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Background and Objective: Japanese encephalitis (JE) surveillance is not well established in many countries, and laboratory confirmation is challenging, the true extent and prevalence of the virus and burden of disease are not well understood. It is estimated that 67,900 clinical cases of JE occur annually despite the widespread availability of vaccine, with approximately 13,600–20,400 deaths and an overall incidence rate of 1.8/100,000 in the 24 countries with JE risk. The present study aimed at determining the prevalence rate (PR) and distribution (time, place and person) of JE cases in Manipur. This descriptive study was conducted over 24-month period (2016–2017). Materials and Methods: A total of 1770 cases of acute encephalitis syndrome tested for JE including 251 confirmed JE were diagnosed by IgM antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The JE cases were most commonly reported in the age group of >15 years. Most of JE prevalence was seen in rural distribution in our study. There is a strong seasonal pattern of JE occurrence in Manipur which peaked in July–August and declined by October each year, which corresponds to the monsoon season. The JE cases were reported in all the districts of the state expanding in the plains and hill regions. Conclusions: The changing pattern of JE cases among different age groups was also observed in our study. The present study reveals the changing pattern of the prevalence of JE in the State of Manipur and initiated a systematic approach of JE surveillance also highlights the need for further expanding of surveillance across the state.
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Background: Dengue is one of the most serious mosquito borne viral infection mainly affecting tropical and subtropical countries of the world. In absence of specific treatment and vaccine for dengue fever (DF); vector control is the only method by which the spread of dengue can be prevented. Aims & Objective: This study was conducted to report the prevalence of Dengue virus infection in Gujarat, Western India. Material and Methods: Study was performed at a tertiary care hospital in Ahmedabad, Gujarat in year 2012. Patients attending various hospitals across Gujarat for suspected dengue were tested. Blood samples collected in plain tubes were tested for dengue IgM antibodies, NS1 antigen and viral nucleic acid detection by Dengue IgM capture enzyme linked immune sorbent assay, Dengue Early ELISA and real time reverse transcriptase PCR, respectively. The laboratory records were analyzed for demographic features and seasonal variations. Descriptive statistics were used. Data were expressed in proportions. Results: Out of total 4401 serum samples tested, 927 were found positive for dengue virus infection. 65% positive samples were of male patients and 58% positive samples were from 18 to 35 years age group (Adult population) (58%). Seasonal trend showed a gradual increase in dengue positives started from August with a peak in October (34.5%). The most common presentation was fever (97%) while only 1% cases presented haemorrhagic manifestations. Conclusion: Dengue has established its transmission in urban and semi-urban areas of Gujarat with predominantly affecting males and active adult population. Virus activity is high during monsoon and post monsoon period which coincides with increased vector breeding. This study thus emphasizes the need for continuous sero epidemiological surveillance for the timely formulation and implementation of effective dengue control programme.
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Objective To set up an antibody-capture ELISA method to detect the Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV)antibody.Methods ELISA plate was coated with the monoclonal antibody which was specific to the envelope protein epitope E39 of JEV,JEV SA14-14-2 strain as the source of antigen was used to absorb the monoclonal antibody,the absorbed virus used to capture the JEV'S antibody.The antibody that captured ELISA was established.The indirect ELISA method using the virus particles from cell culture was compared with coating ELISA plate,105 clinical serum were checked.Results The background in indirect ELISA assay could not be abscised,positive and negative serum diluted in a ratio of 1:10,1:100,1:1000,the relative value of A posative/A negative were 1.02,0.99,1.13,all<2.1.But the antibody-captured ELISA method when the serum dilution was 1:10,1:100,the A posative/A negative were 3.57,2.94,all>2.1;when the dilution was 1:1000,the A posative/A negative was 1.42,<2.1,it meant the method could distinguish the positive and negative serum efficiently when the dilution Was 1:100,the background problem in indirect ELISA assay could be solved.Antibody-capture method was used to check 105 serum samples,the A posative/A negative over a range of 0.257～0.321(0.262±0.050),all<2.1,no positive sample found.Conclusion The antibody-capture ELISA method has been preliminary set up with a high specificity,capable of quickly identifying JEV from other virus.
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The specific IgM (SIgM) antibodies in serum samples from 32 patients with epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF) were sequentially determined by IgM antibody capture ELISA (MacELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence technique (IFA) sitnultaneously. Of the samples detected by the two methods, 99.46% had the same positive or negative results. The response curves of SIgM titres separately determined by MacELISA or IFA were parellel, whereas, the SIgM titres detected by MacELISA were comparatively higher than those detected by IFA. During the course of the disease, no significant defference was found between the SIgM titres of defferent illness types at the same illness day.