Is Adult Tetanus an Endemic in India?

Background: Tetanus is a life-threatening disease in developing country like India, with high morbidity and mortality rate. Though maternal and neonatal tetanus is eliminated, adult tetanus still remains in boom and is overlooked. Methods: An observational descriptive study using retrospective secondary data was undertaken among the patients admitted to a regional referral hospital to study the epidemiological factors influencing tet-anus, clinical features and the outcome of tetanus. Results: Analysis of 41 clinically diagnosed cases of tetanus showed that, majority were in 50-69 years of age group who resided in rural area and agriculture was their main occupation. Case fatality rate was 53.6% which revealed that mortality was the major outcome. And 95% of those infected were not aware of their immunization status. Conclusion: An early diagnosis, a proper wound management immediately after the injury, health edu-cation programs to create awareness among the public not to neglect even trivial injuries would definite-ly lead India to the path of elimination of adult tetanus. Strong emphasis is to be laid on adult immuniza-tion beyond the age of 10 years.

Recent Update in Adult Immunization / 가정의학회지

Immunization is the most effective and cost-beneficial means to prevent infectious diseases in adults as well as in children. However, adult immunization has been beyond the center of attention relatively to children's immunization in Korea. Since the Korean Academy of Family Medicine had published "Vaccination for Adults" in 1994, a recent update was done in this field by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases. This paper reviews standard immunization for healthy persons and supplementary immunization for persons with underlying diseases based on those recent recommendations. General information, indications, dosage, route of administration, efficacy and safety were reviewed for vaccination of influenza, pneumococcal infection, tetanus, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, human papilloma virus, varicella and measles/mumps/rubella.

Recent Update in Adult Immunization / 가정의학회지

Immunization is the most effective and cost-beneficial means to prevent infectious diseases in adults as well as in children. However, adult immunization has been beyond the center of attention relatively to children's immunization in Korea. Since the Korean Academy of Family Medicine had published "Vaccination for Adults" in 1994, a recent update was done in this field by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases. This paper reviews standard immunization for healthy persons and supplementary immunization for persons with underlying diseases based on those recent recommendations. General information, indications, dosage, route of administration, efficacy and safety were reviewed for vaccination of influenza, pneumococcal infection, tetanus, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, human papilloma virus, varicella and measles/mumps/rubella.

Analysis on Immune Effect of 10 Microgramme Recombinant Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cell HB Vaccine in Adults / 医学研究杂志

Objective To explore immune effects of HB vaccine and relative strategies of controlling hepatitis B in adults of different ages, genders, and different anti-HBs levels before immunization. Methods In Shaoxing city, 1055 healthy adults aged 18 to 50 with HBsAg negative were randomly selected and inoculated with 10?g/ml indigenous CHO HB vaccine according to the programme of 0,1,6 months. Results 835 adults completed the whole programme, and the total immunization coverage rate was 85.12%. Before and after immunization,the positive rates of anti-HBs were 52.10% and 98.44% respectively, and anti-HBsGMT rose from 14.32mU/ml to 413.98mU/ml. For the two groups, anti-HBsGMT=0 and 0

Adult Immunization

In 1796, Jenner inoculated the vesicular fluid from cowpox lesions into the skin of susceptible individuals and induced protection against smallpox, and thus the era of immunization began. With the introduction of vaccinations, children and adults are now protected against 15 life-threatening or debilitating diseases. In 1980, the WHO declared that smallpox was eradicated and people did not need to be vaccinated any more. Vaccines have reduced cases of all vaccine-preventable diseases by more than 97% from peak levels before vaccines were available. Despite these success stories and even though coverage has improved, pockets of under-immunized children remain, leaving the potential for outbreaks. Many adolescents and adults are under-immunized as well, missing opportunities to protect themselves against vaccinepreventable diseases such as tetanus, hepatitis B, influenza, and pneumococcal disease. In the text, we intend to describe the indication, adverse effects, and contraindications of adult immunization.

Cognition and performance rate for adult immunization among urban general population

BACKGROUND: Although adult immunization is as important as childhood immunization, is being inadequately performed. However, previous studies concerning adult immunization could not be sufficiently evaluate because studies were restricted to the residents in rural area or those who have visited a doctor. METHOD: We conducted a study by telephone interview which included 201 household(375 adult family members) selected by systematic sampling from the yellow pages of Kangnam-gu and Sungbuk-gu districts of Seoul. The types of immunization covered in this study were immunizations against hepatitis B, influenza, pneumococcus, and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS). Immunization status of all adult household members, cognition of the feed for immunization and of interviewees were surveyed. Sex, age, area of residency, education medical history of study subjects were considered as factors related to the cognition of the need for immunization and immunization performance. RESULT: The cognition rates of immunization were as follows: hepatitis B 85.1%, influenza 45.8% pneumonra 38.3%, and HFRS 38.3%. In the people over 65 years old, the cognition rate against influenza and pneumococeus were 6.25%, 6.25% respectively and for those she have chronic disease.80.0%, 20.0%, respectively. The cognition rates of immunization was significantly higher among those subject who were young, well educated, and those residing in Kangnam-gu district. The immunization performance rate of hepatitis B was 6.5%, influenza 5.6%, pneumonia 0.8%, and HFRS 1.1%. 75.5% of subjects vaccinated against hepatitis B had received at least three titles. The immunization performance rate of influenza and pneumococcus by the immunization indication are as follows 8.0%, 0.0%, respectively in the subjects over 65 years old, and 11.1%, 0.0,% respectively in the people who have chronic disease. The immunization performance rate of hepatitis B was higher among young, well educated subjects living in Kangnam-gu district. But age, education, area of residency played no apparent role in the case of other types of immunization. The immunization performance rate of those who felt the need for immunization as significant1y higher then that of those who did not. To assess the factors which re]ate to the correct cognition for immunization necessity, we used a multiple logistic regression test. For all types of immunization surveyed, sex(femals) and age (young) seemed to be significantly related to the correct necessity cognition. Medical history of chronic disease was also related to the correct necessity cognition for immunization against hepatitis B and influenza. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that among living in urban area the immunization performance rate and the correct cognition rate concerning the necessity for adult immunization was generally very low. Therefore, an active publicity and pubic education will be needed to increase the level of correct necessity cognition for immunization in which the disease status, sex, and age of vaccinee are considered. And more active effort to increase the cognition for immunization necessity performance is required.