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@#The high incidence and untreated rate of root caries, a common and frequently occurring oral disease with challenging treatment in elderly individuals, is the main cause of tooth loss among elderly people, as rapid development results in pulpitis and periapical periodontitis or residual crown and root, which has been regarded as one of the common chronic oral diseases seriously affecting the quality of life of elderly people. Thus, early intervention and prevention are important. Traditional dental materials for preventing root caries have been widely used in clinical practice; however, they have the disadvantages of tooth coloring, remineralization and low sterilization efficiency. A series of new dental materials for preventing root caries have gradually become a research hotspot recently, which have the advantages of promoting the mineralization of deep dental tissue, prolonging the action time and enhancing adhesion. Future caries prevention materials should be designed according to the characteristics of root surface caries and the application population and should be developed toward simplicity, high efficiency and low toxicity. This review describes current research regarding anti-caries prevention material application, serving as a theoretical underpinning for the research of root caries prevention materials, which is important for both promotion in the effective prevention of root caries and improvement in the status of oral health and the quality of life among old people.
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BACKGROUND:In consideration of the food safety and ecological safety of transgenic plants,the retention of marker genes is the primary safety issue affecting transgenic plants. OBJECTIVE:Based on the principle of immune caries prevention,our research team successfully constructed the plant anti-caries vaccine fusion gene expression vector pCAMBIA-E8-APB-DOCK8 for these two caries causing virulence factors surface protein and glucosyltransferase,which provides a basis for the research and development of transgenic plant vaccine. METHODS:In this study,the selective marker genes Km and GUS in the plant caries vaccine fusion gene expression vector pCAMBIA-E8-APB-DOCK8 were removed by DNA recombination technology through a series of steps such as DNA fragment separation,connection,transformation,clone detection,and sequencing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The efficiency of marker gene removal was 99%.This study has laid a good experimental foundation for the safe production of transgenic plant vaccine against dental caries,and also provided ideas for the construction of other plant vaccine vectors.
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Nanoparticles (NPs) are insoluble particles with a diameter of fewer than 100 nanometers. Two main methods have been utilized in orthodontic therapy to avoid microbial adherence or enamel demineralization. Certain NPs are included in orthodontic adhesives or acrylic resins (fluorohydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, hydroxyapatite, SiO2, TiO2, silver, nanofillers), and NPs (i.e., a thin layer of nitrogen-doped TiO2 on the bracket surfaces) are coated on the surfaces of orthodontic equipment. Although using NPs in orthodontics may open up modern facilities, prior research looked at antibacterial or physical characteristics for a limited period of time, ranging from one day to several weeks, and the limits of in vitro studies must be understood. The long-term effectiveness of nanotechnology-based orthodontic materials has not yet been conclusively confirmed and needs further study, as well as potential safety concerns (toxic effects) associated with NP size.
Nanopartículas (NPs) são partículas insolúveis com diâmetro inferior a 100 nanômetros. Dois métodos principais têm sido utilizados na terapia ortodôntica para evitar a aderência microbiana ou a desmineralização do esmalte: NPs são incluídas em adesivos ortodônticos ou resinas acrílicas (fluoro-hidroxiapatita, fluorapatita, hidroxiapatita, SiO2, TiO2, prata, nanopreenchimentos) e NPs são revestidas nas superfícies de equipamentos ortodônticos, ou seja, uma camada fina de TiO2 dopado com nitrogênio nas superfícies do braquete. Embora o uso de NPs em ortodontia possa tornar acessível modernos recursos, pesquisas anteriores analisaram as características antibacterianas ou físicas por um período limitado de tempo, variando de 24 horas a várias semanas, por isso devem ser compreendidos os limites dos estudos in vitro. A eficácia de longo prazo de materiais ortodônticos com base em nanotecnologia ainda não foi confirmada de forma conclusiva, o que exige mais estudos, bem como potenciais preocupações de segurança (efeitos tóxicos) associadas ao tamanho da NP.
Asunto(s)
Ortodoncia , Desmineralización , Esmalte Dental , Nanopartículas , AntiinfecciososRESUMEN
Abstract Nanoparticles (NPs) are insoluble particles with a diameter of fewer than 100 nanometers. Two main methods have been utilized in orthodontic therapy to avoid microbial adherence or enamel demineralization. Certain NPs are included in orthodontic adhesives or acrylic resins (fluorohydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, hydroxyapatite, SiO2, TiO2, silver, nanofillers), and NPs (i.e., a thin layer of nitrogen-doped TiO2 on the bracket surfaces) are coated on the surfaces of orthodontic equipment. Although using NPs in orthodontics may open up modern facilities, prior research looked at antibacterial or physical characteristics for a limited period of time, ranging from one day to several weeks, and the limits of in vitro studies must be understood. The long-term effectiveness of nanotechnology-based orthodontic materials has not yet been conclusively confirmed and needs further study, as well as potential safety concerns (toxic effects) associated with NP size.
Resumo Nanopartículas (NPs) são partículas insolúveis com diâmetro inferior a 100 nanômetros. Dois métodos principais têm sido utilizados na terapia ortodôntica para evitar a aderência microbiana ou a desmineralização do esmalte: NPs são incluídas em adesivos ortodônticos ou resinas acrílicas (fluoro-hidroxiapatita, fluorapatita, hidroxiapatita, SiO2, TiO2, prata, nanopreenchimentos) e NPs são revestidas nas superfícies de equipamentos ortodônticos, ou seja, uma camada fina de TiO2 dopado com nitrogênio nas superfícies do braquete. Embora o uso de NPs em ortodontia possa tornar acessível modernos recursos, pesquisas anteriores analisaram as características antibacterianas ou físicas por um período limitado de tempo, variando de 24 horas a várias semanas, por isso devem ser compreendidos os limites dos estudos in vitro. A eficácia de longo prazo de materiais ortodônticos com base em nanotecnologia ainda não foi confirmada de forma conclusiva, o que exige mais estudos, bem como potenciais preocupações de segurança (efeitos tóxicos) associadas ao tamanho da NP.
