El modelo de ovario artificial como prueba celular para evaluar la seguridad de los extractos de Spirulina maxima y Kéfir: un estudio preliminar / The model of artificial ovary as a cellular test to evaluate the safety of Spirulina máxima and Kefir extracts: a preliminary study

RESUMEN S. maxima y Kefir son conocidos y utilizados por sus propiedades antioxidantes e inmunoestimulantes. El objetivo en este estudio fue evaluar los extractos naturales de estos dos agentes con la técnica de manipulación de ovocitos incluidos en folículos preantrales (MFP), porque la técnica puede reemplazar el uso de animales de laboratorio y también podría armonizar las leyes que intentan reducir y mejorar el uso de animales para el estudio de nuevos fármacos y para integrar a las buenas prácticas de laboratorio. Los extractos naturales estudiados fueron obtenidos a partir de S. maxima y Kéfir, las dos sustancias son conocidas en el mercado por su actividad antioxidante e inmunoestimulante. Los dos extractos fueron evaluados en suspensiones de 10, 50, 100 and 200 µg.mL-1. Los resultados muestran que Spirulina produjo disminución en la sobrevivencia, el desarrollo y el diámetro folicular. Mientras que Kéfir no mostró influencias positivas o negativas sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo de los folículos preantrales, sólo la concentración de 200 µg.mL-1 disminuyó la sobrevivencia folicular. La técnica MFP demostró encajar en la política de las 3R (reemplazo, reducción y refinamiento) y permitió evaluar la citotoxicidad mostrando que la técnica puede ser usada como una prueba de seguridad en extractos naturales.

SUMMARY S. maxima and Kéfir are known and used for their antioxidant and immunostimulant properties. This study aimed to evaluate the natural extracts of these two agents with the technique of manipulation of oocytes included in preantral follicles (MFP), because the technique can replace the use of laboratory animals and could also harmonize the laws that try to reduce and improve the use of animals for the study of new drugs and to integrate good laboratory practices. The natural extracts studied were obtained from S. maxima and Kefir, both substances are known in the market for their antioxidant and immunostimulating activity. Both were evaluated in suspensions of 10, 50, 100 and 200 µg.mL-1. The results show that Spirulina produced a decrease in survival, development, and follicular diameter. While Kefir did not show positive or negative influences on the growth and development of preantral follicles, only the concentration of 200 µg.mL-1 decreased follicular survival. The MFP technique proved to fit into the 3R policy (replacement, reduction, and refinement) and allowed to evaluate cytotoxicity, showing that the technique can be used as a safety test in natural extracts.

Expression of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleo-protein A2B1 in mouse cerebellar development and human medulloblastoma / 中华病理学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the expression and potential role of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleo-protein A2B1 (HNRNPA2B1) in mouse cerebellar development and the significance of HNRNPA2B1 in human medulloblastoma.@*Methods@#The data of HNRNPA2B1 RNA expression in mouse and human cerebella were obtained from databases. Western blot and immunohistochemical staining were performed to detect the protein level of HNRNPA2B1 in mouse cerebella at different ages. The expression level of HNRNPA2B1 in control human cerebellum and medulloblastoma was detected by immunohistochemical staining. m6A-IP-qPCR method was applied to confirm whether HNRNPA2B1 RNA in Daoy cells was modified with m6A.Western blot was used to detect the effect of MG132 treatment on the HNRNPA2B1 protein level in Daoy cells.@*Results@#The level of HNRNPA2B1 protein in postnatal mouse cerebella was higher than that in adult mouse cerebella, with weak HNRNPA2B1 staining in external granular cells while strong staining in mature Purkinje cells and molecular layer. Compared with control normal human cerebella, the RNA expression level of HNRNPA2B1 increased in medulloblastoma, while immunohistochemical staining showed that the mean intensity of HNRNPA2B1 decreased in medulloblastoma. HNRNPA2B1 RNA in medulloblastoma and Daoy cells was modified by m6A. The HNRNPA2B1 protein level in Daoy cells increased upon MG132 treatment.@*Conclusions@#HNRNPA2B1 is dynamically expressed during mouse cerebellar development. Compared with normal human cerebella, HNRNPA2B1 is significantly up-regulated at transcriptional level but obviously down-regulated at translational level in medulloblastoma. These results indicate that HNRNPA2B1 may be involved in cerebellar development process and medulloblastoma tumorigenesis. The m6A methylation in HNRNPA2B1 transcript and protein ubiquitin-proteasome pathway may account for the down-regulation of HNRNPA2B1 at protein level.

