Application of Animal Models of Corneal Neovascularization Based on Data Mining / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo provide a reference for the establishment of an ideal corneal neovascularization （CNV） animal model by summarizing the modeling characteristics of CNV animal models. MethodWith "CVN" as the theme word， this paper searched the China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang， Chinese medical journals full-text database， and PubMed database and screened out relevant literature on CNV animal experiments from 2013 to 2023. The database was established by Excel 2021， and the experimental animal strain， gender， modeling method， detection index， and application category were sorted out. The characteristics of the CNV animal model were analyzed. ResultAfter comparative analysis， it was found that the animal strains were Sprague-Dawley rats （87 times， 29.49%） and New Zealand white rabbits （52 times， 17.63%）. Male animals were recommended. Most modeling methods for efficacy verification and mechanism studies were the alkali burn method. Index detection methods included apparent index observation， histopathological detection， immunohistochemistry （IHC）， Western blot， and various polymerase chain reaction （PCR） tests. Detection indexes included apparent indication， corneal histopathology， CNV regulation， etc. ConclusionThe CNV model of SD rats induced by the alkali burn method is recommended for model replication， and the indexes are mainly selected from the growth of CNV， corneal histopathological test， and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF）-related test. In addition， according to the demand， the corneal apparent indication and the basic indexes related to the regulation of CNV， such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 （VEGFR2）， basic fibroblast growth factor （bFGF）， and secretogranin Ⅲ （Scg3） are also selected. Clinical treatment of CNV relies on anti-inflammatory drugs and anti-VEGF drugs， and there is a lack of application of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， so the model needs to be improved by adding elements of TCM syndromes.

Animal Models of Ovarian Cancer Based on Characteristics of Clinical Symptoms of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveOvarian cancer is the third most common gynecologic cancer worldwide， with the second highest mortality rate among gynecologic cancers， and age-standardized rates are gradually increasing in many low- and middle-income countries. At present， its etiology and pathogenesis are not clear. There are no obvious symptoms in the early stage， and when the symptoms become obvious， it often indicates the advanced stage. The 5-year survival rate of the advanced stage is only 17%， which poses a great threat to women's health. Therefore， an in-depth study of the etiology and pathogenesis of ovarian cancer is very important to the exploration of prevention and treatment methods for ovarian cancer. Based on the clinical characteristics of ovarian cancer in traditional Chinese and Western medicine， and combined with the existing evaluation methods of animal models， this study evaluated the animal model of ovarian cancer， and provided analysis and suggestions. MethodThis study searched China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Wanfang data， VIP information database， and PubMed database using the keywords "ovarian cancer" and "animal model"， excluded the articles that did not meet the criteria， and then classified the remaining studies. Combined with the clinical diagnostic criteria of Western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation， the related indicators of ovarian cancer animal models were assigned and the degree of agreement was evaluated. ResultThe use of the transplanted animal model exhibited the highest frequency， followed by that of the induced model. The degree of agreement of traditional Chinese medicine for each model was lower than that of Western medicine. The induced ovarian cancer model had a high degree of clinical agreement and was similar to human ovarian cancer in terms of tumor growth pattern， disease progression and complications， which is an ideal animal model of ovarian cancer. Although this animal model can simulate the etiology and pathogenesis of ovarian cancer to a certain extent and reflect some indicators of traditional Chinese and Western medicine， it lacks differentiation of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes. ConclusionOn the basis of the original model， the animal model of ovarian cancer was added with Qi deficiency syndrome， blood deficiency syndrome， Qi stagnation syndrome， blood stasis syndrome， heat-toxin syndrome， and Yang deficiency syndrome to establish an animal model combining traditional Chinese medicine disease and syndrome of ovarian cancer， which could better simulate the clinical actual situation of traditional Chinese and Western medicine and lay a solid foundation for the study of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Evidence-Based Dampness-Heat ZHENG (Syndrome) in Cancer: Current Progress toward Establishing Relevant Animal Model with Pancreatic Tumor / 中国结合医学杂志

Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases affecting the health of human beings. With limited therapeutic options available, complementary and alternative medicine has been widely adopted in cancer management and is increasingly becoming accepted by both patients and healthcare workers alike. Chinese medicine characterized by its unique diagnostic and treatment system is the most widely applied complementary and alternative medicine. It emphasizes symptoms and ZHENG (syndrome)-based treatment combined with contemporary disease diagnosis and further stratifies patients into individualized medicine subgroups. As a representative cancer with the highest degree of malignancy, pancreatic cancer is traditionally classified into the "amassment and accumulation". Emerging perspectives define the core pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer as "dampness-heat" and the respective treatment "clearing heat and resolving dampness" has been demonstrated to prolong survival in pancreatic cancer patients, as has been observed in many other cancers. This clinical advantage encourages an exploration of the essence of dampness-heat ZHENG (DHZ) in cancer and investigation into underlying mechanisms of action of herbal formulations against dampness-heat. However, at present, there is a lack of understanding of the molecular characteristics of DHZ in cancer and no standardized and widely accepted animal model to study this core syndrome in vivo. The shortage of animal models limits the ability to uncover the antitumor mechanisms of herbal medicines and to assess the safety profile of the natural products derived from them. This review summarizes the current research on DHZ in cancer in terms of the clinical aspects, molecular landscape, and animal models. This study aims to provide comprehensive insight that can be used for the establishment of a future standardized ZHENG-based cancer animal model.

Effect of glutaminase 1 inhibitor on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in mice / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To investigate the effect of glutaminase 1(GLS1)specific inhibitor BPTES[bis-2-（5-phenylacetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl）ethyl sulfide]on the liver fibrosis in the mouse model of liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride(CCl4).Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with olive oil(control group),10%CCl4(10 μL/g,model group)or 10% CCl4(10 μL/g)+ BPTES(10 mg/kg,treatment group),with 10 mice in each group,two doses a week for four weeks to establish liver fibrosis model. Collagen deposition in mouse liver tissue was observed by Sirius red staining. The expression levels of actin alpha 2(Acta2),collagen typeⅠalpha 1(Col1a1)GLS1 and GLS1 protein were detected by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining.Results Compared with the control group,the liver tissue of mice in the model group was generally enlarged,the surface was not smooth and granular,and the ratio of liver mass to tibia length significantly increased(t = 2. 979,P < 0. 05);The Sirius red positive area of collagen deposition increased signifi-cantly in the liver tissue of mice in the model group(t = 7. 661,P < 0. 01),the relative expression levels of Acta2 and Col1a1 significantly increased(t = 4. 335 and 5. 319,respectively,each P < 0. 01),and the mRNA and protein levels of GLS1 significantly increased(t = 5. 319 and 9. 725,respectively,each P < 0. 01). However,compared with the model group,the BPTES treatment group had a reduction in liver mass,a significant reduction in the Sirius red positive area of collagen deposition in liver tissue(t = 7. 427,P < 0. 01),and a significant reduction in the relative expressions of Atca2 and Col1a1(t = 3. 713 and 2. 628,respectively,each P < 0. 05).Conclusion Inhibition of GLS1activity can significantly improve the degree of liver fibrosis induced by CCl4,providing a new idea for the treatment of liver fibrosis.

