Preparation and in vivo Distribution of Essential Oil from Alpinia zerumbet Fructus Encapsulated Nanoemulsions / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo prepare oral nanoemulsions encapsulating essential oil from Alpinia zerumbet fructus（EOFAZ） and to investigate its pro-absorption effect in vitro and distribution in vivo. MethodThe proteoglycan conjugate polysaccharides of vinegar-processed Bupleuri Radix-bovine serum albumin（VBCP-BSA） was prepared by Maillard reaction of VBCP and BSA. Taking VBCP-BSA as emulsifier， vitamin B12（VB12） as absorption enhancer， and medium chain triglycerides mixed with EOFAZ as oil phase， the nanoemulsions loaded with EOFAZ was prepared by high energy emulsification method. The particle size， particle size distribution， surface Zeta potential， EOFAZ content and appearance and morphology of the nanoemulsions were characterized， and fluorescein tracer method was used to investigate the absorption effect of fluorescein-labeled EOFAZ nanoemulsions in vitro and their distribution in vivo. ResultVBCP-BSA was formed by Maillard reaction for 48 h with high grafting rate. Using VBCP-BSA as emulsifier， the homogeneous pink nanoemulsions was prepared and denoted as EOFAZ@VBCP-BSA/VB12. The particle size of the nanoemulsions was less than 100 nm and the particle size distribution was uniform. The surface of the nanoemulsions was a weak negative charge， and the shape was spherical. The encapsulation rate of the nanoemulsions for EOFAZ was greater than 80%， which had a good absorption effect in vitro and could enhance liver accumulation after oral administration. ConclusionThe designed proteoglycan nanoemulsions can effectively load EOFAZ， promote oral absorption and enhance liver distribution， which can provide experimental basis for the development of oral EOFAZ liver protection preparations.

Chemical characterization and effects of volatile oil of Alpinia zerumbet on the quality of collagen deposition and caveolin-1 expression in a muscular fibrosis murine model

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of the volatile oil of Alpinia zerumbet (VOAz) on caveolin-1 gene expression and muscular fibrosis. The rats were immobilized to induce fibrosis of the gastrocnemius muscle, and they were treated with VOAz. Collagen quality was assessed by histology and the expression of the caveolin-1 (CAV-1) gene was evaluated using qPCR. Histomorphological analysis indicated a significant reduction in the perimeter, width, and intensity of collagen in the treated groups, thus showing that the oil was effective in regulating the quality of collagen at the three concentrations. The results of expression levels suggested a decrease in the lesioned group and in two treatment groups (0.0115 µg/g and 0.009 µg/g). However, with the lowest concentration (0.0065 µg/g), no significant difference was observed, with levels similar to those found in healthy tissue. Therefore, the results showed that VOAz has the potential to be a non-invasive and low-cost alternative to aid in the treatment of muscular fibrosis.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito do óleo volátil de Alpinia zerumbet (OVAz) na expressão do gene da caveolina-1 e na fibrose muscular. Os ratos foram imobilizados para induzir a fibrose do músculo gastrocnêmio, e foram tratados com OVAz. A qualidade do colágeno foi avaliada com histologia e à expressão do gene caveolina-1 (CAV-1) foi avaliada usando qPCR. A análise histomorfológica indicou uma redução significativa no perímetro, largura e intensidade do colágeno nos grupos tratados. Os resultados dos níveis de expressão sugeriram diminuição nos grupos de lesão e em dois grupos de tratamento (0,0115 µg/g e 0,009 µg/g). No entanto, com a menor concentração (0,0065 µg/g), não foi observada diferença significativa, apresentando níveis semelhantes aos encontrados em tecido saudável. O uso do OVAz foi eficaz para reverter as alterações do colágeno causadas pela fibrose, e sua menor concentração apresentou uma possível tendência de aumento na expressão do CAV-1. Portanto, os resultados mostraram que o OVAz tem potencial para ser uma alternativa não invasiva e de baixo custo para auxiliar no tratamento da fibrose muscular.

Chemical characterization and effects of volatile oil of Alpinia zerumbet on the quality of collagen deposition and caveolin-1 expression in a muscular fibrosis murine model / Caracterização química e efeitos do óleo volátil de Alpinia zerumbet na qualidade da deposição do colágeno e expressão da caveolina-1 em modelo murino de fibrose muscular

