en caso de que el antecedente sea desconocido y facilita el manejo oportuno de la urgencia.

Introduction. Organ transposition due to situs inversus (SI) is a rare condition that makes the diagnosis of acute appendicitis difficult. This condition entails that the patient' symptoms and physical examination findings may be atypical, which requires the use of images for diagnostic confirmation in most cases. Clinical cases. Three cases of appendicitis in patients diagnosed with situs inversus are described. Two of them had a known medical history, while the third case was diagnosed intraoperatively. Results. In two patients it was decided to undergo laparoscopic surgery without additional diagnostic images. The patients progressed satisfactorily. Conclusion. Appendicitis should always be considered in the differential diagnoses in patients with pain in the left iliac fossa. It is essential to diagnose and treat appendicitis effectively to minimize associated complications. The importance of the anamnesis and the examiner's clinical suspicion are vital in these cases, which can be confirmed with diagnostic images. There may be cases where the patient's clinical condition does not allow diagnostic imaging studies to be performed, increasingly supports the use of the laparoscopic approach. It is recommended to consider the laparoscopic approach in the first instance, since it allows us to confirm the diagnosis of situs inversus totalisin case the history is unknown and facilitates timely management of the emergency.

Características clínicas de niños con apendicitis aguda que acuden al Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Regional de Pilar en el periodo 2020 al 2023

Introducción: La apendicitis aguda, definida como la inflamación del apéndice vermiforme, es la causa más frecuente de abdomen agudo quirúrgico y es la patología aguda quirúrgica más común en la infancia y en el niño mayor. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas de niños con apendicitis aguda que acuden al Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Regional de Pilar durante el periodo 2020 al 2023. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte transversal en pacientes pediátricos que acuden al servicio de urgencias del Hospital Regional de Pilar. Incluyó pacientes de 4 a 15 años que acudieron al servicio de urgencias por cuadro de dolor abdominal agudo durante el periodo enero 2020 a julio 2023. Resultados: Se realizaron 80 apendicetomías en niños de 4 a 15 años, la media de edad fue 11±3años; predominó el sexo femenino en el 34,4%; el principal motivo de consulta fue dolor abdominal más vómitos con un tiempo promedio de evolución de 29,6±22horas; se presentó signo de defensa muscular en el 77,5%; la característica apendicular predominante fue flegmonosa en el 51,3%; el tiempo promedio de estancia hospitalaria fue de 3±1,2días y el 71,3% de los niños no presentó complicación aguda. Conclusión : El conocimiento de las características clínicas de la apendicitis aguda resultan de suma importancia para el médico en el Servicio de Urgencias para un diagnóstico precoz y; por ende, una apendicetomía temprana minimizando tanto las tazas de complicaciones intraoperatorias como posoperatorias.

Introduction: Acute appendicitis, defined as inflammation of the vermiform appendix, is the most common cause of acute surgical abdomen and is the most common acute surgical pathology in childhood and older children. Objective: Determine the clinical characteristics of children with acute appendicitis who attend the Emergency Service of the Pilar Regional Hospital during the period 2020 to 2023. Materials and methods: Descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional observational study in pediatric patients attending the emergency service of the Pilar Regional Hospital. It included patients aged 4 to 15 years who attended the emergency department due to acute abdominal pain during the period January 2020 to July 2023. Results: 80 appendectomies were performed in children from 4 to 15 years old, the average age was 11±3 years; The female sex predominated in 34.4%; The main reason for consultation was abdominal pain plus vomiting with an average duration of 29.6±22 hours; sign of muscular defense was present in 77.5%; the predominant appendiceal characteristic was phlegmonous in 51.3%; The average length of hospital stay was 3±1.2 days and 71.3% of the children did not present acute complications. Conclusion: Knowledge of the clinical characteristics of acute appendicitis is of utmost importance for the doctor in the Emergency Department for early diagnosis and therefore, an early appendectomy minimizes both intraoperative and postoperative complication rates.

Epidemiología de la apendicitis aguda en Colombia: Un análisis de las bases de datos administrativas del Ministerio de Salud / Epidemiology of acute appendicitis in Colombia: An Analysis of the Ministry of Health administrative databases

Introducción. La apendicitis aguda es una afección común, con un pico de incidencia entre los 10 y 20 años. La cirugía es el tratamiento preferido y la apendicectomía por laparotomía sigue siendo el estándar, aunque el abordaje laparoscópico ha mostrado menos complicaciones. El objetivo de este artículo fue caracterizar tanto la enfermedad como el tratamiento quirúrgico en Colombia, usando datos de bases oficiales. Métodos. Se accedió a la base de datos del Sistema Integrado de Información para la Protección Social (SISPRO) del Ministerio de Salud de Colombia en febrero de 2023. Se recogieron datos de los pacientes con diagnóstico de apendicitis y con procedimiento de apendicectomía entre 2017 y 2021, y se analizaron por edad, sexo y ubicación geográfica. Resultados. Entre 2017 y 2021 se diagnosticaron 345.618 casos de apendicitis (51,8 % mujeres), con pico de incidencia a los 15-20 años. Se realizaron 248.133 apendicectomías, el 16,7 % por laparoscopia. Los hospitales con más procedimientos reportados estaban en Bogotá, Yopal, Popayán y Florencia. La mortalidad fue de 0,56 % en hombres y 0,51 % en mujeres. Conclusión. La apendicitis es común, con pico a los 10-19 años. Las mujeres tienen mayor probabilidad de apendicectomía, debido a otras afecciones ginecológicas. El acceso a la apendicectomía disminuye la mortalidad; en estos pacientes, el 16 % fue laparoscópica, lo que sugiere que se necesita más entrenamiento y acceso a esta técnica. Este estudio aporta a la comprensión de la epidemiología de la apendicitis y apendicectomías en Colombia.