Fitting Degrees of Animal Models of Diarrhea-irritable Bowel Syndrome with Clinical Characteristics of Western Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Diarrhea-irritable bowel syndrome （IBS-D） is one of the common functional bowel diseases in clinical practice. Since it pathogenesis is complex and has not been fully elucidated， effective treatment methods remains to be developed for this disease. Establishing the animal models of IBS-D in accordance with the clinical characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） and Western medicine helps to reveal the pathogenesis of this disease and improve the treatment plan. The fitting degree of an animal model with clinical characteristics is an indicator to evaluate the effectiveness of the animal model in simulating the disease characteristics of Western medicine and the syndromes of TCM based on the latest diagnostic standards. By reviewing the relevant articles about the animal models of IBS-D， we discovered that rats were the preferred animals for modeling， and the models were mainly induced by single factors， double factors， or the combination of multiple factors. The established animal models mainly present symptoms or signs associated with visceral hypersensitivity or/and gastrointestinal motility abnormalities. The single factor-induced rat models of IBS-D had high fitting degrees with the clinical characteristics of Western medicine but low fitting degrees with the TCM syndromes. The animal models induced by two or more factors had high but varied fitting degrees with the clinical characteristics of Western medicine. In addition， the animal models of IBS-D considering TCM syndromes mainly focuses on the syndrome of liver depression and spleen deficiency， and few models were established for the syndromes of spleen-kidney Yang deficiency， spleen-stomach dampness-heat， spleen deficiency and dampness excess， and cold and heat in complexity. Therefore， it is essential to improve the existing or develop new animal models of IBS-D in the future， so as to provide more tools for deciphering the mechanisms of TCM and Western medicine and developing treatment methods for this disease.

Establishment and Evaluation of Animal Model of Acute Myocardial Infarction with Syndrome of Qi and Yin Deficiency / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the establishment and evaluation methods of the rat model of acute myocardial infarction （AMI） in coronary heart disease with the syndrome of Qi and Yin deficiency by sleep deprivation （SD） combined with isoproterenol （ISO） and preliminarily explore its biological basis. MethodForty SD rats were assigned into normal （no treatment）， SD （treatment in modified multi-platform water environment for 96 h）， ISO （subcutaneous injection of ISO at 100 mg·kg-1 once every other day for a total of 2 times）， and SD+ISO （injection of 100 mg·kg-1 ISO after SD for 72 h and 96 h） groups. The cardiac function was detected by small animal echocardiography. The serum levels of creatine kinase （CK）， creatine kinase isoenzyme （CK-MB）， lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）， and cardiac troponin T （cTnT） were measured by biochemical methods. The pathological changes of the myocardial tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The general state， body weight， grip strength， body temperature， behaviors in open field test， serum levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP）， cyclic guanosine monophosphate （cGMP）， cAMP/cGMP ratio， red （R）， green （G）， blue （B） values of the tongue surface， and pulse amplitude were observed and measured to evaluate the modeling results. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to determine the serum levels of interleukin-18 （IL-18）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， malondialdehyde （MDA）， corticotropin-releasing factor （CRF）， adrenocorticotropic hormone （ACTH）， triiodothyronine （T3）， tetraiodothyronine （T4）， cluster of differentiation 4 （CD4）， and cluster of differentiation 8 （CD8）. ResultIn terms of disease indicators， the ISO and SD+ISO groups had lower cardiac function indicators than the normal group （P<0.01）. The levels of CK， CM-MB， LDH and cTnT elevated in each model group compared with the normal group （P<0.01）. The pathological changes of myocardial tissue were obvious in the ISO and SD+ISO groups. In terms of syndrome indicators， compared with the normal group， the SD and SD+ISO groups showed decreased body weight at each time point （P<0.01）， and the ISO group showed decreased body weight at the time points of 48 h and 72 h （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The paw temperature and rectal temperature increased in the SD group （P<0.01）. The model groups showed weakened grasp strength， lowered R， G， and B values of the tongue surface （P<0.01）， prolonged immobility time （P<0.01）， reduced total distance and number of entering the central area （P<0.01）， decreased average speed （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and increased cAMP and cGMP （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The cAMP/cGMP ratio was increased in the SD+ISO group （P<0.01）， and the pulse amplitude was decreased in the SD and SD+ISO groups （P<0.01）. In terms of serological indicators，compared with the normal group， the levels of IL-18， TNF-α， SOD and MDA were significantly increased in the ISO and SD+ISO groups （P<0.01）， the CRF， ACTH， CORT， T3， T4， CD4 and CD8 in the model groups were increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionSleep deprivation for 96 h combined with high-dose ISO can successfully establish a rat model of acute myocardial infarction in coronary heart disease with the syndrome of Qi and Yin deficiency. The model evaluation system can be built with disease indicators of western medicine， histopathological indicators， macroscopic indicators of traditional Chinese medicine， and serological indicators.

