Relationship between three-dimensional measurement of acromion coverage and degenerative full-thickness rotator cuff tears / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Acromion morphology is the most important external factor of degenerative rotator cuff tear,and studies on acromion morphology and acromion coverage have been continuing. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the coverage of acromion on rotator cuff tissue in three-dimensional space,measure coronal and sagittal parameters,and explore the relationship of acromial overhang,acromioglenoid angle and acromial coverage angle with degenerative full-thickness rotator cuff tears. METHODS:A total of 56 patients diagnosed with full-thickness rotator cuff tears by shoulder arthroscopic surgery or MRI in the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University from January 2022 to June 2023 were retrospectively collected as the tear group,while 48 patients with non-rotator cuff tear were included as the control group.Clinical data and chest CT data of the patients of the two groups were collected,and the shoulder blades of the patients were reconstructed using Mimics software.Acromial overhang,acromioglenoid angle and acromial coverage angle were measured in 3-matic software.The differences between the measurement parameters were compared between the two groups.Binary Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were performed to evaluate the ability of the measurement parameters to predict rotator cuff tear.It is generally believed that the parameter had good diagnostic value when the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was greater than 0.8. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The mean acromial overhang in patients with rotator cuff tears was greater than that in controls(P<0.001).The mean acromial coverage angle was also greater in patients with rotator cuff tears than in controls(P<0.001).There was no significant difference in the acromioglenoid angle between the two groups(P>0.05).(2)Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that acromial overhang and acromial coverage angle were both risk factors for rotator cuff tear(P<0.05).(3)Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that the areas under the curve of acromial overhang and acromial coverage angle were 0.725 and 0.865,respectively,and the optimal cutoff values were 36.15 mm and 60.65°.(4)The results showed that the acromial overhang and acromial coverage angle were greater in patients with rotator cuff tears than in patients without rotator cuff tears.Both were associated with degenerative full-thickness rotator cuff tears,and they could be used to predict rotator cuff tears,and the acromial coverage angle was more effective in predicting rotator cuff tears.

MRI is a Reliable Method for Measurement of Critical Shoulder Angle and Acromial Index / A ressonância magnética é um método confiável para medida do ângulo crítico do ombro e do índice acromial

Abstract Objective The objectives of this study are to compare absolute values of acromial index (AI) and critical shoulder angle (CSA) obtained in both radiographs and magnetic resonance image (MRI) of the shoulder; and to compare the interobserver and intra-observer agreement for AI and CSA values measured in these image modalities. Methods Patients who had medical indication of investigating shoulders conditions through radiographs and MRI were included. Images were taken to two fellowship-trained shoulder surgeons, which conducted measurements of AI and CSA in radiographs and in MRI. Twelve weeks after the first evaluation, a second evaluation was conducted. Inter- and intra-observer reliability was presented as an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and agreement was classified according to Landis & Koch criteria. The differences between two measurements were evaluated using Bland-Altman plots. Results 134 shoulders in 124 subjects were included. Mean intra-observer ICC for CSA in X-rays and in MRI were 0.936 and 0.940, respectively; for AI, 0.908 and 0.022. Mean inter-observer ICC for CSA were 0.892 and 0.752 in X-rays and MRI respectively; for AI, ICC values were 0.849 and 0.685. All individual analysis reached statistical power (p< 0.001). Mean difference for AI values measured in X-rays and in MRI was 0.01 and 0.03 for observers 1 and 2, respectively. Mean difference for CSA values obtained in X-rays and MRI was 0.16 and 0.58 for observers 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusion Both MRI and X-rays provided high intra- and interobserver agreement for measurement of AI and CSA. Absolute values found for AI and CSA were highly correlated in both image modalities. These findings suggest that MRI is a suitable method to measure AI and CSA. Level of Evidence II, Diagnostic Study.

Resumo Objetivo Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar os valores absolutos do índice acromial (IA) e do ângulo crítico do ombro (ACO) obtidos em radiografias e ressonâncias magnéticas (RM) do ombro e comparar a concordância interobservador e intraobservador dos valores de IA e ACO medidos nessas modalidades de imagem. Métodos Pacientes com indicação médica de investigação de doenças dos ombros por meio de radiografias e RM foram incluídos no estudo. As imagens foram levadas para dois cirurgiões de ombro treinados que realizaram medidas de IA e ACO em radiografias e RM. Doze semanas após a primeira avaliação, uma segunda avaliação foi realizada. A confiabilidade inter e intraobservador foi apresentada como coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) e a concordância foi classificada segundo os critérios de Landis e Koch. As diferenças entre duas medidas foram avaliadas por meio de gráficos de Bland-Altman. Resultados Cento e trinta e quatro ombros de 124 indivíduos foram incluídos no estudo. O CCI intraobservador médio para ACO em radiografias e RM foi 0,936 e 0,940, respectivamente; para IA, foi 0,908 e 0,022. O CCI interobservador médio para ACO foi 0,892 e 0,752 em radiografias e RM, respectivamente; para IA, os valores de CCI foram 0,849 e 0,685. Todas as análises individuais apresentaram poder estatístico (p < 0,001). A diferença média dos valores de IA em radiografias e RM foi 0,01 e 0,03 para os observadores 1 e 2, respectivamente. A diferença média dos valores de ACO em radiografias e RM foi 0,16 e 0,58 para os observadores 1 e 2, respectivamente. Conclusão Tanto a RM quanto as radiografias tiveram alta concordância intra e interobservador para medida de IA e ACO. Os valores absolutos de IA e ACO foram altamente correlacionados em ambas as modalidades de imagem. Esses achados sugerem que a RM é um método adequado para determinação de IA e ACO. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo Diagnóstico.