Introduction. Acute appendicitis is a common condition, with a peak incidence between 10 and 20 years of age. Surgery is the preferred treatment and laparotomy appendectomy remains the standard, although the laparoscopic approach has shown fewer complications. The objective of this article was to characterize both the disease and the surgical treatment in Colombia, using data from official databases. Methods. The Integrated Information System for Social Protection (SISPRO) database of the Ministry of Health was accessed in February 2023. Data with diagnosis of apendicitis and with appendectomy between 2017 and 2021 were collected. Analysis was done by age, gender, and geographic location. Results. Between 2017 and 2021, 345,618 cases of appendicitis were diagnosed (51.8% females), with peak incidence at 15-20 years of age. A total of 248,133 appendectomies were performed, 16.7% by laparoscopy. The hospitals with most reported procedures were located in Bogotá, Yopal, Popayán, and Florencia. Mortality was 0.56% in men and 0.51% in women. Conclusion. Appendicitis is common, peaking at ages 10-19. Women are more likely undergo appendectomy due to other gynecological conditions. Access to appendectomy improves mortality. In these patients, 16% were laparoscopic, suggesting that more training and access to this technique is needed. This study contributes to the understanding of the epidemiology of appendicitis and appendectomies in Colombia.

Pileflebitis en pediatría: un desafío diagnóstico / Pylephlebitis in pediatrics: A diagnostic challenge

La pileflebitis es definida como la trombosis supurativa de la vena porta como complicación de infecciones abdominales. En pediatría, la etiología más frecuente es la apendicitis, generalmente de diagnóstico tardío, que se presenta como sepsis, con una elevada mortalidad. Para el diagnóstico son necesarios métodos de diagnóstico por imágenes; los más utilizados son la ecografía Doppler y la angiotomografía. El tratamiento se basa en la intervención quirúrgica, la antibioticoterapia y la anticoagulación. Esta última tiene indicación controvertida, pero podría mejorar el pronóstico y disminuir la morbimortalidad. Se presenta un caso clínico de pileflebitis secundaria a sepsis por Escherichia coli con punto de partida en una apendicitis aguda, en un paciente pediátrico que evoluciona a la transformación cavernomatosa de la vena porta. Es de importancia conocer el manejo de esta entidad, ya que, una vez superado el cuadro inicial, requerirá un minucioso seguimiento por la posibilidad de evolucionar a la insuficiencia hepática.

Pylephlebitis is defined as suppurative thrombosis of the portal vein as a complication of abdominal infections. In pediatrics, the most frequent etiology is appendicitis, generally of late diagnosis, presenting as sepsis, with a high mortality rate. Imaging methods are necessary for diagnosis; the most common are the Doppler ultrasound and computed tomography angiography. Treatment is based on surgery, antibiotic therapy, and anticoagulation. The indication for the latter is controversial, but it may improve prognosis and decrease morbidity and mortality. Here we describe a clinical case of pylephlebitis secondary to Escherichia coli sepsis, which started as acute appendicitis in a pediatric patient who progressed to cavernomatous transformation of the portal vein. It is important to know the management of this disease because, once the initial symptoms are overcome, it will require close follow-up due to a potential progression to liver failure.

Clinical Significance of Ultrasound Signs Combined Diagnosis in Acute Appendicitis of Children / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To explore the characteristics and diagnostic significance of ultrasound signs in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children.Methods This study focused on 81 children with acute appendicitis and divided them into two groups based on pathological examination results:34 children with severe progressive appendicitis(41.98%)and 47 children with simple appendicitis(58.02%).By analyzing the indirect and direct signs of ultrasound detection,as well as pathological examination data,and using ROC curve analysis to analyze the area under the curve(area under curve,AUC)of ultrasound signs combined,a comprehensive analysis is conducted to score the ultrasound examination results of children.Results The detection rates of wall continuity interruption/low-level clarity,intraluminal fluid accumulation,periappendiceal or abdominal fluid accumulation,periappendiceal hyperechogenicity,cecal and ileal wall thickening in the advanced group were higher than those in the simple group(P<0.05);The scores of indirect,direct,and combined ultrasound signs in the progressive group were higher than those in the simple group(P<0.05);Under the ROC curve,the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,and negative predictive value of combined signs were 98.77%,97.53%,98.77%,and 96.30%,respectively,higher than those of indirect signs and direct signs.The AUC was 0.835,higher than those of indirect signs and direct signs(P<0.05).Conclusion The combined diagnosis of ultrasound examination signs can provide objective evidence for the early diagnosis of acute appendicitis in children,and can also achieve dynamic monitoring of the disease,which is conducive to the formulation of clinical treatment plans.