Thermal Injury Protocol to Study Healing, With and Without Infection, in Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus) Model / Protocolo de Lesión Térmica, para Estudio de Cicatrización, en Modelo Animal Cobayo (Cavia porcellus)

SUMMARY: Experimental healing studies in humans are complex and difficult to replicate in vitro. Hence, animal models are needed to study the different stages involved. The guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) is a model close to human physiology, including the lack of vitamin C synthesis, a precursor of collagen fibers for healing. The thermal injury in this animal makes it possible to study all the stages of healing, taking few days to show tissue repair in the processes with and without localized infection. The aim of this work was to systematize an experimental guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) animal model protocol for studies on healing with and without localized infection.

Los estudios experimentales de cicatrización en humanos son complejos, difícilmente replicables in vitro, por lo que se hace necesarias modelos animales que permitan el estudio de las distintas etapas que ella implica. El cobayo (Cavia porcellus) resulta ser un modelo cercano a la fisiología humana, incluyendo la falta síntesis de vitamina C precursora de fibras colágenas para la cicatrización. La lesión térmica en este animal, permite estudiar todas las etapas de la cicatrización, mostrando pocos días en la reparación tisular, tanto en proceso con y sin infección localizada. El objetivo de este trabajo fue sistematizar un protocolo de modelo animal experimental en cobayo (Cavia porcellus) para estudios de cicatrización con y sin infección localizada.

Combination of Merocel sponge with Lipopolysaccharide to establish rat rhinosinusitis model

Abstract Objective The study aimed to investigate the feasibility of establishing rhinosinusitis model in rats combinated with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and merocel sponge. Methods SD (Sprague Dawley) rats that underwent nasal obstruction using Merocel sponge packing, rats with LPS instillation alone, and rats with both nasal obstruction and LPS instillation were used to establish rat models of rhinosinusitis. After the models were established, the nasal symptoms of rats were recorded, the histopathological examination and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TME) of the sinus tissue were performed and the levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the blood were also analyzed. The expressions of Aquaporin-5 (AQP5), Occludin, Toll-Like Receptor-4 (TLR4), Medullary differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and phosphorylated (p)-p65 protein were detected by Western blot to evaluate the effect and mechanism of the experimental models. Results We found that compared with the control group and LPS group, the sinusitis symptom scores in the Merocel sponge combined with LPS group were significantly increased; the respiratory epithelia of the maxillary sinus were degenerated, cilia were detached, and even inflammatory cell infiltration occurred; the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were increased; the expression of AQP5 and Occludin protein was decreased; and the expressions of TLR4, MyD88, and p-p65 protein were increased. Conclusion For the first time, we successfully established a rat rhinosinusitis model using Merocel sponge with LPS and explored the possible mechanism of LPS action.

Moringa oleifera seeds attenuate benzene-induced alterations in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in liver and kidney tissues of Wistar rats