Asociación de variables morfológicas de tipo de acromion con lesiones del manguito rotador por resonancia magnética nuclear / Association of morphological variables of acromion type with rotator cuff lesions by nuclear magnetic resonance

Resumen: Introducción: el acromion es una pequeña porción de la escápula que se extiende hacia la región anterior desde la espina de la escápula. Tradicionalmente se clasifica al acromion por la forma de su superficie inferior en un plano sagital. Se ha encontrado que la morfología acromial está rela-cionada con la lesión del manguito rotador. Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre el tipo de acromion con una mayor incidencia de ruptura de manguito rotador. Población de estudio: pacientes que acudan al Servicio de Traumatología y Ortopedia de un hospital privado de tercer nivel en la ciudad de Monterrey por hombro doloroso y a los cuales se les haya realizado una resonancia magnética simple de hombro. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio de tipo transversal, retrospectivo y descriptivo, en el cual se revisaron 273 estudios de resonancia magnética en pacientes que cumplieran los criterios de inclusión. Se reportó el tipo de acromion según la clasificación morfológica en tipo I a IV y el estado del manguito rotador: sin ruptura, ruptura parcial o ruptura completa, haciendo una comparación entre hombro derecho e izquierdo. Resultados: se obtuvo un valor de p = 0.473 por lo que se concluye que no existe una asociación entre el tipo de acromion y el estado del manguito rotador. Conclusión: en el presente estudio, a diferencia de lo publicado en la literatura, se obtuvo que el acromion tipo II fue al que se asoció la mayoría de los casos con ruptura del manguito rotador.

Abstract: Introduction: the acromion is a small portion of the scapula that extends towards the anterior region from the spine of the scapula. Traditionally, the acromion is classified by the shape of its inferior surface in a sagittal plane. Acromial morphology has been found to be related to rotator cuff injury. Objective: to determine the association between the type of acromion with a higher incidence of rotator cuff rupture. Study population: patients who come to the Traumatology and Orthopedics Service of a third level hospital at Monterrey, Mexico, due to a painful shoulder and who have undergone a simple magnetic resonance of the shoulder. Material and methods: a cross-sectional, retrospective and descriptive study was carried out, in which 273 magnetic resonance studies were reviewed in patients who met the inclusion criteria. The type of acromion was reported according to the morphological classification in type I to IV and the state of the rotator cuff: without rupture, partial rupture or complete rupture, making a comparison between right and left shoulder. Results: in this study we found a value of p = 0.473 which concludes that there is no relation between the type of acromion and the injury of the rotator cuff. Conclusion: in the present study, unlike what has been published in the literature, it was found that type II acromion was the one that was associated in most cases with a rotator cuff tear.

Morphological determination of glenohumeral joint and acromioclavicular joint with computed tomography / Determinación morfológica de la articulación glenohumeral y la articulación acromioclavicular con tomografía computarizada

SUMMARY: Although acute and chronic pathologies of the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints are frequently encountered in the population, the anatomy and morphometry are not fully known. The aim of this study is to determine the measurements of morphometric parameters according to age groups and sex in a large series of Turkish population. Nine hundred and forty-one shoulders computed tomography (CT) images were screened and those of subjects with healthy anatomical structure were included. Humeral head diameter (HDD) was measured on CT images. Measurements were made using 3D-CT images of: width (GW) and height (GH) of the glenoid cavity; width (CW) and height (CH) of the distal clavicular joint surface; and width (AW) and height (AH) of the acromial joint surface. Data were compared, stratified by age and sex. Images of 223 patients (118 men, 105 women) were analyzed. The following mean measurements were determined: HDD, 41.77±3.77 mm; GH, 34.66±3.26 mm; GW, 25.50±2.90 mm; CW, 14.85±3.51 mm; CH, 8.49±2.27 mm; AW, 12.97±2.94 mm; AH, 7.01±1.77 mm. When startified by sex, HDD (p<0.001), GH (p<0.001), GW (p<0.001), CW (p<0.001), CH (p=0.002), AW (p<0.001) and AH (p<0.001) measurements were significantly different and mean values were greater in men. Similarly for age, significant differences were found for GH (p=0.028), CW (p<0.001), AW (p<0.001), AH (p<0.001). The parametric values we have obtained in the Turkish population we measure differ from the measurements made in different populations according to age groups and sex. Knowing these features will contribute to treatment planning, implant and prosthesis applications.

Aunque las patologías agudas y crónicas de las articulaciones glenohumeral y acromioclavicular son frecuentes en la población, la anatomía y morfometría no se conocen por completo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las medidas de los parámetros morfométricos según grupos de edad y sexo en una serie de individuos de población turca. Se examinaron 941 imágenes de tomografía computarizada (TC) de hombro y se incluyeron las de sujetos con una estructura anatómica sana. El diámetro de la cabeza humeral (HDD) se midió en imágenes de TC. Las mediciones se realizaron utilizando imágenes 3D-CT de: ancho (GW) y altura (GH) de la cavidad glenoidea; anchura (CW) y altura (CH) de la superficie articular clavicular; y anchura (AW) y altura (AH) de la superficie articular acromial. Los datos fueron comparados, estratificados por edad y sexo. Se analizaron imágenes de 223 pacientes (118 hombres, 105 mujeres). Se determinaron las siguientes medidas medias: HDD, 41,77±3,77 mm; GH, 34,66 ± 3,26 mm; GW, 25,50±2,90 mm; CW, 14,85±3,51 mm; CH, 8,49±2,27 mm; AW, 12,97±2,94 mm; AH, 7,01±1,77 mm. Cuando se inicia por sexo, HDD (p<0,001), GH (p<0,001), GW (p<0,001), CW (p<0,001), CH (p=0,002), AW (p<0,001) y AH (p <0,001) las mediciones fueron significativamente diferentes y los valores medios fueron mayores en los hombres. De igual forma para la edad se encontraron diferencias significativas para GH (p=0,028), CW (p<0,001), AW (p<0,001), AH (p<0,001). Los valores paramétricos que hemos obtenido en la población turca difieren de las medidas realizadas en diferentes poblaciones según grupos de edad y sexo. El conocimiento de estas características contribuirá a la planificación del tratamiento, aplicaciones de implantes y prótesis.