A piglet model of pulmonary vein stenosis / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    Pulmonary vein banding was used to establish a piglet model of pulmonary vein stenosis. We investigated the pathomorphological alterations of pulmonary veins in the model and compared it with the vascular tissue of recurrent stenosis after total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC). Methods    Ten pigs of 6 weeks old were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups: 5 in a sham operation group and 5 in a pulmonary vein banding group. The operation had two stages, in which thoracotomies through intercostal space were done respectively on both sides. Biocompatible materials were applied around the pulmonary veins in the experimental group. The same method was used in the sham group. But the pulmonary veins were not banded. Six weeks after the operation, the pulmonary veins of the animals were harvested for hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunofluorescence staining to observe the pathological alterations of pulmonary veins. The proliferative tissues of patients with recurrent stenosis after TAPVC repair were collected and observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunofluorescence staining. Results    Both the sham operation group and the pulmonary vein banding group survived. But the pulmonary vein banding group had obvious clinical manifestations of pulmonary venous stenosis. Compared with the sham group, the pulmonary vein banding group showed intimal hyperplasia, decreased expression of endothelial marker and increased expression of mesenchymal markers, and co-expression of endothelial and mesenchymal markers in intimal cells. Human pathology also showed intimal hyperplasia and co-expression of endothelial and mesenchymal markers in intimal cells. Conclusion    The surgical pulmonary vein stenosis in piglets shows intimal hyperplasia and myofibroblasts, which was consistent with clinical pathology.

Laboratory animal welfare: environmental enrichment shows positive effect on animal testing / Bem-estar animal em laboratório: enriquecimento ambiental apresenta efeito positivo na experimentação animal

Reproductive and developmental toxicology has focused on the need to approach the effects of organism exposure to various drugs during pregnancy after the mid-50's, when the thalidomide tragedy stroke humanity. In recent decades, this area of study has developed a lot due to animal testing, raising awareness on the need to improve the quality of life of such animals. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate how the science of animal welfare can improve scientific research as a whole, including the reproductive and developmental toxicology fields, by emphasizing environmental enrichment in animal facilities. To do so, we conducted an integrative literature review on several quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches that are applicable to toxicology studies. Here, we present evidence that environmental enrichment improves animal welfare and prevents or reduces the negative effects of captive housing, which must be a principle of toxicological research for ethical, legal and scientific reasons.(AU)

Na toxicologia da reprodução e do desenvolvimento, a atenção necessária foi dada aos efeitos da exposição do organismo às inúmeras drogas durante o período gestacional somente após a metade dos anos 50, quando a tragédia da talidomida atingiu a humanidade. Assim, esta área alcançou desenvolvimento científico com a contribuição da experimentação animal nas últimas décadas. O uso de animais de laboratórios para a pesquisa científica expôs a necessidade de melhorar a qualidade de vida destas espécies. Portanto, este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar como a ciência do bem-estar animal pode melhorar a pesquisa científica como um todo, incluindo na área de toxicologia da reprodução e de desenvolvimento, enfatizando o enriquecimento ambiental em biotérios. Uma revisão integrativa de literatura foi realizada, incluindo abordagens quantitativas e qualitativas, quais podem ser aplicadas para estudos de toxicologia. Aqui, são mostradas evidências de que o enriquecimento ambiental melhora o bem-estar animal e previne ou reduz os efeitos negativos do cativeiro, qual deve um princípio da pesquisa toxicológica por razões éticas, argumentos legais e garantias científicas.(AU)

Bioética y experimentación en animales. Una revisión de la praxis científica en México / Bioethics and animal testing. A review of scientific praxis in Mexico / Bioethics and animal testing. A review of scientific praxis in Mexico

Este estudio examina el uso experimental de animales no-humanos en México desde un enfoque bioético. Para tal propósito, se aplicó una encuesta a investigadores que desarrollan líneas de investigación con animales ­en específico cordados­ para conocer los aspectos éticos y técnicos relacionados con su uso. Al analizar los datos, se concluyó que existe un uso parcial de las 3 R ́s de Russell y Burch, así como irregularidades relacionadas con la aplicación de protocolos de transporte, zonas exclusivas para experimentación, uso de sustancias y herramientas en el proceso de sacrificio exigidas por la NOM-062-ZOO-1999 y el Código Terrestre.