Benzene is a notorious toxicant that is responsible for a host of diseases including leukemia. Its concentration in the environment is increasing day-by-day due to excessive automobile use, accelerated industrial activities and cigarette smoke. The awareness on the harmful effects of benzene on health is limited and no antidote has been reported yet. In this study, an attempt has been made to find out a suitable remedy to overcome benzene toxicity in a living organism from a natural source with the seeds of the plant Moringa oleifera (MO). Thirty six Wistar rats were considered for the study and divided into six groups (n=6). While group I remained as control with normal animals, those in groups II – VI received benzene by oral route (800 mg/kg body weight) for 28 consecutive days. On day 29, the benzene-treated animals in groups III – VI received respectively the standard drug ascorbic acid (AA, 25 mg/kg body weight) and MO (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) for the following 7 days. Group II rats that received only benzene served as negative control without any treatment. On day 36, all the animals were sacrificed and vital organs liver and kidney were removed for studying lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant markers [Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Total reduced glutathione (TRG), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and Catalase (CAT)] in addition to histopathological changes in the tissues. The results of the study revealed that significant changes occurred in the above parameters due to benzene dosing to animals were reverted to near normal values on MO administration in the liver and kidney tissues as compared to untreated animals, suggesting MO’s pro-active role in attenuating benzene toxicity.

MicroRNA-204/-211 deficiency aggravates synovial hyperplasia and inflammation in DMM-induced OA mice / 中国药理学通报

Aim To observe the effects of microRNA-204/-211 deficiency on osteoarthritis(OA) induced by medial meniscus amputation (DMM) in mice. Methods 12 C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice were randomly divided into sham operation groups and DMM groups, namely WT-control group and WT + DMM group. And twelve microRNA-204/-211 gene knockout (miR-204/-211-dKO) mice were randomly divided into sham operation groups and DMM groups, namely dKO group, and dKO + DMM group. The pain sensitivity of mice was measured by the von Frey test before sacrificing. Three months after the operation, the mice were sacrificed. The knee joints and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were taken for detection. The subchondral bone structure was detected by micro-CT. Sections of knee joint tissue were stained with toluidine blue, PCNA, type Ⅱ collagen and immunohistochemistry. DRG tissues were detected for related pain factors and inflammatory factors by RT-qPCR. Results Compared with the mice in the WT-Control group, mice in the WT + DMM group showed typical OA symptoms such as osteophyte formation, subchondral osteosclerosis, and decreased pain thresholds. The expression of collagen Ⅱ in cartilage significantly decreased, while the expression of MMP13 significantly increased. The expression of inflammatory and pain-related factors in DRG significantly increased. At the same time, the OA phenotypes of mice in dKO + DMM were more obvious than that of mice in the WT + DMM group, indicating that miR-204/-211 deficiency aggravated the OA induced by DMM in mice. In particular, DMM did not cause synovial hyperplasia and synovial inflammation in WT mice, which could not completely represent the pathological characteristics of OA patients in clinical practice. However, miR-204/-211 deficiency significantly promoted synovial hyperplasia and synovial inflammation of knee joints in DMM mice. Conclusions After DMM operation, miR-204/-211 deficient mice showed not only typical OA phenotypes such as osteophyte formation, subchondral osteosclerosis, cartilage destruction and lower pain threshold, but also synovial hyperplasia and synovitis, which could better represent the pathological characteristics of clinical OA patients. MiR-204/-211 deficient mice with DMM can be used as a new OA model and an ideal animal model for screening anti-OA drugs.

Research progress on experimental animal models of hyperuricemia / 中国药理学通报

Hyperuricemia is a chronic metabolic disease caused by purine metabolism disorder or uric acid excretion disorder. The experimental animal model of hyperuricemia is the basis for studying the pathological mechanism and drug treatment of hyperuricemia. This paper reviews the experimental animal models of hyperuricemia commonly used in drug research, and introduces the modeling principle, preparation methods, species selection and related detection techniques of the models, so as to provide reference for the application of such models in research.