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of the volatile oil of Alpinia zerumbet (VOAz) on caveolin-1 gene expression and muscular fibrosis. The rats were immobilized to induce fibrosis of the gastrocnemius muscle, and they were treated with VOAz. Collagen quality was assessed by histology and the expression of the caveolin-1 (CAV-1) gene was evaluated using qPCR. Histomorphological analysis indicated a significant reduction in the perimeter, width, and intensity of collagen in the treated groups, thus showing that the oil was effective in regulating the quality of collagen at the three concentrations. The results of expression levels suggested a decrease in the lesioned group and in two treatment groups (0.0115 µg/g and 0.009 µg/g). However, with the lowest concentration (0.0065 µg/g), no significant difference was observed, with levels similar to those found in healthy tissue. Therefore, the results showed that VOAz has the potential to be a non-invasive and low-cost alternative to aid in the treatment of muscular fibrosis.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito do óleo volátil de Alpinia zerumbet (OVAz) na expressão do gene da caveolina-1 e na fibrose muscular. Os ratos foram imobilizados para induzir a fibrose do músculo gastrocnêmio, e foram tratados com OVAz. A qualidade do colágeno foi avaliada com histologia e à expressão do gene caveolina-1 (CAV-1) foi avaliada usando qPCR. A análise histomorfológica indicou uma redução significativa no perímetro, largura e intensidade do colágeno nos grupos tratados. Os resultados dos níveis de expressão sugeriram diminuição nos grupos de lesão e em dois grupos de tratamento (0,0115 µg/g e 0,009 µg/g). No entanto, com a menor concentração (0,0065 µg/g), não foi observada diferença significativa, apresentando níveis semelhantes aos encontrados em tecido saudável. O uso do OVAz foi eficaz para reverter as alterações do colágeno causadas pela fibrose, e sua menor concentração apresentou uma possível tendência de aumento na expressão do CAV-1. Portanto, os resultados mostraram que o OVAz tem potencial para ser uma alternativa não invasiva e de baixo custo para auxiliar no tratamento da fibrose muscular.

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla and their neuroprotective effects / 药学学报

Fourteen compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of 90% EtOH extracts of the dried fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla by silica gel, MCI, RP-18, Sephadex LH-20, TLC and semi-preparative HPLC column chromatography. Their structures were identified by HR-ESI-MS, UV, IR, NMR, ECD and X ray single crystal diffraction spectroscopic data as: (2R,5R,7R,10S)-2,7-dihydroxyl-eudesmane-3(4),11(12)-diene (1), α-rotunol (2), diketone I (3), (1S,4S,5R,7S)-1-hydroxyl-eremophilane-9(10),11(12)-diene-8-one (4), cyperusol A1 (5), (6R,9S,10S)-10-hydroxyl-11,12,13-trinor-cadinane-4(5)-ene-3-one (6), (2E,4E)-6-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylhepta-2,4-dienal (7), oxyphyllacinol (8), yakuchinone A (9), (5R)-5-hydroxy-1,7-diphenylhept-3-heptanone (10), (5S)-5-hydroxy-7-(4″-hydroxyphenyl)-1-phenylhept-3-heptanone (11), (5S)-5-hydroxy-7-(4″-hydroxyl-3″-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone (12), 7-(4″-hydroxy-3″-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3,5-heptadione (13), bis-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (14). Compounds 1-6 were sesquiterpenoids in which compound 1 is a new eudesmane sesquiterpenoid and compound 7 was a monoterpenoid. Compounds 8-13 were diarylheptanoids, and compounds 2-6 and 14 were isolated from A.oxyphylla for the first time. The experiments on H2O2 induced SH-SY5Y cells showed that compounds 2, 6, 7, 12 and 13 had neuroprotective effects at low and medium concentrations. In particular, compound 6 showed obvious neuroprotective effect at low, medium and high concentrations whose cell viability was higher than that of the positive control.

Improvement effect and mechanism of total flavonoids from Alpinia zerumbet on gastric mucosa injury induced by absolute ethanol / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To explore the improvement effect and potential mechanism of total flavonoids from Alpinia zerumbet on gastric mucosa injury induced by absolute ethanol through microRNA-146a-5p （miR-146a-5p）. METHODS Using human gastric mucosa GES-1 cells as objects， the acute gastric ulcer model was established by absolute ethanol； based on the investigation of the effects of different concentrations of total flavonoids from A. zerumbet on cell activity and the selection of action concentration， the relative expression level of miR-146a-5p in GES-1 cells was detected， the protein expressions of tumor necrosis factor （TNF） receptor-associated factor 6（TRAF6）， nuclear factor-κB p65 （NF-κB p65） and TNF-α were detected， and the levels of interleukin- 1β （IL-1β）， IL-6 and prostaglandin E2 （PGE2） in cell supernatant were determined. The targeting relationship between miR-146a- 5p and TRAF6 was verified； the effects of overexpressed miR-146a-5p and TRAF6 knockdown on the levels of IL-1β， IL-6 and PEG2 in supernatant of model cells as well as the effects of miR-146a-5p knockdown on anti-gastric ulcer effect of total flavonoids from A. zerumbet were observed. RESULTS Compared with the blank group， the relative expression of miR-146a-5p in cells and the level of PGE2 in cell supernatant were decreased significantly in the model group （P＜0.01）， while the protein expressions of TRAF6， NF-κB p65 and TNF-α in cells and the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in cell supernatant were increased significantly （P＜ 0.01）. Compared with the model group， the relative expression of miR-146a-5p in cells and the level of PGE2 in cell supernatant were increased significantly in model+A. zerumbet total flavonoids （60 mg/L） group （P＜0.01）， while the protein expressions of TRAF6， NF-κB p65 and TNF-α in cells and 82260767） the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in cell supernatant were decreased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. There was a targeted relationship and a negative correlation between miR-146a-5p E-mail：3113836821@qq.com and TRAF6. After overexpression of miR-146a-5p or TRAF6 knockdown， the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were decreased significantly in cell supernatant， while the level of PGE2 was increased significantly （P＜0.05）. After miR-146a-5p knockdown， the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in cell supernatant and the protein expression of TRAF6 in cells administered with total flavonoids of A. zerumbet were increased significantly， while the level of PGE2 was decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS Total flavonoids of A. zerumbet can improve the gastric mucosa injury induced by absolute ethanol. The mechanism may be related to up-regulating the expression of miR-146a-5p， inhibiting the expression of TRAF6， and further inhibiting the secretion of related inflammatory factors.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of Essential oil and Extracts of Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. f. ) Roscoe flowers