This study examines the experimental use of non-human animals in Mexico from a bioethical approach. For this purpose, a survey was applied to researchers who develop research lines with animals (specifically chordates) to know the ethical and technical aspects related to their use. When analyzing the data, it was concluded that there is a partial use of the 3 R's of Russell and Burch, as well as irregularities related to the application of transport protocols, exclusive zones for experimentation, use of substances and tools in the slaughter process required by the NOM-062-ZOO-1999 and the Terrestrial Code.

Este estudo examina o uso experimental de animais não humanos no México a partir de uma abordagem bioética. Para tanto, foi aplicado um questionário a pesquisadores que desenvolvem linhas de pesquisa com animais ­especificamente cordados­ para conhecer os aspectos éticos e técnicos relacionados ao seu uso. Ao analisar os dados, concluiu-se que há um uso parcial dos 3 R's de Russell e Burch, bem como irregularidades relacionadas à aplicação de protocolos de transporte, zonas exclusivas de experimentação, uso de substâncias e ferramentas no processo de abate exigido pelo NOM-062-ZOO-1999 e pelo Código Terrestre.

Ethical Debate on Animal Research.

ABSTRACT: Animal research or animal testing is done worldwide, where vertebrate animals, from zebrafish to non-human primates, millions in number are used annually. The practice is regulated to various degrees in different countries. Scientists and science authorities still have their arguments to justify animal testing. However, dialogues and protests are also evident against it. Awareness and campaign in recent years has made scientists and governments make statement that animal testing should cause as little suffering to animals as possible and that animal tests should only be performed where necessary. We should also look into the matter deeply and compassionately.

Comparison of pathogenicity between Ureaplasma urealyticum serotype 1 and 3 in genital tract of female BALB/c mice / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To investigate the pathogenicity of the same concentration of Ureaplasma urealyticum serotype1 (Uu1) and 3 (Uu3),alone or in combination,in genital tract of female BALB/c mice.Methods A total of 144 estradiol-pretreated adult female BALB/c mice were randomly and equally divided into 3 groups to be inoculated intravaginally with the same concentration (106 copies/g) of Uu1 and Uu3 alone or in combination.Twelve estradiol-pretreated female BALB/c mice were inoculated with sterile culture solution and served as the control group.At 1,3,7,14,21,35 days after the inoculation,8 mice in each Uu-inoculated group and 2 mice in the control group were sacrificed.Tissue specimens were obtained from the cervix,endometria and fallopian tube and subjected to hematoxylin-eosin staining followed by light microscopy.Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the tissue specimens collected at 14 days from cervical mucosa of mice infected by Uu.Chi-square test was performed for statistical evaluation.Results The total infection rate of Uu within 3-35 days after the inoculation was 35.0％ (14/40),47.5％ (19/40) and 62.5％ (25/40) in the Uu1 group,Uu3 group,and combination group respectively (x2 =6.07,P ＜ 0.05).None of these mice was infected by Uu in the control group.Conclusions At the same inoculation concentration,the combination of Uu1 and Uu3 shows the strongest pathogenicity in genital tract of BALB/c mice,followed sequentially by Uu3 and Uu1 alone.

Vivissecção no ensino: questães éticas e jurídicas / Vivisection in education: ethical and legal aspects

A vivissecção constitui prática usual e arraigada nas faculdades das áreas biológicas. Nas últimas décadas, tem-se questionado a legislação, senciência e legitimidade do modelo animal, aspectos investigados neste trabalho. A discussão acerca dos animais envolve sua condição de propriedade e atribuição de direitos morais, podendo a senciência ser base para a consideração de seu status moral. As leis 9.605/98 e 1.1974/08 regulamentam a utilização de animais no Brasil. Contudo, a extrapolação do modelo animal nem sempre é possível, podendo comprometer a pesquisa científica e o aprendizado, de modo que a vivissecção pode ser dispensada ou substituída em algumas aulas, com vistas à qualidade da educação e ao cumprimento das leis dos direitos animais. Sugere-se o incremento da oferta de métodos alternativos à vivissecção, considerando-se que sua proibição, sem métodos substitutivos, comprometeria o aprendizado e o avanço científico, não sendo moralmente aceitável.