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Resumo Os dentifrícios fluoretados comercializados para crianças devem conter concentração mínima de 1000 ppm de fluoreto (F), que deve ser quimicamente solúvel para ter efeito anticárie. Portanto, determinamos as concentrações de fluoreto total (FT) e fluoreto solúvel total (FST) em dentifrícios comercializados para crianças no Brasil e no México e analisamos as regulamentações vigentes em ambos os países. Vinte e quatro marcas foram encontradas e adquiridas no Brasil (19 formuladas com NaF/SiO2, três com Na2FPO3/CaCO3 e duas com Na2FPO3/SiO2) e seis no México (todas com NaF/SiO2). As concentrações de FT e FST foram determinadas após a compra (amostras frescas), e a estabilidade do fluoreto nas formulações de Na2FPO3/CaCO3 foi verificada após 18 meses. As análises foram realizadas com eletrodo íon-específico e os resultados expressos em ppm F (mg F/kg). As concentrações de FT encontradas variaram de 476,0 a 1.385,3 ppm F e foram próximas às declaradas pelos fabricantes (500 a 1.450 ppm F). As concentrações de FT encontradas não ultrapassaram 1.500 ppm F, de acordo com as regulamentações vigentes de ambos os países. No entanto, dentifrícios com concentrações de FST inferiores a 1.000 ppm F foram encontrados tanto em dentifrício com baixa concentração (500 ppm F) formulado com NaF/SiO2 como em dentifrícios com Na2FPO3/CaCO3 frescos e envelhecidos, originalmente fabricados com 1.000-1.100 ppm de FT. Em conclusão, embora a maioria dos dentifrícios analisados apresentasse concentração de FST superior a 1.000 ppm F, as regulamentações vigentes em ambos os países permitem que produtos que não estejam de acordo com a melhor evidência disponível estejam presentes no mercado.
Abstract Fluoride toothpastes market to children should contain a minimum concentration of 1000 ppm of fluoride (F), which must be chemically soluble to provide anti-caries effect. Therefore, we determined the concentrations of total fluoride (TF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF) in toothpastes marketed to children in Brazil and Mexico and analyzed the current regulations in force in both countries. Twenty-four brands were found and purchased in Brazil (19 formulated with NaF/SiO2, three with Na2FPO3/CaCO3 and two with Na2FPO3/SiO2) and six in Mexico (all with NaF/SiO2). TF and TSF concentrations were determined after the purchase (fresh samples) but fluoride stability in Na2FPO3/CaCO3-formulations was checked after 18 months. The analyses were performed with an ion-specific electrode and the results expressed in ppm F (mg F/kg). The TF concentrations found ranged from 476.0 to 1385.3 ppm F and they were close the declared by the manufactures (500 to 1450 ppm F). The TF concentrations found were not greater than 1500 ppm F, in accordance with the current regulations of both countries. However, toothpastes presenting TSF concentrations lower than 1000 ppm F were found either in low fluoride toothpaste (500 ppm F) formulated with NaF/SiO2 as in fresh and aged Na2FPO3/CaCO3-toothpastes, originally fabricated with 1000-1100 ppm of TF. In conclusion, although most toothpastes analyzed showed TSF concentration higher than 1000 ppm F, the regulations in force in both countries allow that products not in agreement with the best available evidence are available in the market.
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@#Dental caries is a common oral infectious disease in humans. It is seriously harmful to human’s health. Dental caries is closely related to the cariogenic bacteria. Now, there are many studies on the pathogenic mechanism of the cariogenic bacteria. There are many different methods to prevent dental caries. In this paper, we mainly reviewed the inhibitory effect and mechanism of anti-caries materials on cariogenic bacteria.
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The levels of Streptococcus (S.) mutans infections in saliva were evaluated and a comparison for specific antibody levels among children with different levels of S. mutans infection was made. The promising epitopic regions of antigen AgI/II (PAc) and glucosyltransferase (GTF) for potential vaccine targets related to S. mutans adherence were screened. A total of 94 children aged 3-4 years were randomly selected, including 53 caries-negative and 41 caries-positive children. The values of S. mutans and those of salivary total secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), anti-PAc and anti-Glucan binding domain (anti-GLU) were compared to determine the correlation among them. It was found the level of s-IgA against specific antigens did not increase with increasing severity of S. mutans infection, and the complete amino acid sequence of PAc and GTFB was analyzed using the DNAStar Protean system for developing specific anti-caries vaccines related to S. mutans adherence. A significantly positive correlation between the amount of S. mutans and children decayed, missing, and filled teeth index was observed. No significant difference was detected in specific sIgA against PAc or GLU between any two groups. No significant correlation was found between such specific sIgA and caries index. A total of 16 peptides from PAc as well as 13 peptides from GTFB were chosen for further investigation. S. mutans colonization contributed to early children caries as an important etiological factor. The level of sIgA against specific antigens did not increase with increasing severity of S. mutans infection in children. The epitopes of PAc and GTF have been screened to develop the peptide-based or protein-based anti-caries vaccines.