Clinical Efficacy of Abdominal Ultrasound-guided Endoscopic Retrograde Appendicitis Therapy for Acute Uncomplicated Appendicitis / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To compare the clinical efficacy of abdominal ultrasound-guided endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy(ERAT)with laparoscopic appendectomy(LA)for acute uncomplicated appendicitis using propensity score matching.Methods The clinical data of 441 patients with acute uncomplicated appendicitis admitted to the Third People's Hospital of Yunnan Province from March 2020 to April 2023 were collected.The cases were classified based on the differences in surgical method and divided into the ERAT group(n = 30)and LA group(n = 411).The clinical efficacy of patients was compared between the two groups after reducing confounding bias by propensity score matching(PSM).Results After PSM,a total of 30 pairs of patients in the two groups were successfully matched,and the baseline data of the two groups met the requirements for comparability.At 24 hours after the operation,the ERAT group exhibited lower white blood cells,neutrophil counts,and C-reactive protein levels compared to the LA group,and these differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the operation time and total effective rate between the ERAT group and the LA group(P>0.05).However,the ERAT group had lower intraoperative blood loss and shorter pain relief time compared to the LA group,and these differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion Abdominal ultrasound-guided endoscopic retrograde appendicitis treatment is an effective,safe,and feasible technique with good prospects for the treatment of acute uncomplicated appendicitis.

Diagnostic value of ultrasonography and CT in acute appendicitis / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To compare the diagnostic value of ultrasonography and CT in acute appendicitis.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 279 patients who were diagnosed with acute appendicitis and followed emergency surgery.Patients were divided into different subgroups based on postoperative pathological results and body mass index(BMI),and the pathological results were used as the gold standard to analyze whether there were differences in the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography and CT examination for acute appendicitis.Results A total of 279 patients with confirmed acute appendicitis,with 64 cases of simple appendicitis,127 cases of suppurative appendicitis,and 88 cases of gangrenous appendicitis according to pathological classification.The diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography was 68.75%(44/64),73.22%(93/127),and 81.81%(72/88),respectively.The diagnostic accuracy of CT was 71.87%(46/64),82.67%(105/127),and 90.90%(80/88),respectively.There was no statistically significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between the two examinations(P>0.05).Subgroup analysis based on patient BMI showed that there was no difference in diagnostic accuracy of the two examinations for patients with normal BMI(P>0.05),while for overweight and obese patients,the diagnostic accuracy of CT was better than that of ultrasonography,with a statistical difference(P<0.05).Conclusion There is no difference in the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography and CT examinations for acute appendicitis of different pathological types.But for overweight and obese acute appendicitis patients,the diagnostic accuracy of CT examination is superior to ultrasonography.

Clinical analysis of 6 cases of acute neonatal suppurative appendicitis with perforation / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective:To study the clinical features and risk factors of prognosis of neonatal appendicitis.Methods:From January 2014 to December 2022, all infants with neonatal appendicitis and received surgery in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed.Results:A total of 6 cases were enrolled, including 1 boy and 5 girls, with gestational age 36-40 weeks, birth weight 1 990~3 300 g, age of admission 5-11 d and time from illness onset to admission 0.5-4 d. All infants had abdominal distension, combined with vomiting in 4 cases, fever in 3 cases and blood in stool in 1 case. Gastrointestinal perforation was found on preoperative abdominal X-ray in 5 cases. All 6 cases received surgery and confirmed the diagnosis of appendicitis with perforation during the surgery. Appendectomy was performed without mortality. 1 case had Amyand hernia and received high ligation of the hernia sac during operation. 1 case had meningitis and was cured after 3 weeks of antibiotic treatment. 1 case developed adhesive intestinal obstruction 3 months after surgery and underwent intestinal adhesiolysis. One case developed colonic stenosis one month after surgery. The stenotic segment of the colon was resected and primary intestinal anastomosis was performed.Conclusions:Neonatal appendicitis progresses rapidly and is difficult to diagnose. The possibility of appendicitis with perforation should be considered when preoperative abdominal X-ray suggesting pneumoperitoneum. Intraoperatively, it is necessary to pay attention to the relationship between appendiceal perforation and other lesions for comprehensive treatment, and change the surgical approach accordingly.

Impact of spectrum irradiation combined with operative laparoscopy on inflammatory reaction and immune function in children with appendicitis / 中国内镜杂志

Objective To study the effect of spectrum irradiation combined with operative laparoscopy on inflammatory reaction and immune function in children with appendicitis.Methods 120 children with appendicitis from January 2022 to January 2023 were selected as the study subjects,randomly divided them into two groups using a random number table method:the control group(n = 60)and the study group(n = 60).The control group underwent laparoscopic minimally invasive appendectomy,and the study group underwent spectrum irradiation combined with laparoscopic minimally invasive appendectomy.The two groups compared perioperative recovery,procalcitonin(PCT),C-reactive protein(CRP)level,cellular immune function(CD4+,CD8+,and CD4+/CD8+),humoral immune function[immunoglobulin M(IgM),immunoglobulin G(IgG),C3,and C4],pain visual analogue scale(VAS),Alvarado score,and treatment effect and postoperative complication rate.Results Compared with the control group,the study group showed a significant reduction in the time to first anal exhaust and hospital stay after surgery,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Compared with preoperative levels,the levels of PCT and CRP in both groups of patients increased at 12 and 24 h postoperatively,with the highest levels occurring at 12 h postoperatively;The PCT and CRP levels in the study group were lower than those in the control group at 12 and 24 h after surgery,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Compared with preoperative data,the CD4+,CD8+,and CD4+/CD8+ levels decreased in both groups at 12 and 24 h postoperatively,with the lowest levels observed at 12 h postoperatively;The CD4+,CD8+,and CD4+/CD8+ levels in the study group were higher than those in the control group at 12 and 24 h after surgery,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Compared with preoperative levels,the levels of IgM,IgG,C3,and C4 in both groups of patients decreased after surgery,with the lowest levels occurring 12 h after surgery;The levels of IgM,IgG,C3,and C4 in the study group were higher than those in the control group at 12 and 24 h after surgery,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Compared with preoperative conditions,the VAS and Alvarado scores in both groups of patients decreased at 12 and 24 h after surgery.The VAS and Alvarado scores of the study group were lower than those of the control group at 12 and 24 h after surgery,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Compared with the control group,the study group had a higher overall effective rate and a lower total incidence of complications,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion Spectrum irradiation combined with operative laparoscopy can reduce postoperative inflammatory reaction,and improve immune function in children with appendicitis,shorten inflammatory reaction and immunosuppression time,reduce pain,and have a low incidence of postoperative complications,with ideal effect.

