Species distribution and in vitro fluconazole susceptibility of clinical Candida isolates in a Brazilian tertiary-care hospital over a 3-year period / Distribuição de espécies e suscetibilidade in vitro ao fluconazol de isolados clínicos de Candida em um hospital terciário brasileiro num período de três anos

INTRODUCTION: In this study, we aimed at identifying Candida isolates obtained from blood, urine, tracheal secretion, and nail/skin lesions from cases attended at the Hospital Universitário de Londrina over a 3-year period and at evaluating fluconazole susceptibilities of the isolates. METHODS: Candida isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using species-specific forward primers. The in vitro fluconazole susceptibility test was performed according to EUCAST-AFST reference procedure. RESULTS: Isolates were obtained from urine (53.4 percent), blood cultures (19.2 percent), tracheal secretion (17.8 percent), and nail/skin lesions (9.6 percent). When urine samples were considered, prevalence was similar in women (45.5 percent) and in men (54.5 percent) and was high in the age group >61 years than that in younger ones. For blood samples, prevalence was high in neonates (35 percent) and advanced ages (22.5 percent). For nail and skin samples, prevalence was higher in women (71.4 percent) than in men (28.6 percent). Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated in the hospital, but Candida species other than C. albicans accounted for 64 percent of isolates, including predominantly Candida tropicalis (33.2 percent) and Candida parapsilosis (19.2 percent). The trend for non-albicans Candida as the predominant species was noted from all clinical specimens, except from urine samples. All Candida isolates were considered susceptible in vitro to fluconazole with the exception of isolates belonging to the intrinsically less-susceptible species C. glabrata. CONCLUSIONS: Non-albicans Candida species were more frequently isolated in the hospital. Fluconazole resistance was a rare finding in our study.

INTRODUÇÃO: Neste estudo objetivamos a identificação de isolados de Candida obtidos de sangue, urina, secreção traqueal e de lesões de unha/pele, de casos atendidos no Hospital Universitário de Londrina num período de três anos. Avaliamos também a suscetibilidade dos isolados ao fluconazol. MÉTODOS: Os isolados de Candida foram identificados pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (RCP) usando oligonucleotídeos iniciadores espécie-específicos. O teste de suscetibilidade in vitro ao fluconazol foi realizado segundo o procedimento de referência EUCAST-AFST. RESULTADOS: Isolados foram obtidos de urina (53,4 por cento), sangue (19,2 por cento), secreção traqueal (17,8 por cento) e lesões de unha/pele (9,6 por cento). Considerando as amostras de urina, a prevalência foi similar em mulheres (45,5 por cento) e em homens (54,5 por cento) e foi alta no grupo de idade > 61 anos do que em grupos mais jovens. Para amostras de sangue a prevalência foi alta em neonatos (35 por cento) e idades avançadas (22,5 por cento). Para amostras de unha e pele a prevalência foi maior em mulheres (71,4 por cento) do que em homens (28,6 por cento). Candida albicans foi a mais frequentemente isolada no hospital, mas outras espécies de Candida corresponderam a 64 por cento dos isolados, incluindo predominantemente Candida tropicalis (33,2 por cento) e Candida parapsilosis (19,2 por cento). A tendência de Candida não-albicans como espécie predominante foi observada para todas as amostras clínicas, exceto para amostras de urina. Todos isolados de Candida foram considerados suscetíveis, in vitro, ao fluconazol com exceção dos isolados pertencentes às espécies intrinsecamente menos suscetíveis C. glabrata. CONCLUSÕES: Espécies de Candida não-albicans foram mais frequentemente isoladas no hospital. Resistência ao fluconazol foi rara no nosso estudo.

Obesity and Physical Activity Related to Colorectal Adenoma by Anatomic Sites in Korea / 한국역학회지

Although the etiology of colorectal adenoma is not yet clear, numerous epidemiologic studies of colorectal adenoma(precursors of cancer) have shown a positive association with obesity and an inverse association with physical activity. The difference of the possible association of colorectal adenoma with body mass index(BMI= wt(kg)/ht2(m2) and physical activity(kcal/day) according to anatomic sites and gender was investigated in this case-control study. Between July 1994 and october 1998, 345 cases of patients(male 181, female 164) with pathologically confirmed incident colorectal adenoma and 1655 control subjects(male 598, female 1,057) were collected from Our Lady of Mercy Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea. After colonoscopy, self-reported weight and height, together with measures of intensity and time of exercise and lifetime job activity was obtained by the interviewers. Site- and gender-specific odds ratios relative to the lowest tertile of BMI and physical activity were determined using unconditional logistic regression after adjusting for potential confounders. Compared with subjects in the lowest terile of body mass index, multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of right colon for male and female in highest tertile were 1.49(95% CI:0.74-3.01) and 1.96(95% CI:0.93-4.15), respectively. Compared with subjects in the lowest tertile of physical activity, multivariate-adjusted odds ratio of right colon for male and female in highest tertile were 0.66(95% CI:0.35-1.26) and 0.83(95% CI:0.50-1.39), respectively. These results support a positive association between body mass index and occurrence or progression of adenoma in left colon and physical activity is associated with an elevated risk of right colon.