Abstract The present study describes chemical composition, phytochemicals, antifungal activities, antioxidant assays and total phenolic content of essential oil and varied polarity solvent extract from flowers of Alpinia malaccensis (Burm.f.). Total 27 components were identified in essential oil by GC-MS with terpinen-4-ol (28.6%) and α- terpineol (12.8%) as the main constituent. The essential oil was found to have maximal levels of phenolic content (64.60 µg/mL) as compared to the other extracts. The antioxidant assay evaluated in extracts and essential oil by different methods revealed good-to-moderate antioxidant potential with different IC50 values viz. (188.02 -250.25 µg/mL) in Fe3+ reducing power, (153.15-201.59 µg/mL) in Fe2+ metal-chelating ability, (130.39-181.12 µg/mL) in DPPH, (88.29-187.32 µg/mL) in OH radical, (79.04-156.79 µg/mL), in NO radical and (138.72-233.00 µg/mL) in superoxide anion scavenging activities, respectively. The methanolic extract display remarkable fungicidal activity against the tested pathogens followed by dichloromethane extract, essential oil, hexane extract and petroleum ether extract respectively, with MIC values ranging from 31.25 to 500 µg/mL. Based on results, it can be inferred that the flower of A. malaccensis if explored further for its medicinal properties, might be a good source to develop a safe and sustainable natural food preservative

Chemical constituents, larvicidal activity and molluscicidal from fresh leaves of Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) and Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf / Constituyentes químicos, actividad larvicida y molusquicida de hojas frescas de Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) y Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf / Constituintes químicos, atividade larvicida e moluscicida de folhas frescas de Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) e Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf

SUMMARY Introduction: This study evaluated the chemical characterization, larvicidal activity and molluscicidal activity in front of the snail transmitting schistosomes (Biomphalaria glabrata) of the essential oils of Alpinia zerumbet and Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. The essential oils (EOs) were extracted by hydrodistillation, with chemical characterization through Gas Chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The physical-chemical parameters were determined according to the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia. The toxicity test followed the bioassay with Artemia salina Leach, the EOs approved in this assay followed to evaluate their biological properties. Methodology: For molluscicidal activity, the methodology recommended by the WHO was performed, and the LC50 of the EOs was performed for their action in the face of the snail obtained by the Reed&Muench method. Both EOs showed low toxicity, and thus were evaluated for the biological properties larvicidal and molluscicidal. Alpinia zerumbet EO showed molluscicidal activity with LC50 of40.63 mg-L-1 and Cymbopogon citratus EO 33.94 mg-L-1. Results: Both EOs showed larvicidal and molluscicidal potentials against the organisms tested, showing satisfactory results for their action. The results indicate that the evaluated EOs are composed of substances that promote and encourage their application due to their potential for molluscicidal and larvicidal biological activity.

RESUMEN Introducción: Este estudio evaluó la caracterización química, la actividad larvicida y la actividad molusquicida frente al caracol que transmite esquistosomas (Biomphalaria glabrata) de los aceites esenciales de Alpinia zerumbet y Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. Los aceites esenciales (AE) fueron extraídos por hidrodestilación, con caracterización química a través de cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Los parámetros físico-químicos se determinaron de acuerdo con la Farmacopea Brasileña. La prueba de toxicidad siguió al bioensayo con Artemia salina Leach, los AE probados en este ensayo se evaluaron a continuación en sus propiedades biológicas. Metodología: Para la actividad molusquicida se empleó la metodología recomendada por la OMS, y la LC50 de las AE se realizó para su acción frente al caracol obtenido por el método Reed&Muench. Ambos AE mostraron baja toxicidad, y por lo tanto fueron evaluados para las propiedades biológicas larvicidas y molusquicidas. Alpinia zerumbet AE mostró actividad molusquicida con LC50 de 40,63 mg-L'1 y Cymbopogon citratus EO 33,94 mg-L-1. Resultados: Ambos AE mostraron potenciales larvicidas y molusquicidas contra los organismos probados, mostrando resultados satisfactorios para su acción. Los resultados indican que los AE evaluados están compuestos de sustancias que promueven y fomentan su aplicación debido a su potencial para la actividad biológica molusquicida y larvicida.