Elementos clínicos para el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda en la atención primaria de salud

La apendicitis aguda se manifiesta, en ocasiones, con una variada e inespecífica presentación clínica, lo que dificulta su diagnóstico oportuno y favorece el riesgo de complicaciones. El objetivo es actualizar la información relacionada con las características clínicas de la apendicitis aguda, para lo que se realizó una revisión no sistemática de la literatura hasta abril del año 2022. Se revisaron artículos, libros especializados y citas bibliográficas de estudios elegidos, 20 de los cuales fueron seleccionados para la revisión. Mediante esta investigación se concluye que la primera y principal manifestación clínica es el dolor abdominal. El paciente debe someterse a una cuidadosa exploración física, incluyendo un examen rectal si lo precisa, y en las mujeres a un examen ginecológico si existiera duda diagnóstica.

Acute appendicitis is manifested, sometimes, with a varied and unspecific clinical presentation, which makes difficult its timely diagnosis and favors the complication risk. The objective is to update the information related to the clinical characteristics of acute appendicitis, for which a non-systematic review of the literature was carried out until April 2022. Articles, specialized books and bibliographic citations of selected studies were reviewed, 20 of which were chosen for the review. Through this research it is concluded that the first and main manifestation is abdominal pain. The patient should undergo a rigorous physical examination, including a rectal examination if necessary, and in the case of women, a gynecological examination if there is diagnostic doubt.

Retrospective study of patients submitted to appendectomy in a tertiary hospital: is there a difference between the public and supplementary health system?

Introduction: Appendicitis is the surgical disease with the highest prevalence in emergency rooms. Its clinical and/or surgical complications are associated with the time course of symptoms, age, comorbidities, and stages of the disease. Objectives: To analyze the demographic and clinical data of patients who underwent appendectomy for acute appendicitis in a tertiary referral hospital in the city of São Paulo and compare these data between services provided by the Public and Supplementary Health System. Methodology: Retrospective analysis of data from electronic medical records of patients over 14 years old who underwent appendectomy for acute appendicitis at Hospital Santa Marcelina, both in the Public and Supplementary Health Systems from January 2015 to December 2017. Results: A total of 536 patients were analyzed, 354 (66%) of whom were male with a general mean age of 29.85 years (14-81 years). The mean time from symptoms to seeking medical care was 53.84 hours. Regarding the phases of acute appendicitis, a greater number of cases of complicated disease was observed in patients operated on in the Public Health System (p < 0.0001), as well as the time course of symptoms (p = 0.0005) and Conclusion: There was a predominance of male patients undergoing appendectomy for acute appendicitis, with longer time course of symptoms in those operated on in the Public Health System and a predominance of appendicitis in advanced stages (3 and 4) in this group. However, in this group there was no significant increase in the rate of postoperative infection, and the length of stay was shorter than that of patients operated on in the Supplementary Health System. (AU)

Combinación de técnicas quirúrgicas en la hernia gigante de Amyand irreductible

Las hernias gigantes de Amyand son hernias inguinales excepcionales por extenderse por debajo de la mitad del muslo en posición de pie y contener al apéndice cecal. Presentamos un paciente portador de una hernia gigante de Amyand irreductible, al cual se le realiza una reparación quirúrgicas, mediante una combinada de técnicas para su resolución. El tratamiento de las hernias inguinales gigantes es todo un desafío, debido a la distorsión anatomía existente, y por la pérdida de derecho a domicilio de los órganos que puede llegar a ocasionar. Consideramos que la combinación de las técnicas de Bassini y Lichtennstein asociado a las maniobras de Ombrédanne y de Camay es una estrategia adecuada para reparar exitosamente las hernias inguinales gigantes grado I. La apendicectomía en la hernia de Amyand tipo I es una alternativa de tratamiento cuando existe riesgo de apendicitis aguda.

Giant Amyand hernias are exceptional inguinal hernias because they extend below the middle of the thigh in the standing position and contain the cecal appendix. We present a patient with an irreducible giant Amyand hernia, who underwent surgical repair, using a combination of techniques for its resolution. The treatment of giant inguinal hernias is quite a challenge, due to the existing anatomical distortion, and the loss of the right to domicile of the organs that it can cause. We consider that the combination of the Bassini and Lichtenstein techniques associated with the Ombrédanne and Camay maneuvers is an appropriate strategy to successfully repair grade I giant inguinal hernias. Appendectomy in Amyand type I hernia is a treatment alternative when a risk of acute appendicitis exists.

