Progress of Research on Application of Antispasmodics in Digestive Endoscopy / 胃肠病学

Reasonable use of antispasmodics to attenuate gastrointestinal peristalsis during digestive endoscopy is an effective clinical strategy to improve the clarity of endoscopic images and diagnostic accuracy. The commonly used antispasmodics in gastroenteroscopy mainly include systemic antispasmodics and local antispasmodics at present. Systemic antispasmodics have some limitations, such as inconvenience in usage, many contraindications and adverse reactions. Local antispasmodics can act directly on the digestive tract mucosa by oral administration or spraying, which can quickly and effectively inhibit peristalsis, and is convenient for clinical use with fewer adverse reactions. This review summarizes the mechanism of action, efficacy and application of systemic antispasmodics and local antispasmodics in digestive endoscopy, in order to provide strategies for the selection of antispasmodics in digestive endoscopy.

Brometo de pinavério no tratamento da síndrome do intestino irritável: revisão sistemática / Pinaverium bromide in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review

Objetivos - O objetivo da revisão foi atualizar revisão sistemática da Cochrane, que avaliou a eficácia da terapia medicamentosa no controle dos sintomas da SII e apresentar os resultados do brometo de pinavério em relação aos demais antiespasmódicos nos desfechos de melhora da dor, dos escores de sintomas da SII, melhora global e/ou qualidade de vida. Métodos - Realizamos busca eletrônica nas bases de dados Medline, CINAHL, PsychInfo, Cochrane RCT databases e EMBASE. A eficácia dos tratamentos foi avaliada em relação a melhora global dos sintomas, dor abdominal, escore de sintomas e qualidade de vida. Para a análise da diferença dos efeitos dos subgrupos de drogas, utilizamos o método Newcombe-Wilson sem correção de continuidade. Quando expressado em diferenças de médias, utilizamos o método que assume igual variância nas duas populações. Resultados - Foram encontrados 70 artigos, dos quais oito estavam de acordo com os critérios de inclusão. Foram analisados os agentes formadores de bolo, antiespasmódicos ou antidepressivos. Foi observado que os antiespasmódicos são eficazes em melhorar a dor, propiciar melhora global e do escore de sintomas do paciente. Entre eles, destaca-se o brometo de pinavério, que demonstra eficácia consistente em todos os três desfechos estudados, melhora da dor (RR 1.57; IC 1.08 a 2.26), melhora global (RR 1.66; IC 1.25 a 2.19) e do escore de sintomas do paciente (SMD 0.51; IC 0.19 a 0.84). Conclusão - Dada a grande disponibilidade e o baixo custo do tratamento as drogas antiespasmódicas devem ser encaradas como tratamento de primeira linha da SII. Os antidepressivos devem ser utilizados caso não haja resposta satisfatória com as drogas de primeira linha ou, ainda, quando o paciente apresentar comorbidade psiquiátrica, adequadamente avaliada.

A Clinical Usefulness of Premedication with Hyoscine N-butyl Bromide in Colonoscopy / 대한소화기내시경학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to investigate the effect of hyoscine-N-butyl bromide during colonoscopy. METHODS: A total of 133 patients undergoing colonoscopy were randomized to receive either 20 mg of hyoscine-N-butyl bromide (n=70) or normal saline solution (n=63) via intramuscular injection as premedication. RESULTS: The mean cecal intubation time and withdrawal time in the hyoscine-N-butyl bromide group were significantly shorter than those of the control group (5.26+/-2.78 min vs. 6.74+/-4.89 min; p=0.032, 5.42+/-1.54 min vs. 6.18+/-2.54 min; p=0.038, each). The spasm grade in the hyoscine-N-butyl bromide group was significantly lower than that of the control group (p<0.001). No significant differences were found in the polyp detection rate (15.7% vs. 28.6%; p=0.073) and adenoma detection rate (10.0% vs. 15.9%; p=0.311). Difficulty of colonoscopy for the endoscopists and nurses (p=0.853; p=0.732), the patient's comfort (p=0.891) and the patient's willingness to repeat colonoscopy (85.7% vs. 82.5%; p=0.932) were also similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Premedication with intramuscularly administered hyoscine-N-butyl bromide do not demonstrate any additional benefits except reducing the colonoscopy insertion time.

The Efficacy of Cimetropium Bromide as a Premedication before Esophagogastroduodenoscopy / 대한소화기내시경학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Cimetropium bromide has been used widely as a premedication for endoscopy; however, there are no subjective data pertaining to the effects of cimetropum bromide as a premedication. Thus, the current study was undertaken to compare the effects of cimetropum bromide with placebo as a premedication for esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). METHODS: Two hundred ninety-nine consecutive outpatients who had undergone EGD were enrolled in this study. Thirty minutes before EGD, the patients were randomly given an intramuscular injection of cimetropium bromide (5 mg) or saline using a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized technique. Immediately after EGD, all the patients and endoscopists were requested to fill out the questionnaire form. RESULTS: One-hundred patients were injected with cimetropium bromide and 150 patients were injected with placebo. There was no statistically significant difference in the degree of residual gastric secretions, the peristaltic activity detected by endoscopists, and the comfort experienced by the patients in each study group. CONCLUSIONS: The intramuscular injection of cimetropium bromide (5 mg) as a premedication for EGD was not significantly superior to placebo, at least with respect to subjective parameters, in spite of its broad use.

Comparative potency of some official gastro-intestinal antispasmodics as studied in experimental animals

1. The antispasmodic effect of some official drugs were studied in dogs using balloons appropriately placed on the intact enteric tract. Intestinal contractions were kymographically recorded2. Comparable doses (threshold relaxing doses) of the pharmacologic agents were determined and tested under uniform experimental conditions3. Tested against spontaneous, Barium-stimulated and Pilocarpine-stimulated intestinal contractions, Methantheline and Atropine were shown to be the most potent agents. Aminophylline, Papaverine and Glyceryl trinitrate follow in the order named. This comparison is on the basis of the average duration of their respective inhibiting effect on the intestine4. The experimental findings in this method of study appear to be in close agreement with clinical observations5. It is postulated that in certain gastro-intestinal conditions characterized by hyperperistalsis, spasm and pain, these antispasmodics will prove clinically effective, if wisely administered. (Summary and Conclusions)