RESUMO Introdução: Este estudo avaliou a caracterização química, atividade larvicida e ativi-dade moluscicida contra o caramujo transmissor de esquistossomos (Biomphalaria glabrata) dos óleos essenciais de Alpinia zerumbet e Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. Os óleos essenciais (AE) foram extraídos por hidrodestilação, com caracterização química por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (CG-EM). Os parâmetros físico-químicos foram determinados de acordo com a Farmacopéia Brasileira. O teste de toxicidade seguiu o bioensaio com Artemia salina Leach, os EA testados neste teste foram então avaliados quanto às suas propriedades biológicas. Metodologia: Para a atividade moluscicida, foi utilizada a metodologia recomendada pela OMS, e o LC50 do EA foi realizado para sua ação contra o caramujo obtido pelo método de Reed & Muench. Ambos os AE apresentaram baixa toxicidade e, portanto, foram avaliados quanto às propriedades biológicas larvicidas e moluscicidas. Alpinia zerumbet AE apresentou atividade moluscicida com CL50 de 40,63 mg-L-1 e Cymbopogon citratus EO 33,94 mg-L-1. Resultados: Ambos os AE apresentaram potencial larvicida e moluscicida contra os organismos testados, apresentando resultados satisfatórios para sua ação. Os resultados indicam que os AE avaliados são compostos por substâncias que promovem e estimulam sua aplicação devido ao seu potencial de atividade biológica moluscicida e larvicida.

Herb-drug interaction in the protective effect of Alpinia officinarum against gastric injury induced by indomethacin based on pharmacokinetic,tissue distribution and excretion studies in rats / 药物分析学报

Alpinia officinarum Hance of the Chinese traditional herb for the treatment of emesis,abdominal pain and diarrhea has been used to counteract gastric disease induced by indomethacin in rats without obvious side effects.However,the role of herb-drug interaction between indomethacin and A.officinarum based on pharmacokinetic,tissue distribution and excretion still remains unknown.In this study,an ultra-fast liquid-tandem mass spectrometry(UFLC-MS/MS)method was developed for simultaneous determina-tion of indomethacin and its three metabolites,O-desmethylindomethacin(ODI),deschlor-obenzoylindomethacin(NDI)and indomethacin acyl-β-D-glucuronide(IDAβG)by oral administration of indomethacin solution with and without the ethanolic extract of A.officinarum and applied to comparative pharmacokinetic,tissue distribution and excretion studies.Our results clarified that oral administration of A.officinarum produced significant alterations in the pharmacokinetic parameters of indomethacin.And the pharmacokinetic interaction between indomethacin and A.officinarum reduced the systemic exposure of indomethacin and increased its elimination.Tissue distribution results demonstrated that co-administration of A.Officinarum could not reduce the accumulation of indo-methacin in the target tissue of the stomach,but could accelerate the excretions of indomethacin and its three metabolites including ODI,NDI and IDAβG in the bile and feces of rats in the excretion study.Therefore,A.Officinarum might have a gastrointestinal protective effect through the interaction role with indomethacin based on the pharmacokinetics and excretion in rats.

Mechanism of volatile oil from Alpinia oxyphylla in treating Alzheimer's disease based on GC-MS and network pharmacology / 中国中药杂志

To study the material basis and mechanism of volatile oil from Alpinia oxyphylla in treating Alzheimer's disease(AD) based on GC-MS and network pharmacology. Ingredients of volatile oil from A.oxyphylla were analyzed by GC-MS. Targets of those ingredients were obtained through Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP). Relevant targets of AD were obtained through such databases as DrugBank, STITCH, OMIM. Intersection targets of ingredients and diseases were obtained by Online Venny map, and PPI network was established by STRING to screen out core targets. Gene ontology(GO) functional enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed by DAVID. The "ingredients-target-pathway" network was constructed by software Cytoscape 3.8.1 to screen out potential active ingredients of volatile oil from A.oxyphylla in the treatment of AD. The results showed that a total of 6 active ingredients were screened from the volatile oil of A.oxyphylla by GC-MS, 17 targets corresponding to 6 active ingredients were found in TCMSP database, and 3 448 AD targets were found in DrugBank database. "Ingredients-target-pathway" network and PPI network showed there were 4 potential active ingredients in the treatment of AD and 4 core targets. GO analysis and KEGG analysis showed 34(P<0.05) and 5(P<0.05) pathways, respectively, including nerve ligand receptor interaction, calcium signaling pathway, cholinergic synapse and 5-hydroxytryptaminergic synapse. This suggested that volatile oil from A.oxyphylla could synergistically treat AD by regulating calcium balance, cholinergic balance and phosphorylation. This study provided reference and guidance for further study of volatile oil from A.oxyphylla in the treatment of AD.