Hernia de garengeot, de la teoria a la practica: a propósito de un caso / Garengeot's hernia, from theory to practice: a case report

La Hernia de Garengeot es la presencia del apéndice cecal dentro de una hernia crural atascada/estrangulada. Es una entidad rara de baja incidencia, poco conocida en el mundo, la mayoría son diagnosticadas durante el acto quirúrgico. El objetivo del presente artículo es exponer un caso de Hernia de Garengeot, diagnosticada y tratada en el Hospital Municipal Los Pinos, en una paciente de 67 años; que tras la revisión sintomatológica y semiológica, se dio el diagnostico de Hernia Crural Derecha Estrangulada, fue programada para cirugía de urgencia y en el acto quirúrgico tras la apertura del saco herniario se identificó el apéndice cecal dentro del mismo. Por la atipia del cuadro se enfocara aspectos históricos, etiológicos y fisiopatológicos; que implica tomar en cuenta para dirigir el tratamiento más adecuado según hallazgos y estado del paciente, en esta variedad poco frecuente de hernias.

Garengeot hernia is the presence of the cecal appendix within a stuck/strangulated crural hernia. It is a rare entity of low incidence, little known in the world, most are diagnosed during the surgical act. The objective of this article is to present a case of Garengeot Hernia, diagnosed and treated at the Los Pinos Municipal Hospital, in a 67-year-old patient; that after the symptomatological and semiological review, the diagnosis of Right Crural Hernia Strangulated was given, it was scheduled for emergency surgery and in the surgical act after the opening of the hernial sac the cecal appendix was identified within it. Due to the atypia of the picture, historical, etiological and physiopathological aspects will be focused; which implies taking into account to direct the most appropriate treatment according to findings and condition of the patient, in this rare variety of hernias.

Profilaxis quirúrgica en Apendicectomía en niños ≤ 15 años internados en un Hospital de Referencia desde enero a diciembre del año 2022

Introducción: Las infecciones de sitio quirúrgico (ISQ), se encuentran entre las infecciones asociadas al cuidado de la salud (IACS) más frecuentes, la profilaxis antibiótica administrada en el período preoperatorio contribuye a prevenir las ISQ. Objetivo: determinar si los esquemas antimicrobianos utilizados para profilaxis en cirugía corresponden a recomendados por Guías Internacionales de Tratamiento de Enfermedades Infecciosas; así como conocer los esquemas antimicrobianos utilizados, estimar el costo de la quimioprofilaxis y comparar con los resultados obtenidos en un estudio similar realizado en el mismo servicio en el año 2005. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo donde se seleccionaron todas las historias clínicas de pacientes de ≤15 años de edad sometidos a apendicectomía, con diagnóstico posquirúrgico de apendicitis congestiva o flegmonosa, desde enero a diciembre del 2022. Se elaboró una planilla electrónica donde se cargaron los siguientes datos: antibiótico utilizado, dosis, número de dosis y momento de la administración. Resultados: 53 pacientes ≤ de 15 años fueron sometidos a apendicectomía, de los cuales 21 llenaban los criterios de inclusión. Fue utilizado Amoxicilina/Sulbactam en 19/21. El número total de dosis administradas fue de 68 dosis y la media de 3,3±1,9 dosis; solo en 8 de los pacientes se administró el antimicrobiano profiláctico en el tiempo correcto; solo 1 paciente recibió el esquema correcto, 1 sola dosis, 1 hora antes del inicio de la cirugía. El costo de la profilaxis antimicrobiana por paciente fue de 15,7 USD. Conclusión: Este trabajo nos permitió verificar la falta de aplicación de guías en el uso de antimicrobianos en la profilaxis quirúrgica, lo cual demuestra: i) la necesidad de revisar y estandarizar la conducta de prescripción relacionada en profilaxis quirúrgica, ii) la importancia de elaborar y socializar una guía de manejo de antimicrobianos y iii) el monitoreo de su implementación.

Introduction: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are among the most frequent healthcare-associated infections (HCIs). Antibiotic prophylaxis administered during the preoperative period contributes to preventing SSIs. Objective: to determine if the antimicrobial regimens used for prophylaxis in surgery correspond to those recommended by International Guidelines for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases; as well as knowing the antimicrobial regimens used, estimating the cost of chemoprophylaxis and comparing the current results with those obtained in a similar study carried out in the same service in 2005. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive, observational and retrospective study where we reviewed all medical records of patients ≤15 years of age undergoing appendectomy, with a post-surgical diagnosis of congestive or phlegmonous appendicitis, from January to December 2022. An electronic spreadsheet was prepared where the following data were uploaded: antibiotic used, dose, number of doses and time of administration. Results: 53 patients ≤ 15 years of age underwent appendectomy, of which 21 met the inclusion criteria. Amoxicillin/Sulbactam was used in 19/21. The total number of doses administered was 68 doses and the average was 3.3±1.9 doses; only in 8 of the patients was the prophylactic antimicrobial administered at the correct time; only 1 patient received the correct regimen, 1 single dose, 1 hour before the start of surgery. The cost of antimicrobial prophylaxis per patient was 15.7 USD. Conclusions: This study allowed us to verify the lack of application of existing guidelines in the use of antimicrobials in surgical prophylaxis, which demonstrates: i) the need to review and standardize prescription behavior related to surgical prophylaxis, ii) the importance of developing and disseminating an antimicrobial management guide and iii) the need to monitor its implementation.