Protective effects of levosimendan and ulinastain on the isolated rabbit heart / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

ObjectiveLevosimendan,a new calcium ion sensitizer,is currently used in the treatment of heart failure and as an option for patients with injury to the left heart or at high risk for surgery.The study tried to evaluate the effects of levosimendan and ulinastain for protecting myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury to the isolated immature rabbit hearts and investigate the possible mechanism.MethodsFifty New Zealand long-ear white immature rabbits were anesthetized and heparinized.Their hearts were rapidly removed and mounted on modified Langendorff apparatus.A left ventricle pressure monitoring line was inserted through the left atrial and mitral valve.The hearts were equilibrated with oxygenated K-H solution at 37℃ for 10 minutes.The rabbit hearts were randomly divided into 5 groups with 10 hearts in each group.Hearts in group C were perfused with K-H solution,in group U were perfused with ulinastain (50000 U/kg),in group LI were perfused with Levosimendan 0.1 μmol/L,in group L2 were perfused with Levosimendan 0.3 μmol/L,and in group L + U were perfused with Ulinastain (50 000 U/kg) and Levosimendan 0.1μmol/L.The hearts were arrested with St-Thomas solution for 30 min.Hearts in each group underwent 30 min-reperfusion with the same solutions after 30 min-global myocardial ischemia.Heart rate ( HR) Jeft ventricular pressure ( LVP) and LVdp/dtMax were monitored.Effluent from coronary sinus was collected at time of ischemia /reperfusion for measuring the concentration of TNF-α,IL-6,CK and cTnI.ResultsLVP and LVdp/dt in group L1,L2 and L + U were better than those in group C and U.But the heart rates in group L2 were higher than in other groups.Concentrations of CK,cTnI,TNF-α and IL-6 in the effluent from coronary sinus at 0、10 and 30 min of reperfusion were significantly lower in group L + U than in the other groups.ConclusionLevosimendan may have the similar effects with ulinastain in reducing the reperfusion injury to the immature myocardium.The protective effect of levosimendan (0.1 μmol/L) in combination with ulinastain (50 000 U/kg) was better than that of levosimendan or ulinastain alone.

Off-pump percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation in pigs / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the preparation of a pulmonary self-expanding valved stent and the percutaneous implantation of a valved stent in the pulmonary valve position without cardiopulmonary bypass.Methods A bovine jugular valve conduit was trimmed to remove the extraneous materials to reduce profile,and then was sutured onto nitinol stents to form a pulmonary self-expanding valved stent.In vitro,it was tested by a pulsatile mock loop system.Through a 24F delivery system,the valved stents were deployed in the pulmonary valve position of 8 pigs,and then in vivo assessment with echocardiography and a postmortem examination were carried out.Results The pulmonary self-expanding valved stent has an inner diameter of (21.9 ± 1.6) mm,an outer diameter of (24.6 ± 1.5 ) mm,a length of (27.9 ± 4.3 )mm,and an effective orifice area of ( 1.8 ±0.2) cm2.7 of the 8 valved stents were exactly deployed in the native pulmonary valve position,1 valved stent failed.The transvalvular pressure gradient was (7.9 ± 3.3 ) mm Hg by catheter measurement,(9.3 ±4.1 ) mm Hg by Doppler echocardiography.The angiography showed no migration,no regurgitation and no paravalvular leak.The echocartiography showed all the new valves opened and closed well with 2 cases of mild regurgitation.Postmortem examination confirmed the valved stent straddled the pulmonary annuli without migration,the native valve was locked between the stent and arterial wall.Conclusion The acute study demonstrates that the self-expanding valved stent can be successfully implanted in the pulmonary position by a catheter delivery system and function well.Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation without cardiopulmonary bypass is feasible and has a wide clinical perspective.

The Importance of Animal Models in Tuberculosis Vaccine Development

Research, development, and production of vaccines are still highly dependent on the use of animal models in the various evaluation steps. Despite this fact, there are strong interests and ongoing efforts to reduce the use of animals in vaccine development. Tuberculosis vaccine development is one important example of the complexities involved in the use of animal models for the production of new vaccines. This review summarises some of the general aspects related with the use of animals in vaccine research and production, as well as achievements and challenges towards the rational use of animals, particularly in the case of tuberculosis vaccine development.