Pharmacological effects of volatileoil from Alpinia officinaruim in treating cardiovascular diseases / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

Galangal (Alpinia officinaruim Hance) is the rhizome of the perennial herb belonging to Zingiberaceae family. There are many active components in galangal, such as volatile oil, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenylpropanoids and glycosides, among which the content of volatile oil is higher. The bioactivities of galangal volatile oil on health effect includesanti-inflammatory, anti-hypertension, anti-oxidation and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a kind of diseases related to circulatory system, which is also called circulatory system diseases. Over the past decade, the number of people dying from CVD has increased by 12.5％ worldwide, and it is now the leading cause of human death worldwide. Studies have shown that galangal volatile oil has good pharmacological effects in treating CVD. ① Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism: studies have found that abnormal lipid metabolism can lead to obesity, diabetes, CVD and other diseases. The serum total triglyceride (TG) content in liver and serum will increase in patients with abnormal fat metabolism. The results showed that the volatile oil of galangal could increase the excretion of neutral cholesterol, significantly reduce liver TG and serum TG, and thus regulate glucose and lipid metabo?lism, prevent lipid deposition and prevent CVD. ② Improving insulin resistance (IR): inhibition of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 activation and expression of TNF-α, improves IR, thereby protecting myocardium from IR-mediated damage. Through the establishment of endothelial cell injury model induced by high glucose in vitro, it was found that the volatile oil of galangal can significantly reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-αand IL-8, and inhib?it the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 induced by high glucose, suggesting that it has protective effect on endothelial dysfunction and inflammation induced by high glucose.③Regulate blood oxygenation:during acute myocardial hypoxia, the activity of free radical scavenging system is decreased, and oxygen free radicals are produced in large quantity, which reacts with unsaturated fatty acids on the cell membrane and forms lipid peroxidation, resulting in myocardial structural damage. The results showed that the water extract of Galangal could reduce the content of MDA in blood and protect the SOD activity of ischemic and hypoxic myocardium.④ Protective effect of vascular endothelial cells (ES):ES injury is the pathological basis of some cardiovascular diseases. The results showed that the volatile oil of galangal had a protective effect on ES apoptosis. Compared with the morphology and activity of ES treated with oxidized LDL, galan?gal volatile oil could ameliorate these morphological changes and improve cell viability. ⑤ Antiplatelet agglutination:inhibit platelet aggregation and thromboxane release, improve blood circulation, and have obvious anti-thrombotic effect, which has a good effect on the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The results showed that the volatile oil of galangal had inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation and anticoagulant effect. In conclusion, the volatile oil of galangal can be used to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. Based on the mechanism of CVD, this study summa?rized the role of the essential oil of Alpinia officinaruim in CVD, providing basis for the clinical application of alpiniaoffici?nalis essential oil in the prevention and treatment of CVD and the development of new drugs.

Antioxidant and antigenotoxic properties of Alpinia galanga, Curcuma amada, and Curcuma caesia

Objective: To compare the antioxidant and anti-genotoxic properties of Alpinia (A.) galanga, Curcuma (C.) amada, and C. caesia. Methods: Cytotoxicity of ethanolic extracts of A. galanga, C. amada, and C. caesia at selected doses was evaluated by trypan blue, MTT, and flow cytometry-based assays. Genotoxicity and anti-genotoxicity (against methyl methanesulfonate, 35 μM and H2O2, 250 μM) of these plants were studied by comet assay in human lymphocytes in vitro. Furthermore, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, lipid peroxidation, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays were performed to study the antioxidant potentials of the plants. Finally, anti-genotoxic potential of C. amada was validated in Swiss albino mice using comet assay. Phytochemical composition of C. amada was determined by GC/MS and HPLC. Results: The selected doses (2.5, 5, and 10 μg/mL) of A. galanga, C. amada, and C. caesia were non-toxic by cytotoxicity tests. All three ethanolic extracts of plant rhizomes demonstrated antioxidant and anti-genotoxic properties against methyl methanesulfonate-and H2O2-induced oxidative stress in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Multivariate analysis revealed that various antioxidant properties of these extracts in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays were strongly correlated with their total phenolic constituents. C. amada extract conferred protection against cyclophosphamide-induced DNA damage in the bone marrow cells of mice and DNA damage was significantly inhibited by 2.5 mg/kg C. amada extract. Conclusions: C. amada is rich in potentially bioactive molecules and exhibits potent antioxidant activities. Its anti-genotoxicity against cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress is also confirmed in this study.

