RESUMEN
El acceso al agua potable por red pública es un problema de la población rural en el departamento de Huánuco, por ende, se suele realizar el consumo de este recurso sin previo tratamiento, produciéndose así enfermedades estomacales. El uso de agentes naturales como el Aloe vera (L.) (Sábila) viene a ser una alternativa como floculante para el tratamiento convencional del agua, por tal motivo, en esta investigación se visualizaron experimentalmente las características y reacciones del gel de A. vera como floculante en la remoción de la turbidez. La turbidez del agua se simuló con el caolín, y se determinó la concentración óptima de alúmina y sábila (1%) a valores diferentes de pH y turbidez iniciales, con los datos resultantes se optimizó las dosis mediante el modelo matemático de superficie de respuesta, para después realizar su respectiva validación mediante métodos gráficos e índices matemáticos; los resultados reflejaron que la turbidez inicial, pH inicial y la dosis del coagulante influyen significativamente en la remoción de la turbidez de agua, de forma individual, concluyendo según el modelo de superficie de respuesta que el volumen óptimo de sábila al 1% alcanza su mayor eficiencia a 0,1 mL y 0,4 mL por cada 500 mL, dosis que varía de acuerdo a su pH y turbidez inicial, este modelo matemático se ajusta para aguas superficiales de la ciudad de Tingo María(AU)
Access to drinking water through the public network is a problem for the rural population in the department of Huánuco, therefore, this resource is usually consumed without prior treatment, thus producing stomach illnesses. The use of natural agents such as Aloe vera (L.) becomes an alternative as a flocculant for conventional water treatment, for this reason, in this investigation the characteristics and reactions of the A. vera gel were visualized experimentally as a flocculant in the removal of turbidity. The turbidity of the water was simulated with kaolin, and the optimum concentration of alumina and aloe vera (1%) was determined at different values of initial pH and turbidity. With the resulting data, the doses were optimized using the mathematical model of the response surface. to later carry out their respective validation through graphic methods and mathematical indices; The results showed that the initial turbidity, initial pH and the dose of the coagulant significantly influence the removal of the turbidity of the water, individually, concluding according to the response surface model that the optimal volume of aloe at 1% reaches its highest level. efficiency at 0.1 mL and 0.4 mL per 500 mL, a dose that varies according to its pH and initial turbidity, this mathematical model is adjusted for surface waters of the city of Tingo María(AU)
Asunto(s)
Abastecimiento de Agua , Aloe , Óxido de Aluminio , Caolín , Gastropatías , Purificación del AguaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: The harvesting process is a current challenge for the commercial production of microalgae because the biomass is diluted in the culture medium. Several methods have been proposed to harvest microalgae cells, but there is not a consensus about the optimum method for such application. Herein, the methods based on sedimentation, flocculation, and centrifugation were evaluated on the recovery of Chlorella sorokiniana BR001 cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium. C. sorokiniana BR001 was cultivated using a low-nitrogen medium to trigger the accumulation of neutral lipids and neutral carbohydrates. The biomass of C. sorokiniana BR001 cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium showed a total lipid content of 1.9 times higher (23.8 ± 4.5%) when compared to the biomass produced in a high-nitrogen medium (12.3 ± 1.2%). In addition, the biomass of the BR001 strain cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium showed a high content of neutral carbohydrates (52.1 ± 1.5%). The natural sedimentation-based process was evaluated using a sedimentation column, and it was concluded that C. sorokiniana BR001 is a non-flocculent strain. Therefore, it was evaluated the effect of different concentrations of ferric sulfate (0.005 to 1 g L-1) or aluminum sulfate (0.025 to 0.83 g L-1) on the flocculation process of C. sorokiniana BR001, but high doses of flocculant agents were required for an efficient harvest of biomass. It was evaluated the centrifugation at low speed (300 to 3,000 g) as well, and it was possible to conclude that this process was the most adequate to harvest the non-flocculent strain C. sorokiniana BR001.