Fabrication of tissue engineered trachea by in vitro and in vivo culturing of chondrocytes in plga or dacron porous scaffolds / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of a tissue engineered trachea for replacement fabricated using three dimensional scaffold and chondrocytes by in vitro and in vivo culturing. Methods Rib chondrocytes were isolated and expanded to two passages, then seeded in PLGA or Dacron scaffold at density of 5 × 107/ml. Cultured in vitro for two weeks, the chondrocytes-scaffold model was planted under dorsal skin between nude mice's spine. Histology of cartilage, neovascularization and organizational structure were observed with HE staining, PAS staining and electron microscopic scan were performed after 4,6,8 weeks in vivo. Results Organized structure were observed in both PLGA-chondrocyte model and dacron-chondrocyte model with cartilage formation, neovascularization and tight fibrous connective tissue between scaffold and skin after in vitro and in vivo culture. Conclusion Tissue engineered trachea fabricated using rib chondrocytes and PLGA or dacron scaffold with in vitro and in vivo culture meets the requirement of trachea replacement.

A porcine model of congenital heart defect with decreased pulmonary blood flow established and the evaluate of immature pulmonary vascular of morphological chang / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

Objective Artificial atrial septum defect combining pulmonary artery banding to create a model of congenital heart defect with decreased pulmonary blood flow to explore the morphological changes of immature pulmonary vascular. Methods Choose twenty piglets with about one to two-month-old, which are exclusively for experiment used. The piglets were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group (group C, n = 6), Small incisions on the right chest, produced a transient reduction in pulmonary blood; low-medium pulmonary artery stenosis groups ( group T1, n = 7 ) : Did artificial room septostomy creation by self-dilators which were delivered into the surface of the right atrium and controlled Systolic trans pulmonary artery banding pressure (Trans-PABP) at pressure of 20 - 30 mmHg; severe pulmonary artery stenosis groups ( group T2, n = 7): T2 were the same surgical procedures with group T1 ,and controlled Trans-PABP ≥ 30 -50 mmHg. Monitored ultrasound after operation , carried out 64-slice computed tomography scanning after one month, to measure the proximal vessel diameter and TransPABP , after two month surgical exploration on the left chest. When the animals were sacrificed, the heart and lung tissue was cut to measure atrial septal defect, pulmonary artery and the banding diameter. By weihgt elastic fiber and van Cieson staining to observe the morphological pathological changes, three groups took lung tissue with right middle lobe lateral segment about 1.0 cm × 0.8 cm × 0.8cm at the end of surgery and 2-months after operation respectively. Results The models were all successfully in the survival animal of the two test groups. One pig died from tracheal intubation accident in the C group, there was one case died due to bowel obstruction in the T1 group, And there were two cases died result from acute right heart failure and chronic heart failure respectively in T2 group. 64-slice CT angiography showed that BD was significantly lower than the AOD in the two test groups, the proximal pulmonary vascular expansion result from stenosis, distal pulmonary vascular scarce. Histopathology showed that the pulmonary artery inside diameter of T1 and T2 was significantly higher than group C(P ＜0. 05,P ＜ 0.01), and the NAPSC of two experimental groups were significantly lower than group C 2-month after operation( P ＜0.01).Conclusion This type of Piglet model is closer to clinical pathological and physiological ,64-slice spiral CT combined with lung histopathology observed for the evaluation of pulmonary vascular hypoplasia is a reliable method. Tunica media of pulmonary arterioles hypoplasia with the number reducing, with pulmonary artery banding increased,the degree of pulmonary arterioles hypoplasia gradually increased.