Alpinia galanga Derived Phytochemicals against Shikimate Dehydrogenase Causing Peptic Ulcer

Phytochemicals can be derived from different parts of plants. Different medicinal plants and their phytoextracts have shown anti-microbial action. These medicinal plants play a key role in human health care. Phytochemicals from Alpinia galanga plant extract are traditionally used to cure PepticUlcer. The objective of the study is to identify the phytochemical of Alpinia galanga capable of curing Peptic Ulcer. Molecular docking method applied using “Biovia Discovery Studio”. “High positive values of -CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction energy” suggested that Alpinia galanga derived Phytochemicals cannot act effectively against Peptic Ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori.

Study on the Protective Effect of Alpinia zerumbet Extract on Acute Gastric Ulcer Model Mice / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To explore the protective effect of Alpinia zerumbet extract on acute gastric ulcer model mice. METHODS：Totally 48 mice were collected and randomly divided into blank group ，model group ，positive group （Sanjiu weitai granules，20 mg/kg），A. zerumbet extract high-dose ，medium-dose and low-dose groups （2.34，1.17，0.59 g/kg，by crude drug ）， with 8 mice in each group. They were given normal saline or relevant medicine intragastrically ，once a day ，for consecutive 7 d. Then，except for blank group ，other groups were given disposable intragastric administration of absolute ethanol 0.1 mL/10 g to establish acute gastric ulcer model. Another 48 mice were collected and grouped with same method ，and then given relevant medicine for consecutive 15 d. From the 10th day of administration ，except for blank group ，other groups were given intragastric administration of aspirin （20 mg/kg） for consecutive 6 d to establish acute gastric ulcer model. In ethanol induction model experiment，the formation of gastric ulcer and the index of gastric ulcer were observed in each group ；HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of gastric tissue ；the levels of gastrin （GAS）in serum ，and the levels of SOD ，MDA and NO in gastric tissue were determined by ELISA. In the aspirin induced model experiment ，the formation of gastric ulcer and the index of gastric ulcer were observed and measured by the same method ；the levels of GAS ，TNF-α，IL-1β in serum，and the levels of PGE2 and COX- 2 in gastric tissue were determined by ELISA. RESULTS ：Compared with model group ，obvious ulcer lesions were found in gastric tissue of rats in model group ；the levels of GAS ，TNF-α，IL-1β in serum，and MDA ，NO in gastric tissue were increased significantly ， while the levels of SOD ， PGE2， （No.QZYY-2019- COX-2 in gastric tissue were decreased si gnificantly（P＜0.05 063）. Compared with model group ，the degree of gastric lesions in administration groups was alleviated to some extent；gastric ulcer index was decreased to some extent ， mail：997845460@qq.com while the levels of the above indexes in serum and gastric tissue were improved in varying degrees ， with statistical 制。E-mail：672863283@qq.com significance in most indexes （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS：A. zerumbet extract exerts its protective effect on absolute ethanol and a spirin-induced acute gastric ulcer model mice，the mechanism of which may be relieving gastric mucosal injury through inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory response.

Study on the Active Ingredients and Mechanism of Alpinia officinarum in the Treatment of Gastric Ulcer Based on Network Pharmacology / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To explore the potential active ingredients and mechanism of Alpinia officinarum in the treatment of gastric ulcer. METHODS ：By network pharmacology method ，the active ingredients and action targets of A. officinarum were screened through TCMSP and TCMID database retrieval [oral bioavailability （OB）≥30％ and drug like （DL）≥0.18] and literature mining. Targets of gastric ulcer were obtained in the TTD ，CTD，OMIM，PubMed，DrugBank and DisGeNet databases. Venny 2.1 software was used to screen common targets for the active ingredients of A. officinarum and gastric ulcer. Then ，the protein-protein interaction（PPI）of the common targets was obtained by STRING database ，and the PPI network was constructed and analysed by using Cytoscape 3.7.1 software. GO function and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the common targets were performed by using ClusterProfiler R package. Finally ，Cytoscape 3.7.1 software was used to construct and analyze the network diagram of “active ingredients-targets-pathways ”. RESULTS ：Totally 19 active ingredients of A. officinarum ，209 active ingredients targets and 195 gastric ulcer related targets ，involving 35 common targets ，were screened out. The average node degree of PPI network of common targets was 18，and the average intermediate number was 16.9. There were 11 key targets ，i.e. PTGS2，VEGFA，IL6， IL1B，CCL2，MYC，MMP9，EGFR，HIF1A，ESR1，BCL2L1. The common targets were mainly concentrated in the cell constituents such as the platelet α granule lumen and mitochondria outer membrane ，involved in the biological processes as oxidative stress ，inflammatory response regulation ，and molecular functions as protein phosphatase binding ，growth factor receptor binding. They were also enriched in the signal pathways such as PI3K/Akt，HIF-1. The network of“active ingredients- targets-pathways”showed the active ingredients such as quer- cetin，apigenin，kaempferol and galangin in A. officinarum played an anti-gastric ulcer effect by acting on PTGS2，NOS2， BCL2， IL6， VEGFA， IL1B， MMP9， BCL2L1 and other targets to jointly regulate PI 3K-Akt，HIF-1，TNF，IL-17， NF-κB and other cell proliferation，angiogenesis，and infla- 163.com mmation related pathways. CONCLUSIONS ：A. officinarum shows anti-gastric ulcer effect with the characteristics of multi-ingredient ，multi-target and multi-path.