Shoulder MRI evaluation of the association of os acromiale with supraspinatus and infraspinatus injury / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the MRI findings of os acromiale and to analyze the relationship between os acromiale and the supraspinatus and infraspinatus injury.@*METHODS@#From January 2010 to August 2020, 21 patients with os acromiale (os arcomiale group) were compared with 21 subjects with no evidence of os acromiale (no os arcomiale group). There were 14 males and 7 females in the os arcomiate group, aged from 29 to 77 years old, mean aged (55.5±11.5) years old. While in the control group, there were 10 males and 11 females in no os arcomiale group, aged from 31 to 70 years old, mean aged (51.1±10.0) years old. The os acromiales were classified as edematous os acromiale or non-edematous os acromiale based on whether the presence of marrow edema, and as displaced os acromiale or non-displaced os acromiale based on whether the presence of displacement of the os acromiale. The MRI features of os acromiale were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed to identify the differences between the os arcomiale group and no os arcomiale group regarding rotator cuff tear, supraspinatus and infraspinatus injury. Differences in the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tear between the edematous and non-edematous os acromiale group, the displaced and non-displaced os acromiale group, the displaced os acromiale and no os arcomiale group were also assessed.@*RESULTS@#On MRI, all the 21 os acromiales appeared as a triangular or irregular bone fragment of the distal acromion, and forms a pseudo-acromioclavicular joint with the acromion. Eleven cases were edematous os acromiale, 11 cases were displaced os acromiale. In the os arcomiale group, 17 had supraspinatus tear, 1 had supraspinatus tendinitis, 11 had infraspinatus tear, and 4 had infraspinatus tendinitis. In the no os arcomiale group, 11 had supraspinatus tear, 2 had supraspinatus tendinitis, 5 had infraspinatus tear, and 1 had infraspinatus tendinitis. No statistically significant difference between the os arcomiale group and no os arcomiale group regarding the rotator cuff tear, supraspinatus and infraspinatus injury (P>0.05). In the 11 cases of edematous os arcomiale, 10 had supraspinatus tear and 7 had infraspinatus tear. In the 10 cases of non-edematous os acromiale, 7 had supraspinatus tear and 4 had infraspinatus tear. No statistically significant difference was noted between the edematous os acromiale and non-edematous os acromiale in terms of supraspinatus and infraspinatus tear (P>0.05). In the 11 cases of displaced os acromiale, 11 had supraspinatus tear and 9 had infraspinatus tear. In the 10 cases of non-displaced os acromiale, 6 had supraspinatus tear and 2 had infraspinatus tear. In the no os arcomiale group, 11 had supraspinatus tear and 5 had infraspinatus tear. There was a statistically significant increases in the prevalence of supraspinatus and infraspinatus tear in the displaced os acromiale group compared with non-displaced os acromiale group, the displaced os acromiale group and no os arcomiale group(P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Shoulder MRI can very well depict os acromiale and can reveal associated abnormalities such as adjacent bone marrow edema, displaced deformity, and rotator cuff tear, and it can be used to assess the stability of the os acromiale. The presence of os acromiale may not increase the risk of supraspinatus and infraspinatus tear significantly. However, the presence of displaced os acromiale is at greater risk of supraspinatus and infraspinatus tear.

Reliability of Bigliani’s Classification using Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Determination of Acromial Morphology

@#Introduction: Bigliani classification is used for determination of acromial morphology, but poor interobserver reliability has been reported on conventional radiographs. This study aims to assess inter- and intraobserver reliability using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and methods: Forty consecutive patients diagnosed with subacromial impingement syndrome were included to study. All subjects underwent standard shoulder MRI scan and acromial shape was evaluated by nine observers of different level of expertise (three attending surgeons, three senior orthopaedic residents and three radiologists). A second set of evaluation was performed in order to assess intra-observer reproducibility. Kappa (κ) coefficient analyses both for interobserver reliability and intra-observer reproducibility were then performed. Results: Overall inter-observer agreement among nine observers was fair (κ=0.323). κ values for all 4 individual types ranged from 0.234 to 0.720 with highest agreement for type 4 and lowest agreement for type 3. Second evaluation did not result with an increase of inter-observer agreement (κ=0.338, fair). The κ coefficients for intra-observer reproducibility of nine observers ranged from 0.496 to 0.867. Overall intra-observer reproducibility was substantial. Comparison of inter- and intra-observer reliability among three groups showed no significant difference (p=0.92 and 0.22, respectively). Conclusion: Results showed that MRI did not show superior reliability compared to conventional radiographs. Moreover, inter- and intra-observer agreement did not differ between observers of different level of expertise. Findings of present study suggest that despite a sophisticated imaging modality like MRI, Bigliani’s classification apparently lacks accuracy and additional criteria, or different assessment methods are required to assess acromial morphology for clinical guidance.

Acromion Morphology of Patients with Rotator Cuff Disease in Standard AP Shoulder Radiograph in Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah and Hospital Kuala Lumpur

@#Introduction: Rotator cuff pathology is commonly attributed to acromion morphology that is demonstrable in standard AP shoulder radiographs by measuring the critical shoulder angle (CSA), the lateral acromial angle (LAA), and the acromial index (AI). However, these parameters vary among races and countries. Therefore, our study aimed to get the local data on acromion morphology in patients with rotator cuff disease. Materials and methods: MRI shoulder reports between January 2012 and June 2018 were reviewed. The study group consisted of 47 patients with rotator cuff injury with a partial or complete tear, and a control group of 37 patients with tendinitis or osteoarthritis and intact rotator cuffs. The CSA, LAA, and AI of both groups were measured on the anteroposterior shoulder radiograph. The risk factors for both groups and the acromion morphology were recorded. Results: The CSA for the rotator cuff tear and the control group was 39.08° and 38.28°, LAA was 72.57 ° and 73.51°, and AI was 0.79 and 0.75. The acromion morphology differed in terms of gender, and only LAA was different among the different ethnic groups. There was a negative correlation between age and CSA, age and AI, LAA and CSA, LAA and AI, but a positive correlation between AI and CSA. Conclusion: The CSA for rotator cuff tear patients in our population was 39.08°, LAA was 72.57°, and AI was 0.79. The acromion morphology was significantly influenced by age and gender.