Evaluación de la opinión de estudiantes de farmacia sobre la implementación de alternativas basadas en computador para el proceso enseñanza: aprendizaje de la farmacología experimental / Pharmacy student`s opinion about the implementation of computer based alternatives on experimental pharmacology learning-teaching process

Antecedentes. Actualmente el uso del animal de laboratorio en educación está siendo eliminado a nivel mundial y se buscan otras estrategias que permitan sustituirlo, pues no hay evidencia de que los estudiantes formados con métodos alternativos sean menos calificados. Objetivo. Contrastar la opinión de los estudiantes de farmacología, carrera de Farmacia Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sobre la implementación de un software interactivo en comparación con el montaje de órgano aislado. Material y métodos. Se comparó un recurso pedagógico usando animales en el laboratorio, con otro recurso basado en un software interactivo, para la práctica de “órgano aislado en intestino de roedor” por medio de la aplicación de una encuesta a estudiantes de séptimo semestre. Resultados. La opinión de los estudiantes, en una escala de uno a cinco, es que existen ventajas del montaje de órgano aislado sobre el software interactivo (p menor que 0,05) en cuanto al aporte de información (mediana 5:4 respectivamente), la integración de conocimientos (mediana 5:4) y la interpretación de datos inesperados (mediana 4:3). En cuanto a la claridad de la información obtenida la apreciación de los estudiantes muestra que no existen diferencias entre las dos alternativas (mediana 4). La utilización del animal involucra un costo ético (67 por ciento) que no se da con el empleo del software (27 por ciento). Finalmente es muy alta la aceptación del software interactivo como una ayuda eficaz para el aprendizaje de la farmacología (77 por ciento) y es notorio el interés de los estudiantes en que éstas alternativas sean implementadas en otras asignaturas (79 por ciento)...

Background. Nowadays the usage of lab animals in education is being eliminated all around the world. Other strategies are looked for to replace it because there is not any evidence that students trained using other alternatives are less qualified. Objective. The purpose of this research work was to contrast the opinion of the pharmacology students ofPharmacy, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, about the implementation of interactive software compared to theisolated tissue technique. Material and methods. This study compared teachingmaterial which uses lab animals to another one based on an interactive software for the isolated tissue of rodentintestine by means of a survey applied to the seven semester students.Results. Student’s opinion, in scale 1 to 5, is that there are advantages of the isolated tissue technique over theinteractive software (p<0,05) with respect to information contribution (median 5:4 respectively), knowledgeintegration (median 5:4) and unexpected results interpretation (median 4:3). In relation to obtainedinformation clarity, student’s opinion shows that there aren’t differences between the two alternatives (median4). The use of laboratory animal implies an ethical cost (67%) that doesn’t exist with the use of interactive software(27%). Finally, is high the acceptance of interactive software as an effective tool in pharmacology learning (77%) and is noticeable the student’s interest about this alternative being used in other courses (79%)...

Influence on cardiac-pulmonary function of health and acute lung injury dogs by proportional assist ventilation and pressure support ventilation modes / 中国基层医药

Objective Comparing the influence on cardiac-pulmonary function of health and acute lung injury (ALI)dogs by proportional assist ventilation(PAV)and pressure support ventilation(PSV)modes.Methods Use intermittent positive pressure ventilation(IPPV)mode in health and ALI dogs,calculate elastance(Ers)and resistance(Rrs),then change to PAV,set the assist ratio 60%.Then change the mode into PSV,set the inspiratory pressure(IPAP)according to PAV,so that tidal volume(VT)and peak pressure(Ppeak)were the sanle as that of PSV respectively.Observe the changes of respiratory mechanics,blood gas analysis and hemodynamics during mechanical ventilation.Results For health dogs,compared with PAV,mean airway pressure(mPaw)and work of breath of ventilator(WOBv)of PSV was higher than those of PAV when VT were similar,the difference was remarkable;while the influence on hemodynamics was not different.For ALI dogs,compared with PAV,Ppeak,mPaw and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure(PCWP)of PSV was higher than those of PAV when VT were similar,the difference was remarkable.Conclusion For health and ALI dogs,compared with PSV,PAV has lower airway pressure and less influence on hemodynamies.

Relationship between Host Survival and the Type of Immune Response in Different Organs during Disseminated Candidiasis / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

To examine the relationship between host survival and the type of immune response in different organs during disseminated candidiasis, the murine model of disseminated candidiasis was established by injection with Candida albicans via tail vein. The survival time was observed for up to 60 days. And the expression levels of cytokines in the spleen and kidney, including IFN-γ and IL-4, were determined with RT-PCR. Our results showed that in the spleen, both non-fatal and fatal inoculum caused a type Ⅱ immune response with steady expression levels of IFN-γ and the obviously increased levels of IL-4. While in the kidney, non-fatal inoculum induced a type Ⅰ immune response with the obviously increased levels of IFN-γ and the steady expression levels of IL-4. However, fatal inoculum induced a type Ⅱ immune response with a constant expression of IFN-γ and the evidently increased levels of IL-4. It is concluded that in disseminated candidiasis, host survival is associated with the type of immune responses in the kidney, but not in the spleen.