RESUMO: O processo de colheita é um desafio atual para a produção comercial de microalgas porque a biomassa é diluída no meio de cultivo. Diversos métodos têm sido propostos para coletar células de microalgas, porém não existe um consenso sobre um método ótimo para tal aplicação. Neste estudo, métodos baseados em sedimentação, floculação e centrifugação foram avaliados na recuperação de Chlorella sorokiniana BR001 cultivada em um meio com baixo teor de nitrogênio. C. sorokiniana BR001 foi cultivada em um meio com baixo teor de nitrogênio para induzir ao acúmulo de lipídeos e carboidratos neutros. A biomassa de C. sorokiniana BR001 cultivada em um meio com baixo teor de nitrogênio apresentou um teor de lipídeos 1,9 vezes superior (23,8 ± 4,5%), quando comparada à biomassa produzida em um meio com alto teor de nitrogênio (12,3 ± 1,2%). Adicionalmente, a biomassa da linhagem BR001 cultivada em um meio com baixo teor de nitrogênio apresentou alto teor de carboidratos neutros (52,1 ± 1,5%). O processo baseado em sedimentação natural foi avaliado utilizando uma coluna de sedimentação e concluiu-se que C. sorokiniana BR001 é uma linhagem não floculante. Portanto, o efeito de diferentes concentrações de sulfato férrico (0,005 a 1 g L-1) ou sulfato de alumínio (0,025 a 0,83 g L-1) foram avaliados no processo de floculação de C. sorokiniana BR001, mas altas doses de floculantes foram necessárias para uma colheita de biomassa eficiente. Também foi avaliada a centrifugação em baixa velocidade (300 a 3.000 g), e foi possível concluir que este processo constituiu o mais adequado para a colheita da linhagem não floculante C. sorokiniana BR001.
RESUMEN
AIM: To study the in situ stimulation effect of compound aluminum sulfate injection after i.m. in rabbit quadriceps and dog bladder. The absorption of aluminum and the healing of the bladder wall were also studied to give an evaluation on the safety of the compound injection. METHODS: Compound aluminum sulfate injection was i.m. injected into quadriceps of the rabbits. The in situ stimulation effect was observed macrographically. Blood samples were collected at different time after i.m. injection. Aluminum concentrations were determined by ICP-MS assay and simulated with DAS software. Tissue necrosis as well as the healing of the bladder wall were observed macrographically or pathologically after the injection was given into dog bladder. RESULTS:Severe stimulation was observed after intra quadriceps injection, however, there was no obvious elevation of blood aluminum concentration. The average AUC0-24 was 2.93±1.82 mg·h·L-1 (n=5), corresponding to a relative bioavailability of about 2.77%. Injecting in bladder muscle necrotized the bladder wall in situ, but fibroblast generated and took place of the necrotized membrane and muscle four weeks after injection. There was no bleeding or perforation on the bladder wall. CONCLUSION:Caused compound aluminum sulfate injection in situ necrosis which healed up in 4 weeks. Aluminum absorption is very low after injection, giving a further explanation to the safety of the compound injection.
RESUMEN
Objective To explore the developmental toxicity of aluminum sulfate and its mechanism. Methods 8.5-day-old embryos of Kunming mice were explanted and cultured in a whole embryo culture system with Al 3+ concentrations of 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0 ?g/ml for 48 h. Each viable embryo was evaluated using Maele-Fabry scoring system, and visceral yolk sac diameter, crown-rump and head length, and embryo dry weight were measured, as well as GSH activity in embryonic tissue by using 5,5-dithion-bis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB), and membrane lipid fluidity of visceral yolk sac cell by DPH fluorescence polarization technique. Results Al 2(SO 4)3 at Al 3+ concentration of 3 ?g/ml resulted in significant inhibition of development of embryos and differentiation of organs, and increasing prevalance rate of abnormal embryos including open neural tube, small head abnormality and deficit in flexion. At Al 3+ concentration of 6.0 ?g/ml, the activity of GSH and the membrane lipid fluidity of visceral yolk sac decreased significantly. In a certain degree, the dose-effect(response) relationship were observed in the above hazardous effects induced by Al 2(SO 4)3. Conclusion Al 2(SO 4)3 presented potential teratagenicity and embryotoxicity, which might be associated with the decreases of the membrane lipid fluidity of visceral yolk sac and the activity of GSH both induced by Al 2(SO 4)3.