Laparoscopic cecectomy for diseases of the appendix and cecum

Introduction: The cecum is the first part of the large bowel. Cecectomy is a sufficient treatment for some patients, avoiding overtreatment by ileocolic resection. Purpose:The goal of this study was to review a surgeon's experience with laparoscopic cecectomy and provide a technical video demonstration of this uncommon operation. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of all consecutive patients treated with laparoscopic cecectomy over a 16-year period. All operations were performed using a 3-trocar technique. The cecum was transected with 1 to 2 firings of a 60 millimeters linear stapler, preserving the ileocecal valve and ascending colon. Results: 19 patients were identified including 12 females (63.2%). Median age was 42 years (range 16-84). Indication for surgery included appendiceal pathology in 12 patients (63.2%) and cecal abnormality in 7 (38.9%). There was no conversion to open surgery. Median intraoperative blood loss was 25 ml (range 0-150 ml) and no patient received a blood transfusion. No intraoperative or postoperative complication was noted. The median length stay was 1 day (range 0-6). Readmission rate was 0%. Final appendiceal histopathology revealed acute/chronic appendicitis in 5 patients, mucinous cystadenoma in 4 patients. Cecal histopathology revealed adenoma in 4 patients. Median follow-up was 16 months (range 4-53). Conclusions: Laparoscopic cecectomy is a sufficient treatment for some patients with benign conditions of the appendix and cecum. It carries minimal morbidity. It should be considered as an alternative to segmental bowel resection in a select group of patients. (AU)

Terapia con antibióticos versus apendicectomía en la apendicitis aguda no complicada: Una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis

Introducción: Existe una controversia acerca del mejor enfoque para el tratamiento de la apendicitis aguda no complicada. Este metaanálisis buscó evaluar la eficacia, recurrencia de la patología, presencia de complicaciones mayores, y duración de la estancia hospitalaria en adultos con apendicitis aguda no complicada. Materiales y Método: Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase y Cochrane Library hasta finales de octubre del 2022. El riesgo de sesgo y calidad de los estudios incluidos en el estudio fueron evaluados mediante la herramienta RoB 2.0. de la Colaboración Cochrane. La síntesis de datos fue realizada a través del software Cochrane Review Manager (RevMan; version 5.3). Resultados: 6 estudios fueron incluidos, con un total de 1.862 pacientes. La probabilidad de presentar una mejoría clínica definitiva en el grupo que recibió antibioticoterapia fue menor (RR 0,5; IC95% 0,92-0,98; p = 0,004; IC2 = 44%). La probabilidad de presentar una recurrencia de la apendicitis en el grupo que recibió antibioticoterapia fue notablemente superior (RR 94,86; IC95% 30,73-292,81; p < 0,00001; IC2 = 0%). El grupo conservador presentó un menor riesgo de presentar una complicación mayor (RR 0,55; IC95% 0,36-0,85; p = 0,007; IC2 = 0%). El tratamiento conservador presentó una duración de la estancia hospitalaria superior que la apendicectomía (MD 0,34; IC95% 0,25-0,42; p < 0,00001; IC2 = 64%). Conclusiones: Esta revisión sistemática demuestra que, en términos de eficacia, recurrencia del cuadro y duración de la estancia hospitalaria, la antibioticoterapia es inferior a la apendicectomía en adultos con apendicitis aguda no complicada y superior en evitar la presencia de complicaciones mayores.

Introduction: There is controversy about the best approach for the treatment of uncomplicated acute appendicitis. This meta-analysis sought to assess efficacy, disease recurrence, presence of major complications, and length of hospital stay in adults with uncomplicated acute appendicitis. Materials and Method: A systematic search for randomized clinical trials was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases up to the end of October 2022. The risk of bias and quality of the studies included in the study were assessed. using the RoB 2.0 tool. of the Cochrane Collaboration. Data synthesis was performed using the Cochrane Review Manager software (RevMan; version 5.3). Results: 6 studies were included, with a total of 1.862 patients. The probability of presenting a definitive clinical improvement in the group that received antibiotic therapy was lower (RR 0.5; CI95% 0.92-0.98; p = 0.004; CI2 = 44%). The probability of presenting a recurrence of appendicitis in the group that received antibiotic therapy was notably higher (RR 94.86; 95%CI 30.73-292.81; p < 0.00001; CI2 = 0%). The conservative group presented a lower risk of presenting a major complication (RR 0.55; CI95% 0.36-0.85; p = 0.007; CI2 = 0%). Conservative treatment had a longer hospital stay than appendectomy (MD 0.34; 95%CI 0.250.42; p < 0.00001; CI2 = 64%). Conclusions: This systematic review shows that, in terms of efficacy, recurrence of the condition, and length of hospital stay, antibiotic therapy is inferior to appendectomy in adults with uncomplicated acute appendicitis, and superior in avoiding the presence of major complications.