Establishment of animal model of Blau syndrome / 中国药理学通报

Aim To establish stable and reliable animal models of Blau syndrome (BS) in vivo. Methods C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with muramyl dipeptide (MDP) or L18-MDP to induce systemic inflammatory model of BS. Meanwhile, positive drug etanercept (ETN) was set to investigate the response of the model to evaluate effectiveness. SD rats were intravitrealiy injected with MDP to establish BS-associated uveitis model. Serum levels of TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-8 were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histopathologic al changes of rat eyeballs were detected by HE staining and the expressions of p65, p-ERK, p-p38, p-JNK, TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-8 in vitreous were determined by immunohistochem-istry (IHC) staining. Results The serum level of TNF-a in mice increased after intraperitoneal injection of MDP (P < 0.05), and increased significantly after L18-MDP injection (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were also markedly induced by L18-MDP (P < 0. 01, P < 0. 01). ETN treatment evidently inhibited the increased levels of these above cytokines induced by L18-MDP (P < 0. 05, P < 0. 01). After the intravitreous injection of MDP in SD rats, there were numerous inflammatory cells infiltrated in retina and vitreous, and the retina was seriously damaged. The staining levels of p65, p-ERK, p-p38, p-JNK, TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-8 in eyeball tissues were significantly enhanced. Conclusions The systemic animal model of BS can be successfully established by intraperitoneal injection of L18-MDP in C57BL/6J mice, and the good BS-relat-ed uveitis can be induced by intravitreous injection of MDP in SD rats, which provides the simple, convenient, repeatable and i-deal animal models for exploring the pathogenesis of BS and e-valuating the efficacy of drugs.

Protein phosphorylation involved in psychedelic-induced head-twitch response in rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the potential protein post-translational modifications of psychedelic-induced Head-twith response and underling mechanism. Methods Psychedelics LSD, DOM, or Psilocin was administered to rats by intraperitoneal injection to induce head-twitch response, then the most effective dosage was identified to create animal models of head-twitch behavior. Western blot was performed in detecting the protein phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination in prefrontal cortex of SD rats after 10 min or 30 min injection. Results LSD (0.025 mg • kg~, i. p.), DOM (3 mg•kg

Effect of trimethyltin chloride on brain metabolism detected by PET-CT / 中国职业医学

{L-End}Objective To explore the feasibility of using positron emission tomography (PET) -computed tomography (CT) to detect brain metabolic abnormalities caused by trimethyltin chloride (TMT) poisoning. {L-End}Methods Specific pathogen free healthy SD rats were randomly divided into model group and control group with six rats in each group. Rats in the model group were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of 10 mg/kg body mass of TMT solution, and rats in the control group were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of an equal volume of 0.9% sodium chloride solution. Rats were anaesthetized after three days of modeling and underwent PET-CT brain scanning to detect the standardized uptake value (SUV) of 18F-2-fluro-D-deoxy-glucose (18F-FDG). After scanning, rats were sacrificed and brain tissues were collected for brain organ coefficients calculation and brain histopathological analysis. {L-End}Results The rats in the model group showed symptoms of head tremor, limb twitching, irritability and others after TMT modeling. There was no significant difference in the body mass between the two groups of rats on the third day of modeling (P>0.05). The 18F-FDG uptake in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and brainstem of the rats in the model group was significantly weakened compared with the control group, with deceased SUV values (all P<0.05). No obvious abnormalities were found in CT images and freshly collected brain tissues of rats of the control and model groups. The brain organ coefficients of rats in the two groups showed no significant difference (P>0.05). The results of hematoxylin-eosin staining of brain tissue showed that the cerebral cortex of rats in the model group had more tiny cavities than that of the control group, and some neuronal cells and a small number of hippocampal vertebral cells were tightly and deeply stained, with the cytoplasm and nucleus poorly demarcated, and pericellular space enlarged. The results of Nissen staining showed that the arrangement of neuronal cells in the model group was slightly disordered, and the interstitial space was slightly enlarged, but no other significant abnormal changes were observed. {L-End}Conclusion PET-CT can be used in detecting the metabolic abnormalities of brain in TMT poisoning rat model, making it a sensitive detection method for TMT poisoning.