Tratamiento quirúrgico del síndrome subacromial mediante la técnica de Neer. Estudio casuístico / Surgical treatment of the subacromial syndrome using Neer's technique. Case study

RESUMEN Introducción: el síndrome subacromial es una afección caracterizada por el pinzamiento tendinoso intraarticular por osteofitos o estrechamiento del espacio. Objetivos: evaluar la técnica de Neer en el tratamiento de pacientes con síndrome subacromial y los factores y actividades que favorecen esta afección. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, prospectivo a pacientes con síndrome subacromial tratados con acromioplastia por la técnica de Neer. El universo lo conformaron 66 pacientes mayores de 20 años, que presentaron síndrome subacromial con síntomas por más de seis meses, y que fueron tratados con la técnica de Neer. Resultados: el sexo más afectado fue el femenino, con 65,2 %. Predominó el grupo etario de 41 a 50 años. El dolor en etapa prequirúrgica fue de moderado a severo en un 77,2 %, y nulo o leve después de la operación. La función en etapa prequirúrgica estuvo afectada de moderada a severa en un 68,1 %, y nula o leve después del tratamiento quirúrgico. La flexión anterior activa estuvo por debajo de 90º en un 83,1 % antes de ser operados, y por encima de 90º en un 80,3 % en el posquirúrgico. La fuerza muscular era mala o regular en etapa prequirúrgica en un 77,2 %, resultando ser excelente o buena después de la operación. Conclusiones: una vez aplicada la técnica de Neer, el dolor fue leve o nulo en la mayoría del universo, la función del hombro fue buena, la flexión anterior adecuada, y buena la fuerza muscular. Se recomienda emplear esta técnica quirúrgica en esta afección (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: subacromial syndrome is a condition characterized by intra-articular tendinous impingement by osteophytes or narrowing of space. Objective: to evaluate Neer's technique in the treatment of patients with subacromial syndrome and the factors and activities favoring this condition. Materials end methods: an observational, descriptive, prospective study was performed in patients with subacromial syndrome treated with acromioplasty using Neer's technique. The universe was formed by 66 patients aged over 20 years, who presented subacromial syndrome with symptoms for more than 6 months, and were treated with Neer's technique. Results: the most affected sex was the female one, with 65.2 %. The age group aged 41 to 50 years predominated. In pre-surgical stage, pain ranged from moderate to severe in 77.2 %, and from null to mild after surgery. Preoperative function was moderate to severe in 68.1 % and null or mild after surgical treatment. The previous active flexion was below 90° in 83.1 % before being operated, and above 90° in 80.3 % after surgery. Muscle strength was poor or regular in pre-surgical stage in 77.2 %, being excellent or good after surgery. Conclusions: once Neer's technique was applied, the pain was mild or null in most of the universe, the shoulder function was good, the anterior flexion adequate, and the muscle strength good (AU).

Acromial type in Brazilian young adults: a radiological study / Tipo acromial em adultos jovens brasileiros: um estudo radiológico

Introduction: curved and hooked acromia play a key role in shoulder impingement syndrome. Little is known about acromial type in the Brazilian population. Aim: To describe the acromial profile of Brazilian young adults; to evaluate its correlation with gender and handedness and the occurrence of symmetry between the genders. Methodology: forty acromia in 20 Brazilian adults of both genders, aged 21-25 years, were studied. The acromial type was classified through the Bigliani/Epstein method using radiographs in supraspinatus outlet view. Results: as there was no gender difference in occurrences of acromial type, we considered the male and female groups together. Thus, among the 20 right acromia, we found 5 type I (25%), 8 type II (40%) and 7 type III (35%). Among the 20 left acromia, we found 4 type I (20%), 11 type II (55%) and 5 type III (25%). The only left-handed volunteer (100%) presented acromial type III in both the right and the left shoulder. Among the 19 right-handed volunteers, 5 (26.3%) presented right acromion type I, 8 (42.1%) had type II and 6 (31.6%) had type III; for the left acromion, 4 (21.1%) presented type I, 11 (57.9%) had type II and 4 (21.1%) had type III. Acromial symmetry occurred in 60% of females and 70% of males. Conclusion: type II acromion was predominant, in both the right and the left shoulder in Brazilian young adults. There was no correlation between acromial type and gender. It was not possible to analyze the correlation between acromial type and handedness. Acromial type tended to be symmetrical in our sample.

