Consenso de hemofilia en México / Mexican Consensus in Haemophilia

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Abstract Hemophilia is a hemorrhagic disorder with a sex-linked inherited pattern, characterized by an inability to amplify coagulation due to a deficiency in coagulation factor VIII (hemophilia A or classic) or factor IX (hemophilia B). Sequencing of the genes involved in hemophilia has provided a description and record of the main mutations, as well as a correlation with the various degrees of severity. Hemorrhagic manifestations are related to levels of circulating factor, mainly affecting the musculoskeletal system and specifically the large joints (knees, ankles and elbows). This document is a review and consensus of the main genetic aspects of hemophilia, from the inheritance pattern to the concept of women carriers, physiopathology and classification of the disorder, the basic and confirmation studies when hemophilia is suspected, the various treatment regimens based on infusion of the deficient coagulation factor as well as innovative factor-free therapies and recommendations for the management of complications associated with treatment (development of inhibitors and/or transfusion transmitted infections) or secondary to articular hemorrhagic events (hemophilic arthropathy). Finally, relevant reviews of clinical and treatment aspects of hemorrhagic pathology charachterized by acquired deficiency of FVIII secondary to neutralized antibodies named acquired hemophilia.

Epidemiology, spectrum of clinical manifestations and diagnostic issue of acquired haemophilia: A case series

@#Introduction: Acquired haemophilia A (AHA) is a rare acquired bleeding disorder caused by polyclonal immunoglobulin G autoantibodies against clotting factor VIII (FVIII). The incidence was reported to be rare occurring in 0.2- 4 cases/million/year. Patients may present with different clinical manifestations to various specialties. Early recognition of the disease contributes to favourable clinical outcome. Case Series: Here, we reported five cases of this disorder with different clinical presentations from two tertiary hospitals in Kelantan state, Malaysia within a two year-period. Most of them were elderly, except for one who presented at the age of 36 years old. No direct or secondary cause was identified except for one patient who had developed from pregnancy-related at 3 weeks postpartum. These patients presented with spontaneous bleeding typically into skin, muscles, and mucous membranes but also at rare site in the epidural space. All patients denied previous history of bleeding or family history of bleeding disorder. FVIII activities were recorded between <1% to 19%, while the inhibitor titre levels were between 3.9 BU to 340 BU. The treatment approaches especially at presentation were complicated by unfamiliarity of managing this rare condition but all these patients received appropriate medical attention. Discussion: Prompt diagnosis and management in the right hand are critical. Awareness of this disorder by medical personnel at all levels in the community and in various specialties is important.

Detección de inhibidor adquirido específico de factor VIII / Diagnosis of acquired inhibitor against factor VIII / Detecção de inibidor adquirido específico de fator VIII

El inhibidor adquirido contra el factor VIII o “hemofilia adquirida” (HA) es una patología autoinmune que suele presentarse como un sangrado súbito en pacientes sin coagulopatía previa. El diagnóstico de esta patología debe ser rápido, sobre todo en aquellos casos en que la presentación es una hemorragia que puede comprometer la vida del paciente. En esta actualización se analizan las pruebas globales y específicas utilizadas en su detección y los ensayos Bethesda y Nijmejen que permiten la cuantificación del inhibidor para monitorear el tratamiento. Es importante la función del laboratorio en el diagnóstico precoz de esta patología y para eso se debe conocer y pensar en su existencia cuando se presenta un paciente con sangrado, un aPTT prolongado que no corrige con plasma normal, un FVIII disminuido y pruebas de inhibidor lúpico negativo.

The acquired inhibitor against factor VIII or “acquired haemophilia” (HA) is an autoimmune disease that usually appears as a sudden bleeding in patients without previos coagulopathy. Diagnosis of this disease must be quick, particularly when the presentation is a bleeding event that compromises the patient’s life. In this update, global and specific tests used in the detection of FVIII inhibitor are described. Besides, Nijmejen and Bethesda assays are analyzed for the quantification of the inhibitor to monitor treatment. The role of the laboratory is important in early diagnosis of this disease so the presence of this rare but life threatening disease must be suspected when a patient shows haemorrhages, prolonged aPTT that does not correct with normal plasma, decreased FVIII and a negative lupus anticoagulant test.

O inibidor contra o fator VIII adquirido ou “hemofilia adquirida” (HA) é uma doença autoimune que geralmente se apresenta como um sangramento súbito em pacientes sem coagulopatia prévia. O diagnóstico da doença deve ser rápido, especialmente nos casos em que a apresentação é uma hemorragia, que pode comprometer a vida do paciente. Nesta atualização são analisadas as provas globais e específicas utilizadas em sua detecção e nos ensaios de Bethesda e Nijmejen que permitem a quantificação do inibidor para monitorizar o tratamento. É importante a função do laboratório no diagnóstico precoce dessa patologia e, para isso, se deve conhecer e pensar na sua existência quando se apresenta um paciente com sangramento, TTPA prolongado que não corrige com plasma normal, um FVIII diminuído e testes de inibidor lúpico negativo.

Use of Recombinant Factor VIIa in Obstetrics.

The objective of this review article was to evaluate the current literature on the increasing off-label use of rFVIIa in the management of critical obstetric haemorrhage. Given the lack of high-level evidence, there is a need to review the clinical indications, observed response and adverse events. This review is designed to aid practitioners in deciding when and how to administer rFVIIa; since the current evidence from observational studies shows that benefits outweigh risks in its use as an adjunct to conventional treatment in massive haemorrhage. However, pregnancy is a potentially thrombogenic state, hence a cautious approach is required in patients with risk factors for thromboembolic complications.

Identification of a shared F8 mutation in the Korean patients with acquired hemophilia A

Although uncommon, acquired hemophilia A (HA) is associated with a high rate of mortality due to severe bleeding. In spite of many hypotheses regarding the cause of acquired HA, there is as yet no established theory. In this study, we investigated the possibility that mutation(s) in the F8 gene may be correlated with the development of inhibitory autoantibodies. Direct sequencing analysis was performed on all 26 exons of the F8 gene of 2 patients exhibiting acquired HA. Both patients were found to share a common point mutation (c.8899G>A) in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of exon 26. This is the first report on the genotyping of F8 in the context of acquired HA.