Absceso del psoas secundario a apendicitis atípica en gestante. Presentación de un caso

El absceso del psoas es una enfermedad infecciosa infrecuente y de difícil diagnóstico, caracterizado por una colección purulenta a nivel de este músculo, que provoca un síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica. La infección puede ser primaria por diseminación hematógena, o secundaria, a partir de un foco infeccioso cercano. Su presentación durante el embarazo es rara, y predomina la forma primaria, razón por la cual se decidió realizar este artículo. Se presenta el caso de una gestante con 28,4 semanas de edad gestacional que ingresó por dolor inguinal con posterior irradiación a la cadera, flanco y región lumbar derechos; postura en flexión de la cadera derecha y marcha antiálgica, así como aparición, a los nueve días de iniciados los síntomas, de una masa dolorosa entre fosa ilíaca y flanco derechos. Los hallazgos de la ecografía abdominal y la resonancia permitieron el diagnóstico de un plastrón apendicular con un apéndice retrocecal, así como absceso del psoas derecho, los cuales se trataron con antibioticoterapia y drenaje percutáneo del absceso, con resultados satisfactorios. El absceso del psoas secundario puede constituir el debut de una apendicitis atípica retrocecal, y para su diagnóstico hay que tener un alto nivel de sospecha por su clínica inespecífica.

The psoas abscess is a rare infectious disease that is difficult to diagnose, characterized by a purulent collection at the level of this muscle, which causes a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The infection can be primary by hematogenous dissemination, or secondary, from a nearby infectious focus. Its presentation during pregnancy is rare, and the primary form predominates, which is why it was decided to write this article. The case of a pregnant woman with a gestational age of 28.4 weeks who was admitted due to inguinal pain with subsequent irradiation to the right hip, flank, and lumbar region; flexed posture of the right hip and analgesic gait, as well as the appearance, nine days after the onset of symptoms, of a painful mass between the right iliac fossa and flank it is presented. The findings of the abdominal ultrasound and MRI allowed the diagnosis of an appendiceal plastron with a retrocecal appendix, as well as a right psoas abscess, which were treated with antibiotic therapy and percutaneous drainage of the abscess, with satisfactory results. Secondary psoas abscess may constitute the debut of atypical retrocecal appendicitis, and its diagnosis requires a high level of suspicion due to its non-specific symptoms.

Apendicitis aguda por intususcepción secundaria a endometriosis. Reporte de caso / Acute appendicitis due to intussusception secondary to endometriosis. Case report

Introducción. La intususcepción del apéndice corresponde a su invaginación en el ciego. Existen varias causas, pero la endometriosis ha sido informada pocas veces. Aunque el diagnóstico se debe sospechar clínicamente, por lo general su causa solo se determina en el intraoperatorio, donde se deben tener en cuenta causas oncológicas que requieran una resección amplia. Caso clínico. Mujer de 21 años que consultó por dolor abdominal agudo generalizado. Se practicó una tomografía computarizada de abdomen, observando una intususcepción del apéndice en el ciego, estriación de la grasa pericecal y adenomegalias. Se realizó laparoscopia diagnóstica encontrando intususcepción casi completa del apéndice cecal, de aspecto neoplásico. Se convirtió a laparotomía para proceder a hemicolectomía derecha, con vaciamiento ganglionar y anastomosis del íleon al colon transverso. Discusión. La sospecha clínica de intususcepción debe corroborarse mediante ecografía, tomografía o estudios baritados. El tratamiento siempre es quirúrgico, como en el caso de nuestra paciente, quien evolucionó de forma adecuada y continuó asintomática después de un año de seguimiento. Conclusión. El diagnóstico temprano de la intususcepción permite realizar tratamientos quirúrgicos menos agresivos y disminuye el riesgo de filtración de la anastomosis. Se debe tener en cuenta el diagnóstico de endometriosis como posible causa. Se debe realizar el manejo complementario por parte de ginecología.

Introduction. The intussusception of the appendix corresponds to its invagination in the cecum. There are several causes, endometriosis being rarely reported. Although the diagnosis must be suspected clinically, its cause is generally only determined intraoperatively, where oncological causes that require extensive resection must be taken into account. Clinical case. A 21-year-old woman who consulted due to acute generalized abdominal pain, an abdominal tomography was performed, finding an intussusception of the appendix in the cecum, striation of pericecal fat, and lymph nodes. A diagnostic laparoscopy was performed, finding almost complete intussusception of the appendix, with a neoplastic appearance. She was converted to laparotomy to perform a right hemicolectomy, with lymph node dissection and ileal to transverse anastomosis. Discussion. Clinical suspicion of intussusception should be confirmed by ultrasound, abdominal tomography, or barium studies. Treatment is always surgical, as in the case of our patient, who evolved adequately and remained asymptomatic after one year of follow-up. Conclusion. Early diagnosis of intussusception allows for less aggressive surgical treatment and decreases the risk of anastomosis leakage. The diagnosis of endometriosis should be taken into account as a possible cause. Complementary management by gynecologists should be performed.