Introdução: o acrômio curvo e gancho desempenham um papel fundamental na Síndrome do impacto do ombro. Pouco se sabe sobre o tipo acromial na população brasileira. Objetivo: descrever o perfil do tipo acromial em adultos jovens brasileiros e avaliar sua correlação com o gênero e a lateralidade e a ocorrência de simetria entre os sexos. Metodologia: foram estudados 40 acrômios de 20 adultos brasileiros, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 21 e 25 anos. O tipo acromial foi classificado pelo método de Bigliani/ Epstein nas radiografias de perfil de escápula. Resultados: como não houve diferença na ocorrência do tipo acromial quanto ao gênero, consideramos os grupos masculino e feminino juntos. Assim, dos 20 acrômios direitos, foram encontrados 5 (25%) do tipo I, 8 (40%) do tipo II e 7 (35%) do tipo III, enquanto que dos 20 acrômios esquerdos, foram encontrados 4 (20%) tipo I, 11 (55%) tipo II e 5 (25%) tipo III. O único voluntário canhoto (100%) apresentou para o ombro direito e esquerdo o tipo acromial III. Dos 19 voluntários destros, 5 (26,3%) apresentavam acrômio direito tipo I, 8 (42,1%) tipo II e 6 (31,6%) tipo III; para o acrômio esquerdo, 4 (21,1%) apresentavam tipo I, 11 (57,9%) tipo II e 4 (21,1%) tipo III. A simetria acromial ocorreu nos grupos feminino (60%) e masculino (70%). Conclusão: o acrômio tipo II foi o mais predominante para os ombros direito e esquerdo em adultos jovens brasileiros. Não houve correlação entre o tipo de acromial e o gênero. Não foi possível analisar a correlação entre o tipo acromial e a lateralidade. O tipo acromial tende a ser simétrico em na amostra estudada.

Morphometric Analysis of Adult Acromion Process of Scapula in SouthIndian Population

Background: Morphometric analysis of the acromion process is important in shoulder joint pathologies and the structures passing through the subacromion space or structures present underneath the coracoacromial arch are more prone to undergo impingement and end with impingement syndrome of the shoulder joint. Knowledge on the morphometry of the acromion process is essential before planning surgical treatment of the impingement syndrome such as, acromioplasty or acromionectomy. The present study is aimed to focus on the morphometric analysis of the acromion process. Subjects and Methods: The present study was carried on 100 dry adult scapulae in which 50 were right and 50 were left. The following parameters were measured; length of the acromion, width of the acromion, coracoacromial distance and the acromioglenoidal distance. All the parameters were measured using vernier caliper. Results: The mean length of the acromion process was 42.55mm and 41.43mm on the right and the left sides respectively. The mean width of the acromion process was 23.12mm and 22.8mm on the right and the left sides respectively. The mean coracoacromial distance was 34.16mm and 34.15mm on the right and the left sides respectively. The average acromioglenoid distance was 24.48mm and 24.52mm on the right and the left sides respectively. Conclusion: The morphometric data of this study will be of great importance for the orthopaedic surgeon while treating the impingement syndrome and other surgeries of shoulder joint.

Confiabilidade interavaliador do método de Bigliani para classificação do tipo acromial / Inter-rater reliability of the method of Bigliani for classifying acromial type

Introdução: em 1875, Hamilton identificou o formato do acrômio como uma etiologia de dor no ombro. Neer, em 1972, descreveu a síndrome do impacto no ombro como uma relação de causa e efeito entre a morfologia do acrômio e o impacto subacromial. Em 1986, Bigliani et al. apresentaram um esquema de classificação do acrômio de acordo com o formato de sua superfície inferior: plano (tipo I), curvo (tipo II) e gancho (tipo III). Em 1993, Epstein et al. proporam que o acrômio tipo II apresentaria um declive em seu terço médio e o tipo III no seu terço anterior. Objetivo: avaliar a reprodutibilidade/confiabilidade interavaliador do método de Bigliani et al. (1986) refinado por Espstein et al. (1993) para a classificação do tipo acromial. Metodologia: casuística composta por 20 voluntários brasileiros, de ambos os gêneros, entre 21-25 anos. A incidência radiográfica utilizada para visualizar o formato do acrômio foi perfil de escápula. O tipo acromial foi classificado por três avaliadores. A reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade foram avaliadas pelo teste McNemar e pelo índice Kappa. Resultados: teste de McNemar com p > 0,05; índice Kappa entre 0,61 e 0,8; e probabilidade de significância p de Kappa < 0,05 confirmam a muito boa reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade do método para classificação do tipo acromial entre os três avaliadores. Conclusão: o método de Bigliani et al. (1986) refinado por Epstein et al. (1993) para classificação do tipo acromial mostrou concordância entre todos os avaliadores confirmando a muito boa reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade entre os avaliadores do estudo.

Introduction: in 1875, Hamilton identified that acromion shape was an etiology for shoulder pain. In 1972, Neer described shoulder impact syndrome as a cause and effect relationship between acromion morphology and subacromial impact. In 1986, Bigliani et al. presented an acromion classification scheme according to the shape of its lower surface: flat (type I), curved (type II) and hook (type III). In 1993, Epstein et al. proposed that the type II acromion would have a slope in its middle third and type III in its anterior third. Objective: to evaluate the inter-rater reproducibility and reliability of the method of Bigliani et al. (1986) for classifying acromial type, as refined by Epstein et al. (1993). Methodology: this was a case series composed of 20 Brazilian volunteers of both genders, aged 21-25 years. The shape of the acromion was visualized radiographically using the supraspinatus outlet view. Acromial type was classified by three evaluators. Reproducibility and reliability were assessed using the McNemar test and kappa index. Results: the McNemar test showed probability p > 0.05 and the kappa index was between 0.61 and 0.8 significant result: p < 0.05. These confirmed that this method had very good reproducibility and reliability for classifying acromial type among the three evaluators. Conclusion: the method of Bigliani et al. (1986) for classifying acromial type, as refined by Epstein et al. (1993) showed agreement among all the evaluators. This confirmed that there was very good reproducibility and reliability among the evaluators of this study.

A Simple Bone Cyst of the Acromion: Case Report / Cisto ósseo simples do acrômio: Relato de caso

Abstract Simple bone cysts rarely occur in the scapula, and, to our knowledge, they have not been reported in the acromion. In the present report, we present the case of a 24-year-old female patient who was successfully treated by curettage and grafting using xenografting. No recurrence findings were observed during the follow-up six months postoperatively, the patient had recovered full range of motion, and she was able to perform all routine activities satisfactorily.

