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Objective To investigate changes of functional connectivity between the right anterior insula and the frontal operculum in mild cognitive impairment(MCI).Methods Twenty-one MCI patients served as MCI group and twenty age-and gender-matched subjects with normal cognitive function served as a control group in this study.Resting-state fMRI was performed and functional connectivity to right anterior insula and the frontal operculum was obtained with a voxel-wise manner.The difference in functional connectivity between the two groups was obtained with two -sample t-test.Results The mini-mental state examination score was significantly lower in MCI group than in control group(25.8±0.6 vs 29.2±0.3,P＜0.01).In healthy elderly,a distributed set of regions,including bilateral inferior parietal lobule,right middle and posterior cingulated cortex,right middle frontal gyrus,right mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus,right supplementary motor area,left anterior insula and the frontal operculum,left superior temporal gyrus,left inferior frontal gyrus,left precentral gyrus and left olfactory cortex(orbital and vertical gyrus),showed functional connectivity to right anterior insula and the frontal operculum.While bilateral inferior parietal lobule,right inferior frontal gyrus(opercularis,orbitalis,triangularis),right middle frontal gyrus,right middle cingulated cortex,right thalamus,left anterior insula and the frontal operculum and ACC,showed functional connectivity to right anterior insula and the frontal operculum in MCI.Compared to healthy elderly,decreased functional connectivity to right anterior insula and the frontal operculum was identified in left olfactory cortex and left superior parietal lobule,while increased in right medial prefrontal lobe.At the same time,a tendency of decreased functional connectivity to left anterior insula and the frontal operculum was also observed in left olfactory cortex.Conclusion The changes of functional connectivity to right anterior insula and the frontal operculum can be a significant biomarker in the differential diagnosis of MCI.
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OBJECTIVE: In the current study we investigated neurodevelopmental changes in response to social and non-social reinforcement. METHODS: Fifty-three healthy participants including 16 early adolescents (age, 10–15 years), 16 late adolescents (age, 15–18 years), and 21 young adults (age, 21–25 years) completed a social/non-social reward learning task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants responded to fractal image stimuli and received social or non-social reward/non-rewards according to their accuracy. ANOVAs were conducted on both the blood oxygen level dependent response data and the product of a context-dependent psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) analysis involving ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and bilateral insula cortices as seed regions. RESULTS: Early adolescents showed significantly increased activation in the amygdala and anterior insula cortex in response to non-social monetary rewards relative to both social reward/non-reward and monetary non-rewards compared to late adolescents and young adults. In addition, early adolescents showed significantly more positive connectivity between the vmPFC/bilateral insula cortices seeds and other regions implicated in reinforcement processing (the amygdala, posterior cingulate cortex, insula cortex, and lentiform nucleus) in response to non-reward and especially social non-reward, compared to late adolescents and young adults. CONCLUSION: It appears that early adolescence may be marked by: (i) a selective increase in responsiveness to non-social, relative to social, rewards; and (ii) enhanced, integrated functioning of reinforcement circuitry for non-reward, and in particular, with respect to posterior cingulate and insula cortices, for social non-reward.