Valor de la ecografía abdominal en el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda / Value of abdominal ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute apendicitis

RESUMEN Antecedentes : la apendicitis aguda es una de las causas más frecuentes de consulta y cirugía en los servicios de urgencia. Su diagnóstico en algunos casos continúa siendo difícil. Objetivo: valorar el rendimiento de la ecografía abdominal en el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda en un centro asistencial de salud de tercer nivel. Material y métodos : se realizó un estudio de prueba diagnóstica, retrospectivo y longitudinal. La población consistió en 113 pacientes, con una media de edad de 24 años (rango 3-90), que consultaron por dolor en fosa iliaca derecha, a los cuales se les realizó ecografía abdominal y se pudo realizar su seguimiento hasta contar con resultado de anatomía patológica, entre febrero 2016 y febrero 2018. Se analizó la sensibilidad, la especificidad, el valor predictivo positivo y el valor predictivo negativo de la ecografía abdominal en el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda. Resultados : la ecografía fue positiva para el diagnóstico de apendicitis en 32 pacientes (28,3%) y fue negativa en 81 pacientes (71,7%). Fueron operados 53 pacientes (46,9%); en 44 (38,9%) de estos se constató la enfermedad; en 9 pacientes (7,96%) el apéndice estaba sano, y entre estos pacientes, la ecografía había sido negativa para apendicitis. La sensibilidad fue del 68,1% y especificidad del 97,1%, el valor predictivo positivo de 93,7% y el valor predictivo negativo de 82,7%, presentando un 6,3% de falsos positivos y un 17,2% de falsos negativos. Conclusión : los resultados obtenidos son coincidentes con los de la literatura internacional, y confirman que la ecografía es un estudio útil para el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda.

ABSTRACT Background : Acute appendicitis is one of the most common reasons for emergency departments visits and emergency surgery. In some cases, its diagnosis is still difficult. Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of abdominal ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in a tertiary health care center. Material and methods : We conducted longitudinal study to evaluate the performance of a diagnostic test using data retrospectively collected. The population was made up of 113 patients [mean age: 24 years (range 3-90)], who consulted for pain in the right iliac fossa, underwent abdominal ultrasound and could be followed up until the results of the pathological examination were available between February 2016 and February 2018. The analysis included sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of ultrasound for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Results : Ultrasound was positive for the diagnosis of appendicitis in 32 patients (28.3%) and was negative in 81 patients (71.7%). Fifty-three patients (46.9%) underwent surgery; 44 (38.9%) had confirmed appendicitis while the appendix was healthy in 9 patients (7.96%), and among these patients, the ultrasound had been negative for appendicitis. Sensitivity was 68.1%, specificity 97.1%, the positive predictive value was 93.7% and the negative predictive value 82.7%, with a false positive rate of 6.3% and a false negative rate of 17.2%. Conclusion : The results obtained coincide with those of the international literature and confirm that ultrasound is a useful tool for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis.

Morbimortalidad en pacientes con peritonitis apendicular sometidos a cirugía laparoscópica / Morbimortality in patients with appendicular peritonitis undergoing laparoscopic surgery

Objetivo: Describir la morbimortalidad de los pacientes con diagnóstico de peritonitis apendicular, sometidos a cirugía laparoscópica en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Universitario de Caracas, durante el periodo enero 2013 - diciembre 2018. Métodos: estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, observacional de corte transversal. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes con peritonitis apendicular que fueron sometidos a cirugía laparoscópica en los servicios de Cirugía I, II, III y IV del Hospital Universitario de Caracas, en el período enero 2013-diciembre 2018. Las variables cuantitativas se expresaron en media ± desviación estándar y variables cualitativas en frecuencia y porcentaje; los datos se procesaron en el programa estadístico SPSS 19 (SPSS, inc., Chicago, EEUU). Resultados: la muestra estuvo conformado por 60 pacientes con edades entre 12 y 78 años, con el 78,33% en el grupo etario de 10 a 29 años; el sexo masculino representó el 58,33% de la muestra, con un promedio de edad de 23,90± 11,84 años; las complicaciones se presentaron en el 18,33% de los casos, más frecuente la infección del sitio operatorio con 6,67% (n=4) de los pacientes. La estancia hospitalaria global fue de 4,80 ± 2,58 días. Un paciente falleció. Conclusiones: el abordaje laparoscópico para el tratamiento de la peritonitis apendicular difusa se relaciona con muy baja morbimortalidad postoperatoria. La complicación más frecuente fue la infección del sitio operatorio. La mayoría de los pacientes solo ameritó una intervención quirúrgica(AU)

Objective: To describe the morbimortality ofpatients with a diagnosis of appendicular peritonitis undegoinglaparoscopic surgery in the General Surgery Department of the University Hospital of Caracas, during the period January2013 - December 2018. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive,observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study was performed.the medical records of patients with appendicular peritonitis who underwent laparoscopic surgery in the Surgery I, II, III and IV services of the University Hospital of Caracas were reviewed. Period January 2013-December 2018. Quantitative variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation and qualitative variablesas frequency and percentage. The data were processed in the SPSS 19 statistical program (SPSS, inc., Chicago, USA). Results: the sample consisted of 60 patients aged between 12 and 78 years, with 78.33% in the age group 10 to 29 years. Male sex represented 58.33% of the sample, with an average age of 23.90 ±11.84 years. Complications occurred in 18.33% of the cases, with6.67% (n=4) of the patients reporting surgical site infection. The overall hospital stays of 4.80 ± 2.58 days. One patientdied. Conclusions: the laparoscopic approach is of choice for the treatment of diffuse appendicular peritonitis. The most frequent complication was surgical site infection. Most of the patients only required one surgical intervention(AU)