Current status of animal models of cataract classified by etiology / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Cataract is one of the major causes of vision loss and even blindness in patients, and surgery is the only effective method to treat it. The pathogenesis and precaution of cataract remain hot issues in ophthalmological research. With the maturation of biotechnology in recent years, modeling methods and species of experimental animals have become more diverse, which are still the mainstay of cataract mechanism research. However, the ideal animal model of cataract has yet to be constructed due to the complexity of human cataract etiology. Herein, the modeling principles, in vivo or in vitro modeling methods, characteristics, and existing problems of animal models of cataract are summarized according to etiology, providing the theoretical foundation for the construction of a comprehensive animal model that more closely resembles the human cataract.

Establishment of rat model of dysphagia after stroke by thread embolism / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo explore a feasible animal model of dysphagia after stroke. MethodsTwenty-two clean Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal group (n = 11) and model group (n = 11). The model of dysphagia after stroke was established by the thread embolism, and the normal group received no intervention. The latency of the first swallowing attack and the number of swallowing were recorded three and seven days after modeling. The cerebral infarction was detected by TTC staining, and the neuronal apoptosis in ischemic brain was detected by TUNEL fluorescence staining. ResultsCompared with the normal group, the swallowing latency prolonged and the number of swallowing reduced three days in the model group, however, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05); seven days after modeling, the swallowing latency prolonged (P < 0.05), and the number of swallowing slightly reduced with little significant difference (P > 0.05). Compared with the normal group, the brain tissue showed obvious infarction area and a large number of apoptotic cells, while the body mass reduced in the model group (P < 0.05). ConclusionThe model rats express some features of dysphagia, which may become a transformation model of dysphagia after stroke.

Establishment and evaluation of animal models of sepsis-associated encephalopathy / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#BACKGROUND: Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a critical disease caused by sepsis. In addition to high mortality, SAE can also adversely affect life quality and lead to significant socioeconomic costs. This review aims to explore the development of evaluation animal models of SAE, giving insight into the direction of future research in terms of its pathophysiology and therapy. METHODS: We performed a literature search from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2022, in MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science using related keywords. Two independent researchers screened all the accessible articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and collected the relevant data of the studies. RESULTS: The animal models for sepsis are commonly induced through cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. SAE can be evaluated using nervous reflex scores and sepsis evaluation during the acute phase, or through Morris water maze (MWM), open-field test, fear condition (FC) test, inhibitory avoidance, and other tests during the late phase. CONCLUSION: CLP and LPS injection are the most common methods for establishing SAE animal models. Nervous reflexs cores, MWM, FC test, and inhibitory avoidance are widely used in SAE model analysis. Future research should focus on establishing a standardized system for SAE development and analysis.