Chemical constituents from Alpinia oxyphylla / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of Alpinia oxyphylla. Methods: The ethyl acetate fraction of 95% ethanol extract from A. oxphylla was isolated and purified by silica, MCI, Sephadex LH-20 and semi-preparative HPLC, then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data. Results: Sixteen compounds were isolated and their chemical structures were identified as phthalic acid-bis (2’-ethyl heptanyl) easter (1), (E)-1-(4’-hydroxy-3’-methoxyphenyl)-7- (4″-hydroxy-phenyl)-hept-4-en-3-one (2), 5-hydroxy-7-(4″-hydroxy-3″-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone (3), 1β,4β,7β- trihydroxyeudesmane (4), bullatantriol (5), 1,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy- phenyl) heptanes (6), 1-tetratriacontanol (7), dihydrogingerenone B (8), tectochrysin (9), chrysin (10), oxyphyllenone B (11), (1R,4R,10R)-1β,4α-dihydroxy-11,12,13-trinor-5,6-eudesmen-7-one (12), daucosterol (13), 1-(4’-hydroxyphenyl)-7-(3″-methoxy- 4″-hydroxyphenyl)-4-ene-3-heptanone (14), yakuchinone A (15) and 5-dehydroxy-hexahydro-demethoxycurcumin B (16). Conclusion: A total of 16 compounds were isolated and identified. The compounds 1-2, 4-8 are isolated from the genus for the first time, and compounds 3 were isolated from the plant for the first time.

Genome survey study of Alpinia katsumadai based on Illumina high throughput sequencing / 中草药

Objective: To analyze the genome survey of medicinal and edible plant Alpinia katsumadai and complete its genome genetic information. Methods: This study was based on high throughput sequencing platform Illumina, and K-mer analysis was applied to estimate the genome size and heterozygosity rate of A. katsumadai. Meanwhile, simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci that were suitable as markers were identified by MISA software. Results: The estimated genome size of A. katsumadai was 1.60 Gb, with a 0.44% heterozygosity rate and 72.72% repeats; In the genome sequence, 364 395 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected by SSR molecular marker analysis, among which mono-nucleotide, di-nucleotide and tri-nucleotide repetitive motifs ranked the higher percentages of 64.25%, 24.05% and 10.31%, summed up to 98.61%; From the 350 bp library obtained by sequencing, 10 000 single-end reads were randomly selected and blasted with NT bank, the results showed that its genetically close species Alpinia zerumbet and Elettaria cardamomum were blasted with the reads of 12.89% and 12.36% in NT bank. Conclusion: The genome size, heterozygosity rate and SSR molecular marker analysis' genome survey study on A. katsumadai indicated that the genome of A. katsumadai species was a complex, highly repetitive and large genome, which provided genetic information support for the resource protection, genetic diversity analysis and variety breeding of A. katsumadai.

Analysis and Identification of Sesquiterpenes in Alpinia oxzphylla Miq Based on UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS / 中草药

Objective: To establish a rapid and accurate analytical method for the identification of complex system of traditional Chinese medicine, and to systematically clarify the chemical composition of sesquiterpenes in Alpinia oxyphylla. Method: On the basis of optimizing the extraction process of sesquiterpenes, the accurate molecular weight and secondary fragment ions information of unknown compounds were captured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS). Compared with the relative retention time and mass spectrometry data of the reference substance, combined with relevant references and databases, the sesquiterpene unknown compounds in the fruits of A. oxyphylla were accurately and rapidly characterized. Results: A total of 24 sesquiterpenes were identified and classified into four categories according to their skeleton structure, including nine eudesmane-type, six cadinane-type, eight eremophilane-type, and one oplopanone-type. Conclusion: In this study, the established analytical method was used to realize the rapid and accurate identification of sesquiterpenes in the fruits of A. oxyphylla, which provided a theoretical basis for the research on the pharmacodynamic substance basis and quality control of the fruits of A. oxyphylla.

