RESUMEN
La necesidad de ajustar la inmunosupresión en forma individualizada ha estimulado la emergencia de técnicas que permiten predecir eventos clínicos como rechazo agudo o tolerancia. Esta revisión analiza, considerando principalmente el trasplante renal, las limitantes actuales de la inmunosupresión para concluir que una terapia individualizada permitiría mejorar la sobrevida de pacientes y órganos trasplantados en el largo plazo. En segundo lugar describe los métodos diagnósticos que en forma más consistente han demostrado tener valor predictivo con importancia clínica. Entre ellos se cuentan ensayos funcionales, determinación de anticuerpos específicos y linfocitos reactivos contra el donante, así como el análisis de marcadores a nivel de proteínas o genómicos. Los avances logrados auguran el comienzo de una nueva eraen trasplantes.
Organ transplantation is often related to higher survival and lower morbidity than conservative treatments. Nevertheless, survival and morbidity could be optimized tailoring the immunosupression to the particular needs of each individual patient. The requirement to optimize immunosupression makes necessary to improve the immunologic assessment and therefore has promoted the development of new immunological diagnostic tools. This review addresses first the need to tailor immunosupression, and then focuses in the value of anti HLA antibodies, alloreactive T cells, phenotypic analysis of lymphocytes and cytokines, repertoire analysis and genetic approaches, as well as in vivo studies. Further validation and standardization of these tests are needed in order to enter the routine clinical practice. Accomplishment of these goals would signal the beginning of a new era in transplantation.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Anticuerpos/inmunología , Monitorización Inmunológica , Trasplante de Riñón/métodos , Terapia de InmunosupresiónRESUMEN
Background: Swine hepatitis E virus (HEV) has a cross-reaction with human anti-HEV antibodies. Therefore, pigs could be an animal reservoir, rendering hepatitis E as a zoonosis. The spread of this infection among infected pigs across countries would be possible through trading. Previously, using an anti-human conjugate, we detected anti-HEV antobodies in adult pigs in Chile. Aim: To detect anti-HEV (ELISA) in a cohort of swine at different ages. Material and Methods: Two hundred pigs aged 42 to 360 days, divided in 20 groups of 10 animals were tested. Anti-HEV was detected by ELISA using anti-pig IgG horseradish peroxidase instead of anti-human conjugates. Results: Anti-HEV were detected in one animal aged 90 days, two animals aged 120 days, one animal aged 260 days and 2 animals aged 360 days, five pregnant sows and two old hogs. This represents a total of 14 animals or 7 percent of the sample. Conclusions: There is a significant prevalence of anti-HEV in pigs from 90 days of birth, suggesting that these swine are aprobable reservoir.