Resumo Cistos ósseos simples são raros na escápula, e, pelo que sabemos, não foram relatados no acrômio. Aqui, apresentamos uma paciente do sexo feminino, de 24 anos, submetida com sucesso ao tratamento composto por curetagem e xenoenxerto. Não foram observados achados de recidiva no acompanhamento pós-operatório de seis meses, quando a paciente apresentou amplitude total de movimento e foi capaz de realizar todas as atividades rotineiras de maneira satisfatória.

Correlations between subacromial impingement syndrome and acromial morphology and subacromial intervals after surgery of proximal humerus fracture / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the correlations between subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS) and acromial morphology and subacromial intervals after surgery of proximal humerus fracture.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted of the 62 patients with proximal humerus fracture who had been treated by internal fixation with a locking titanium plate from December 2014 to December 2019 at Department of Orthopedics, People's Hospital of Gaoming District. They were 40 men and 22 women, with an average age of 53.5 years (from 35 to 71 years). By the Neer classification, there were 38 three-part and 24 four-part fractures. The incidence of SIS was determined by Nikolaus's diagnostic criteria. The patients were divided into a SIS group and a non-SIS group. The acromial morphology was observed and the subacromial intervals [acromio-greater tuberosity of humerus interval (AGI) and acromio-plate interval (API)] were measured on postoperative X-ray films. The correlations were analyzed between them and SIS.Results:All patients completed treatments and follow-ups from 3 to 15 months (average, 10 months). There was no incision infection or internal fixation failure. There were 18 cases in the SIS group and 44 ones in the non-SIS group. In the SIS group, 3 cases had type Ⅰ acromion while 15 ones type Ⅱ or type Ⅲ acromion; in the non-SIS group, 20 cases had type Ⅰ acromion while 24 ones type Ⅱ or type Ⅲ acromion. The proportion of patients with type Ⅱ or type Ⅲ acromion in the SIS group was significantly higher than that in the non-SIS group ( P<0.05). AGI and API in the SIS group were (11.6±2.1) mm and (14.2±2.4) mm, significantly shorter than those in the non-SIS group [(15.7±2.8) mm and (18.5±3.2) mm] ( P<0.05). Conclusions:SIS is a common complication after surgery of proximal humerus fracture. Abnormal acromial morphology (type Ⅱ or type Ⅲ acromion), poor fracture reduction (reduced AGI), and high placement of a titanium plate (reduced API) may be all important factors leading to SIS.

Correlación de la morfología de la glenoides y la cobertura del acromion con rupturas de manguito rotador / Correlation of glenoid morphology and acromial coverage with rotator cuff tears

Introducción El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si existen diferencias en el ángulo crítico del hombro medido por resonancia magnética en pacientes con ruptura de manguito rotador en comparación con pacientes sanos, así mismo, determinar la fiabilidad intraobservador del ángulo crítico del hombro. Se midieron diferentes variables en la resonancia magnética las cuales incluían: la extensión lateral del acromion, la altura acromial, la versión de la glenoides, el ángulo lateral del acromion y la inclinación glenoidea. Materiales y métodos Se evaluaron dos grupos de pacientes, el grupo control con un total de 16 pacientes y el grupo con ruptura de manguito rotador con 15 pacientes. Se midió en resonancia magnética el ángulo crítico del hombro, inclinación glenoidea, versión de la glenoides, altura acromial, extensión lateral del acromion y el ángulo lateral del acromion. Se utilizó la prueba T de student para comparación de medias y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson para la asociación entre variables. Así mismo se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación intraclase para la valoración de la fiabilidad intraobservador. Resultados Se obtuvo un resultado de 0.961 en el coeficiente de correlación intraclase para la fiabilidad intraobservador del ángulo crítico del hombro. En la comparación de medias para el ángulo crítico del hombro entre el grupo control y el grupo con ruptura de manguito rotador se obtuvo un resultado de 32.3°(3.6) vs 35.01°(2.4) con una diferencia estadisticamente significativa(p=0.02). De igual manera se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en la inclinación glenoidea y la versión de la glenoides en ambos grupos (81.56°DE 4.04 vs 77.11° DE 3.84; p=0.004) y (-4.47° DE 4.56 vs -1.58°DE 3.94; p=0.04). Discusión Existen diferencias significativas en la medición del ángulo crítico del hombro medido por resonancia magnética en pacientes sanos y pacientes con ruptura de manguito rotador.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a difference between the critical shoulder angle measured by MRI in patients with rotator cuff tear and healthy patients, also to evaluate the intraobserver reliability in this measure. Other variables were included as well, lateral acromial extension, acromial height, glenoid version, glenoid inclination and lateral acromial angle. Materials and methods Two groups were evaluated, the control group consisted in a total of 16 patients and the group with rotator cuff tear consisted of 15 patients. The critical shoulder angle, glenoid inclination, glenoid version, acromial height, lateral acromial extension and lateral acromial angle were measured on MRI. A student T test was used for comparison of means between both groups, Pearson correlation coefficient was used for evaluating the association between variables. The intraobserver reliability was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Results A result of 0.961 was obtained for the intraobserver reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient for the critical shoulder angle. For the comparison of means of the critical shoulder angle in the control group and the rotator cuff tear group a result of 32.3° (3.6) vs. 35.01° (2.4) was obtained with a statistically significant difference of p=0.02. Likewise, statistically significant differences were obtained in the glenoid inclination and glenoid version in both groups (81.56° SD 4.04 vs 77.11° SD 3.84; p=0.004) and (−4.47° SD 4.56 vs −1.58° SD 3.94; p=0.04). Discussion Critical shoulder angle measured by MRI is statistically significant different in control group and in rotator cuff tear group.

