Modelos murinos para el estudio de cáncer de mama triple negativo / Murine models for the study of triple negative breast cancer

RESUMEN El estudio de diferentes variables, como patogénesis, perfil inflamatorio, identificación de blancos terapéuticos, eficacia de tratamientos en modelos murinos ha resultado uno de los más prácticos para el estudio preclínico del cáncer de mama triple negativo (CMTN), el subtipo de cáncer más agresivo, con limitada aplicación de tratamientos y baja tasa de sobrevivencia. Sin embargo, hay que reconocer que existen otros menores en los que se viene estandarizando la inducción del CMTN. En esta revisión se engloban los diferentes métodos de inducción que han permitido el desarrollo de CMTN y las aplicaciones terapéuticas más relevantes por el que se desarrollaron los modelos murinos con CMTN.

ABSTRACT The study of different variables, such as pathogenesis, inflammatory profile, identification of therapeutic targets, efficacy of treatments in murine models has proven to be one of the most practical for the preclinical study of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), the most aggressive subtype of cancer, with limited application of treatments and low survival rate. However, it must be recognized that there are other minors in which the induction of TNBC is being standardized. This review encompasses the different induction methods that have allowed the development of TNBC and the most relevant therapeutic applications by which murine models with TNBC were developed.

Incidence and Risk Factors of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma Receiving Anti-tumor Therapy / 中国肺癌杂志

BACKGROUND@#Venous thromboembolism (VTE) as the most common cancer-associated complication has become the second death-causing reason among cancer patients. The management of VTE in patients with lung adenocarcinoma should focus on early and timely detection of risk factors. The aim of the study is to investigate the current situation of VTE in patients with lung adenocarcinoma treated with anti-tumor therapy and then explore the risk factors associated with the occurrence of VTE during anti-tumor therapy for early detection and screening of VTE.@*METHODS@#The present study included patients diagnosed as lung adenocarcinoma undergoing anti-tumor therapy in First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between December 2019 and May 2021. The risk factors were identified via univariate and multivariate Cox analysis. The incidence of independent risk factors were investigated through Kaplan-Meier curves combined with Log-rank test.@*RESULTS@#The results of univariate and multivariate Cox regression showed that history of VTE, targeted therapy and radiotherapy were risk factors for VTE in patients with lung adenocarcinoma treated with anti-tumor therapy (P<0.05). Furthermore, the results of Kaplan-Meier curves and Log-rank tests indicated the incidences of VTE in patients with history of VTE, targeted therapy and radiotherapy were higher (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#History of VTE, radiotherapy and targeted therapy are found as independent risk factors for the occurrence of VTE, which should be identified and monitored for reduction of VTE incidence.
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Super-sensitive bifunctional nanoprobe: Self-assembly of peptide-driven nanoparticles demonstrating tumor fluorescence imaging and therapy

The development of nanomedicine has recently achieved several breakthroughs in the field of cancer treatment; however, biocompatibility and targeted penetration of these nanomaterials remain as limitations, which lead to serious side effects and significantly narrow the scope of their application. The self-assembly of intermediate filaments with arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptide (RGD-IFP) was triggered by the hydrophobic cationic molecule 7-amino actinomycin D (7-AAD) to synthesize a bifunctional nanoparticle that could serve as a fluorescent imaging probe to visualize tumor treatment. The designed RGD-IFP peptide possessed the ability to encapsulate 7-AAD molecules through the formation of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions by a one-step method. This fluorescent nanoprobe with RGD peptide could be targeted for delivery into tumor cells and released in acidic environments such as endosomes/lysosomes, ultimately inducing cytotoxicity by arresting tumor cell cycling with inserted DNA. It is noteworthy that the RGD-IFP/7-AAD nanoprobe tail-vein injection approach demonstrated not only high tumor-targeted imaging potential, but also potent antitumor therapeutic effects in vivo. The proposed strategy may be used in peptide-driven bifunctional nanoparticles for precise imaging and cancer therapy.

Cyclin-dependent kinases-based synthetic lethality: Evidence, concept, and strategy

Synthetic lethality is a proven effective antitumor strategy that has attracted great attention. Large-scale screening has revealed many synthetic lethal genetic phenotypes, and relevant small-molecule drugs have also been implemented in clinical practice. Increasing evidence suggests that CDKs, constituting a kinase family predominantly involved in cell cycle control, are synthetic lethal factors when combined with certain oncogenes, such as

Antitumor strategies based on targeted modulation of tumor-associated macrophages / 中国药科大学学报

@#Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most abundant innate immune cells in tumors, which generally exhibit anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes, and are the key inducers of tumor development, metastasis and drug resistance, and thus becoming a popular target in the field of antitumor immunotherapy.The study and application of nanocarriers optimize TAMs-targeted antitumor therapy.According to the characteristics and functions of TAMs, modulation strategies based on TAMs are elaborated, including TAMs depletion, inhibition of TAMs recruitment and TAMs repolarization.At the same time, in order to apply the above strategies more efficiently and overcome the general off-target problems in treatment, specific TAMs-targeted therapies based on nanocarriers are reviewed and analyzed, including passive targeting to TAMs, active targeting to macrophages and specifically active targeting to M2-TAMs. Finally, based on the limitations of targeting TAMs alone, new therapeutic strategies of targeting both TAMs and tumor cells via nanocarrier based delivery systems are introduced to provide new ideas for the application of these strategies in the field of tumor immunotherapy and combination therapy with other antitumor strategies.

La nanotecnología aplicada al desarrollo de medicamentos / Nanotechnology applied to drug development

En este trabajo se realiza una revisión de las principales estrategias definidas hasta la fecha para el desarrollo de sistemas nanoparticulares farmacéuticos y de su interés en terapéutica, Se trata de liposomas, nanopartículas poliméricas o lipídicas, micelas poliméricas, dendrímeros, conjugados poliméricos y con anticuerpos, nanotubos de carbono y otros nanotransportadores, que tras su administración posibilitan la vectorización o localización selectiva de la sustancia que transportan a nivel de un órgano, de un tejido, de un tipo específico de células o incluso a nivel de orgánulos celulares concretos. En la actualidad, las principales dianas en vectorización son las células tumorales y la neovascularización tumoral, las células del sistema fagocítico mononuclear y las células somáticas dañadas. La vectorización a estas dianas se puede alcanzar mediante un mecanismo pasivo, un mecanismo mediado por un desencadenante externo 0 un mecanismo activo.

This paper reviews the main strategies defined to date for the development of pharmaceutical nanoparticle systems and their interest in therapy. These are Iiposomes, polymeric or lipid nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, dendrimers, polymer conjugates and antibodies, carbon nanotubes and other nanocarriers, which upon administration enable targeting or selective localization of substance transporting at level of an organ, a tissue, a specific cell type or even at specific cellular organelles. Currently, the main targets in drug targeting are tumor cells and tumor neovascularization, the mononuclear phagocyte system cells and somatic cells damaged. Drug localization to these targets can be achieved by a passive mechanism, a mechanism mediated by an external trigger or an active mechanism.

Biological and pathophysiological properties of streptococcal superantigens / 医学研究生学报

Streptococcal superantigens play an important role in many human diseases.In this paper,we mainly discuss the progress in the researches on streptococcal superantigens in such aspects as their structures,biological and pathophysiological properties,expression regulation,and their significance in the management of tumors.