Intracoronary transfection of transforming growth factor ?_1 gene attenuates acute rejection of cardiac allograft in rats / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

Objective To study the effects of intracoronary transfer of adenovirus vector-mediated transforming growth factor ?_1 gene on acute rejection of cardiac allograft in rats. Methods In a cervical heterotopic cardiac transplantation model, donor hearts coronary arteries were perfused ex vivo after harvest with Stanford University solution containing 5?10~ 10 plaque-forming units/gram of donor heart of donor heart of Ad. TGF-?_1, then implanted in the necks of recipients. As controls, other hearts were perfused with Stanford University solution containing 5?10~ 10 plaque-forming units/gram of donor heart adenoviral bland-vector or with virus-free Stanford University solution by the same method. Results The exogenous TGF-?_1 gene transcripts and expression in the Ad.TGF-?_1 infected grafts were confirmed. The expression of CD_ 68 and the apoptosis index in the cardiac allografts of Ad. TGF-?_1 group were less than that of other two groups (P

An early stage morphologic analysis for non-restrictive external stent to prevent vein graft failure / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

0.05; at 14 d,28 d, the thickness and area of the intiam in group S were smaller than those in group NS,P

Study of EPO pretreatment's effect on expression of TNF-? gene in cultured cardiac myocytes with hypoxia/reoxygenation injury and the possible mechanism / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

Objective The present study is to investigate the effect of EPO pretreatment on TNF-? expression in cultured cardiac myocytes with H/R and to explore the possible NF-?B signal transduction mechanism. Methods The model of cultured cardiac myocytes with H/R was established and the cardiac myocytes were divided into 4 groups, including EPO group (treat with EPO 10?U/ml 24?h before H/R), EPO+PDTC group (treat with EPO 10?U/mL and PDTC 5??g/ml 24?h before H/R), PDTC group (treat with PDTC 5??g /ml 24h before H/R) and control group. Change of TNF-? gene expression before and after H/R in cardiac myocytes was detected with RT-PCR and western blot. Change of NF-?B activity before and after H/R in cardiac myocytes was assayed with EMSA. Results Before H/R, there was no significant difference in TNF-? mRNA and protein expression between the 4 groups and after H/R, TNF-? mRNA and protein expression increased significantly in the 4 groups compared to control group before H/R. After H/R, TNF-? mRNA and protein expression was lower in EPO group than in the other 3 groups. Before H/R, NF-?B activity was higher in EPO group than in the other groups. After H/R, NF-?B activity increased significantly in all the 4 groups compared to the control before H/R and NF-?B activity was lower in EPO group than in the other groups. Conclusion EPO pretreatment inhibited the upregulation of TNF-? gene expression after H/R in cardiac myocytes, which might be related to the inhibition of NF-?B activation; EPO pretreatment might inhibit the activation of NF-?B after H/R through the negative feed-back mechanism of NF-?B activation.

Experimental reconstruction of chest wall defects with degradable biomaterial in dog / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

Objective To investigate the application of a novel degradable biomaterial artificial chest wall as a chest wall prosthesis and explore the feasibility of its use in chest wall reconstruction. Methods A full-thickness chest wall defect of 10?10 cm was created in 8 dogs and then repaired with short chitin fiber reinforced polycaprolactone (PCL) plate. The situation of the implanted chest wall prosthesis and the progress of the regeneration of the chest wall tissue were observed dynamically postoperatively by X-ray, CT and histological examinations. Results No operative and peri-operative deaths were observed, no flail chest and paradoxical movement, no infection and severe complications occurred. Artificial chest wall prosthetic integrated tightly with chest wall ribs and muscle tissue around. New bone tissue obviously regenerated around both resection ends of the ribs in 4 months. The chest wall prosthesis was tightly enveloped by thick fibrous tissue in 6 months. Conclusion Degradable chitin fiber reinforced PCL biomaterial has excellent properties such as fine biocompatibility, optimal mechanical properties, fine flexibility and elasticity and translucent to X-rays. It is a prospective material for chest wall reconstruction.