Acromion, coracoid and glenoid processes of scapula: an anatomical study

Background: Acromion morphology has an important role in impingement syndrome and pathogenesis of rotator cuff diseases. Coracoid process is involved in many surgical procedures of shoulder joint. Dimensions of glenoid process are essential in designing glenoid components for total shoulder replacement. Aim of the study was to measure the various dimensions and note the morphology of acromion, coracoid and glenoid processes of scapula.Methods: Fourty two scapulae (24 right, 18 left) were used and the dimensions of the three processes were measured with digital Vernier calipers.Results: The findings were as follows- length of acromion- 43.57±5.13 mm; width of acromion- 25.03±3.57 mm; acromio-coracoid distance- 33.09±7.02 mm; acromio-glenoid distance- 25.24±4.05 mm; height of coraco-acromial arch- 15.17±3.8 mm; length of coracoid- 38.73±3.72 mm; width of coracoid- 14.28±2.36 mm; tip thickness of coracoid- 8.61±1.89 mm; height of base coracoid- 12.91±2.88 mm; width of base of coracoid- 22.31±3.54 mm; height of glenoid- 34.18±3.53 mm; superior antero-posterior glenoid length- 15.35±2.35 mm and inferior antero-posterior glenoid length- 23.9±2.52 mm.Conclusions: The results will be highly relevant in orthopaedic surgery and manufacturing shoulder prosthesis.

Morphometry Of Acromion Process Of Human Scapulae

Background: The acromion process plays an important role in formation of the shoulder joint and providesstability to the shoulder joint. Acromion process resection is done in case of shoulder impingement syndrome.Materials and Methods: About 100 dry human scapulae were measured for parameters such as length, breadthof acromion process of scapula. The acromio coracoids distance and acromio glenoid distance was measuredusing vernier callipers.Observation: It was observed that the curved type of acromion process was the commonest type. Flat type is leastcommon type. The mean length of acromion process on right side is longer significantly than the left side. Thelength of acromion process on right side is significantly longer than the left side. All the other parameters(Breadth of acromion process, Acromio glenoid distance, acromio clavicular distance on right and left side wasnot significant.Conclusion: The present study provides useful data of dimensions of acromion which may help the orthopaediciansduring surgical repair around the shoulder joint. It will of interest to anthropologists when studying about theevolution of the bipedal gate

Reconstrucción anatómica del Acromion en casos de fracturas traumáticas y posterior a artroplastia reversa del Hombro. Reporte de Casos / Anatomic reconstruction of the acromion in cases of traumatic fractures after reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Report of a series of cases

Introducción Tanto las fracturas traumáticas del acromion, así como las fracturas acromiales por insuficiencia posterior a artroplastia reversa del hombro, son entidades poco frecuentes. Con la ampliación des los criterios operativos para la artroplastia reversa del hombro, es de suponer un aumento en el caso des las fracturas acromiales por insuficiencia posteriores a dicho procedimiento quirúrgico. Al ser estas entidades poco frecuentes hacen falta en la literatura recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia para el manejo de estas, las cuales representan un reto para el especialista tratante. Materiales y Métodos Reporte de seis casos entre 2013 y 2016 en el hospital cantonal de Frauenfeld (Suiza) de dos grupos de pacientes con fracturas del Acromion. En el grupo A se clasificaron tres pacientes que presentaron fractura por insuficiencia del acromion posterior a artroplastia reversa del Hombro. En el grupo B clasificaron tres pacientes con fracturas traumáticas del acromion en las cuales el manejo conservador no fue exitoso. Los dos grupos de pacientes fueron sometidos al mismo método quirúrgico con reducción abierta y reconstrucción anatómica del Acromion por medio de fijación con placa y tornillos interfragmentarios. Resultados Posterior a la intervención quirúrgica, la función del hombro se recuperó en todos los pacientes del Grupo A. La flexión anterior aumentó en promedio de 53° a 127°, y la abducción mejoró de 52° a 125°. Las mediciones posteriores al año de la intervención mostraron puntajes constantes entre 55-71, así como un valor subjetivo de hombro (SSV) de 50-90. En el Grupo B, el rango de movimiento preoperatorio se mantuvo constante. La flexión hacia delante mejoró de 133° a 157° y la abducción aumentó de 147° a 153°. Un año después de la cirugía, los puntajes de Constant en el grupo B variaron de 70 a 86 y el SSV se encontró entre 80 a 100. Los tres pacientes del Grupo B consiguieron retomar sus actividades diarias sin dolor y pudieron regresar al trabajo. La extracción de la placa fue necesaria en la mitad de los pacientes de la cohorte (Grupo A n=1, Grupo B n=2). Discusión La fractura del acromion es una condición seria que puede causar daño significativo al funcionamiento del hombro. Tanto en pacientes con ARH así como en pacientes sin ARH previa, nuestra técnica operativa abierta de reconstrucción anatómica del acromion mostró buenos resultados. Recomendamos el manejo quirúrgico por medio de reconstrucción con placa y clavos de fijación. Nivel de evidencia: IV

Aim To propose a surgical technique to treat the traumatic acromion fractures, as well as acromion fractures before reverse total Shoulder Replacement (TSR). Methods Six patients were treated with the same fixation technique between December 2013 and December 2016. Three patients had acromial insufficiency fractures (type II) following TSR (Group A). The other three patients, who had traumatic acromion fractures, underwent unsuccessful conservative treatment (Group B). Surgical treatment involved reconstruction of the acromion using an open technique with plate and interfragmentary screw fixation. Results Following reconstruction, shoulder function was regained in all patients in Group A. Forward flexion increased, on average, from 53° to 127°, and abduction improved from 52° to 125°. Measurements at one-year follow-up were Constant scores from 55-71, and subjective shoulder value (SSV) from 50-90. In Group B, preoperative range of motion was not substantially diminished. Forward flexion improved from 133° to 157°, and abduction increased from 147° to 153°. One year following surgery, the Constant scores in Group B ranged from 70-86, and SSV was 80-100. All three patients performed daily activities without pain, and were able to return to work. Plate removal was necessary in half the patients in the cohort (Group A n=1; Group B n=2). Conclusion An acromion fracture is a serious condition that can cause significant damage to shoulder functioning. In patients with or without previous TSR, this fixation technique was used successfully to reconstruct the anatomic lateral and basal acromion. Evidence Level: IV