Research Progress on Miao Medicine of Alpinia zerumbet / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Alpinia zerumbet is a commonly used drug for ethnic minorities in Guizhou province. It has the effects of warming and drying dampness，relieving pain and eliminating malaria，and treating chills，chest and abdomen，indigestion，vomiting and diarrhea，with a long history of nearly 200 years. The author reviewed Chinese and foreign literatures for the past 30 years，and reviewed the research progress of the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of A. zerumbet in and abroad，in order to provide a theoretical basis for its medicinal value. With the development of instruments and technology，the chemical composition of A. zerumbet has attracted more and more attention. More than 200 compounds have been isolated and identified，including volatile oils，flavonoids，steroids，terpenoids and organic acids and many other chemical ingredients. Pharmacological studies have shown that A. zerumbet has many pharmacological activities，such as anti-oxidation，blood pressure lowering，antispasmodic analgesia and protection against endothelial cells. However，current studies on the chemical constituents only focus on volatile oil components，and only a few studies focus on other organic matter and polysaccharides and are not deep enough. In clinic，the use of A. zerumbet is more confusing. The roots，stems，leaves，flowers，fruits and seeds can be used in medicines，but the pharmacological effects of the various medicinal parts have not been clearly explained，which leads to confusion in clinical medication. In addition，the pharmacological mechanism is not clear，especially in the studies on traditional activities，such as analgesic，digestive and anti-ulcer. The studies only focus on the pharmacological activity，and with only a few studies on the mechanism of action. Besides，the existing studies are mainly in vitro activity experiments，and need further validation in clinical trials，so as to provide reference for further rational development and comprehensive utilization of medicinal resources.

Essential Oil from Alpinia zerumbet Rhizome Inhibits Macrophage-derived Foam Cell Formation Via Modulating Expression of CD36 and ABCA1 / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To clarify the inhibitory effect of essential oil from Alpinia zerumbet rhizome (EOFAZ) on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced transformation of macrophage into foam cell and explore its possible mechanism. Method::THP-1 monocyte was incubated with 100 μg·L-1 phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) to grow into macrophage, experiment was divided into 4 groups as follows, control group, model group (80 mg·L-1 ox-LDL), EOFAZ at low dose (80 mg·L-1 ox-LDL+ 4 μg·L-1 EOFAZ)and EOFAZ at high dose (80 g·L-1 ox-LDL+ 20 μg·L-1 EOFAZ). Mathye thiazolye telrazliurn (MTT) method was employed to examine the influence of EOFAZ on macrophage viability. Western blot was used to analyze the expression level of cluster of differentiation 36(CD36) and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1(ABCA1) protein in macrophage. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect cholesteryl ester contents in macrophage. Oil red O staining was applied to determine the accumulation of lipids in macrophage. Result::EOFAZ showed non-toxic effect on macrophage. Compared to control group, macrophage in model group displayed higher level of cholesteryl ester and lipid droplet(P<0.01), as well as significant increasing of CD36 expression (P<0.01), but no effect on ABCA1 expression. EOFAZ notably reduced the contents of lipids and cholesteryl ester(P<0.01), down-regulated expression of CD36 and up-regulated expression of ABCA1 in macrophage in comparison with the model group(P<0.01), indicating that EOFAZ inhibited transformation of macrophage into foam cell. Conclusion::EOFAZ could inhibit ox-LDL-induced transformation of macrophage into foam cell, the underlying mechanism may involves its ability to increase CD36 expression and decrease ABCA1 expression in macrophage.

Herbal Textual Research of Alpinia katsumadai / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Alpinia katsumadai is recorded in Chinese herbal classics of previous dynasties，with a long history of medicinal use and significantly efficacy. This paper made a comprehensive textual research and summarization of the name，origin，distribution of producing areas，genuine producing area，harvesting time，processing method，property and flavor，and treatment functions of A. katsumadai by reviewing the ancient and modern literatures systematically. A. katsumadai has many alias names， such as Doukou，Loukou，Caokou in Chinese. Through the analysis of ancient herbal researches and drawings，it is concluded that there was some disordered uses of A. katsumadai with A. zerumbet and Amomum tsaoko. And the varieties of A. katsumadai have changed in some areas from ancient to present. The original plants of A. katsumadai is Alpinia katsumadai， which belongs to Alpinia of Zingiberaceae in modern textual research. A. katsumadai mainly grows in Lingnan and some other tropical areas； especially， those produced in Hainan have a better quality. The harvest time is usually in summer and autumn when fruits are all ripe. The processing methods of A. katsumadai are various， including heating and bending wrapped with flour， processing slowly with Euodiae Fructus，stir-frying in ancient times，while purifying processing （peeling） is generally used in modern times. A. katsumadai has the effect in invigorating spleen and warming stomach，lower Qi and relieving stagnation-syndrome，drying dampness and driving cold. In modern studies， efforts shall be made to strengthen basic research，establish quantitative standards for processing and digital standard for genuine medicinal materials of A. katsumadai， and deeply explore the compatibility regularity and application of A. katsumadai in ancient prescriptions， in order to ensure the quality and maximize its medicinal value in modern studies.