Establishment and Evaluation of Rat Model for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease with Lung-spleen Qi Deficiency / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo establish and evaluate a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease （COPD） model with lung-spleen qi deficiency. MethodA rat model mimicking COPD with lung-spleen qi deficiency was established by the combination of cigarette smoking and intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide （LPS） along with gavage of Sennae Folium infusion. Forty male SPF-grade SD rats were randomly assigned to blank， model， and low- （L-FXY）， medium- （M-FXY）， and high-dose （H-FXY） Sennae Folium infusion groups. Other groups except the blank group were exposed to daily cigarette smoke， with LPS administrated via intratracheal instillation on the 1st and 14th days. On the 28th day of modeling， the L-FXY， M-FXY， and H-FXY groups were administrated with Sennae Folium infusion at 5， 10， and 20 g·kg-1， respectively， and at 4 ℃ for three weeks. The modeling lasted for 49 days. The general conditions （body mass， food intake， fecal water content， and anal temperature） and behaviors （grip strength test and tail suspension test） of rats in different groups were examined. The lung function， lung histopathology， D-xylose， amylase， and gastrin levels in the serum， interleukin（IL）-1β and IL-6 levels in the alveolar lavage fluid， levels of T-lymphocyte subsets （CD4+， CD8+， and CD4+/CD8+） in the peripheral blood， and thymus and spleen indices were measured. ResultTwo rats died in the H-FXY group. Compared with the blank group， both the M-FXY and H-FXY groups exhibited reduced body mass and food intake （P<0.01） and increased fecal water content （P<0.01）. The anal temperature in the H-FXY group was lower than that in the blank group （P<0.01）. The grip strength decreased in the modeling groups compared with the blank group （P<0.01）， and the duration of immobility in the tail suspension test increased in the M-FXY and H-FXY groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the blank group， the modeling groups showed reduced 0.3 second forced expiratory volume （FEV0.3）， FEV0.3/forced vital capacity （FVC）（P<0.01）， thickening of bronchial walls， proliferation of goblet cells， and the presence of emphysematous changes. In terms of gastrointestinal function， the M-FXY and H-FXY groups had lower levels of D-xylose， gastrin， and α-amylase than the blank group （P<0.01）. Regarding the immune and inflammatory indices， the M-FXY and H-FXY groups showed lower thymus and spleen indices than the blank group （P<0.01）. Compared with the blank group， the modeling groups presented lowered CD4+ level （P<0.01） and CD4+/CD8+ ratio （P<0.05， P<0.01） in the peripheral blood and elevated levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in the alveolar lavage fluid （P<0.01） than the blank group. ConclusionA model of COPD with lung-spleen Qi deficiency was established through the combination of daily cigarette smoke， intratracheal instillation with LPS， and gavage of Sennae Folium infusion. The comprehensive evaluation results suggested medium-dose （10 g·kg-1） Sennae Folium infusion for gavage during the modeling of COPD with lung-spleen Qi deficiency.

Fitting Degrees of Cathartic Colon Animal Models with Disease Characteristics of Western Medicine and Syndrome Characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Cathartic colon （CC） is a common and refractory digestive system disease， with the pathogenesis not fully clarified. The effective therapies other than laxatives and surgery remain to be developed for CC. Therefore， establishing the CC animal models that fit the disease characteristics of western medicine and syndrome characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is an important link to promote the research on this disease. The fitting degree of animal models with the latest Chinese and western medical diagnostic criteria is an indicator to assess the effectiveness of the animal models in simulating the disease characteristics of western medicine and syndrome characteristics of TCM. The literature review showed that the model animals， drugs and their dosage forms， doses， administration methods， and modeling period of CC varied in different studies， and the available CC animal models presented different fitting degrees with the disease characteristics of western medicine and syndrome characteristics of TCM. Rats were the preferred animals for the modeling of CC. Rhei Radix et Rhizoma preparations were commonly used for model inducing， which， however， may cause water electrolyte disorders， decreased immunity， and even death of animals at the late stage of modeling. The animals were modeled by gradually increasing the starting dose， while the starting dose and increasing dose varied. The maintenance dose was determined based on 50% of the animals having loose stools， and the end for a cycle was determined as the time when loose stools disappeared in 80% of animals. The modeling always lasted for 2-3 cycles， approximately 2-4 months. The CC models established with Rhei Radix et Rhizoma granules and rhein had high fitting degrees with the disease and syndrome characteristics. In addition， the CC animal models of TCM syndromes were still in the exploration stage. There were only the animal models of four TCM syndromes： liver depression and spleen deficiency， both Qi and Yin deficiency， Qi stagnation and blood stasis， and spleen and kidney deficiency. Efforts should be made to establish the animal models that meet the characteristics of disease of western medicine and syndromes of TCM， so as to facilitate the research on CC mechanism and drug development.

Research progress on non-clinical safety evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#The Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic is having a dramatic impact on human health,lives,and the global economy. The development of a safe and efficacious vaccine is the most effective intervention to protect the population from the disease and limit the spread of the virus. Based on the current guidelines and research progress of severe acute respiratory symptom coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) vaccines in various countries,this review summarized the research progress on non-clinical safety evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines by referring to the guidelines and relevant literatures over the world,in order to provide a reference for non-clinical research of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.