Effect Of Taping On Scapular Posture And Shoulder Range Of Motion In Subacromial Impingement Syndrome

Background: Alteration in upper body posture is associated with shoulder impingement due to changes in scapular orientation, increased thoracic kyphosis and concomitant imbalance of glenohumeral and scapulothoracic muscles. Mechanical correction of scaular and thoracic posture can reduce impingement. Recently use of kinesiotapes has been increasingly popular. There have been some studies reporting the effect of kinesiotapes on muscle activation and pain reduction in subacromial impingement syndrome. Kinesiotapes can also be used to correct scapular and thoracic posture in Subacromial Impingement Syndrome. Purpose of study: To study the effect of scapula and thoracic taping using kinesiotapes in addition of conventional treatment on scapular posture and shoulder range of motion in Subacromial Impingement Syndrome. Materials and Methods: 60 subjects with Subacromial Impingement Syndrome were randomly assigned to two groups. Experimental group received scapula and thoracic taping using kinesiotape for 24hrs along with conventional physiotherapy treatment. Control group received conventional physiotherapy. Subjects were assessed pre, immediate post intervention and 24hr post intervention for scapular posture, shoulder range of motion and pain. Results: Experimental group showed statistical significant improvement(p<0.001) in scapular posture, shoulder range of motion and pain (on medial rotation, and reaching the back) scores both immediately and 24hour post intervention compared to control group. Also greater improvement was seen in pain and range of motion post 24 hour as compared to immediate post intervention in experimental group. Conclusion: Taping as an adjunct to conventional treatment is much more effective for short term improvement in scapular postures, range of motion and reduction in pain as compared to only conventional treatment in subjects with Subacromial Impingement Syndrome.

Acromion morphology affects acromion osteolysis and fracture after clavicular hook plate fixation / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To investigate the impacts of acromion morphology on acromion osteolysis and fracture after clavicular hook plate fixation.Methods The clinical data were analyzed retrospectively of 255 patients who had been treated by clavicle hook plate from January 1st,2011 through December 31th,2012 at Department of Orthopedics,Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital.They were 182 males and 73 females with an average age of 46.6 years (from 14 to 76 years).Of them,130 were diagnosed with distal clavicular fracture,of which 126 were acute cases (within 14 days) and 4 chronic ones.The other 125 patients were diagnosed with acromioclavicular dislocation,of which 121 were acute cases and 4 chronic ones.Radiological data were reviewed to analyze the morphology and clinical outcome of acromion osteolysis.The hook-acromion (HA) angle was measured and the relationships between HA angles and different types of acromion osteolysis were statistically analyzed.Results The follow-up for the 255 patients averaged 6 months (from 1 to 24months).Acromion osteolysis with different migrations of clavicular hook plate was observed in 175 cases (68.6％),of which 77 were type Ⅰ (osteolysis with clavicular hook migration) and 98 type Ⅱ (osteolysis without clavicular hook migration).Acromion fractures were observed in the other 6 cases (2.35％).The HA angles in type Ⅰ osteolysis (11.05° ± 11.69°) were significantly larger than that in type Ⅱ (6.36° ± 11.47°)(P ＜ 0.05) Conclusions An increased HA angle may be a risk factor for acromion osteolysis with clavicular hook migration and acromion fracture.Variation in acromion morphology may increase the HA angle.Stress localization may be one of the mechanisms of acromion osteolysis and fractures.

The decompressive effect of chock-block technique used for acromioplasty: an anatomical study / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To provide anatomic evidence for chock-block technique used for acromioplasty.Methods Thirty cadaveric specimens of intact shoulder fixed by formaldehyde solution were used for this anatomic study.They were chosen from 15 males and 15 females and from 17 left and 13 right sides.First the specimens were dissected for observation of general morphology of the acromion.According to the Bigliani's classification,the acromions were sorted in morphology as type Ⅰ (flat),type Ⅱ (curved) and type Ⅲ (hooked).The shortest distance from the acromion to the humeral head (A-H) was measured.Then the location of subacromial impingement was observed and the thickness of the anterolateral angle was measured preoperatively.At last,acromioplasty using the chock-block technique was performed in the acromions of types Ⅱ and Ⅲ.Postoperatively,the distance A-H and the thickness of the anterolateral angle were measured again for comparison with the preoperative values.Results According to the Bigliani's classification,7 acromions were type Ⅰ,13 type Ⅱ and 10 type Ⅲ.Subacromial impact occurred only in the anterior acromions of types Ⅱ and Ⅲ.The distance A-H was 0.670 ± 0.035 cm in type Ⅰ acromions,significantly longer than the preoperative values of type Ⅱ (0.506 ±0.029 cm) and type Ⅲ (0.334 ±0.023 cm) (P ＜ 0.05),but showed no significant differences from the postoperative values of type Ⅱ (0.692 ±0.025 cm) and type Ⅲ (0.699 ±0.024 cm) (P ＞ 0.05).The anterolateral angular thickness of type Ⅰ acromions was O.413 ± 0.015 cm,significantly thinner than the preoperative values of type Ⅱ (0.607 ±0.014 cm) and type Ⅲ (0.623 ±0.025 cm) (P ＜ 0.05),but showed no significant differences from the postoperative values of type Ⅱ (0.414±0.035 cm) and type Ⅲ (0.412±0.033 cm) (P＞ 0.05).Conclusion The chock-block technique used for acromioplasty is effective because it can enlarge the supraspinatus outlet and deter impingement.