Alertamientos y movimientos periódicos de las piernas durante las etapas de sueño y deterioro cognitivo leve en adultos mayores. Estudio preliminar / Arousals and periodic leg movements during sleep stages and mild cognitive impairment in older adults: a preliminary study

RESUMEN La fragmentación del sueño puede asociarse con distintas enfermedades, entre ellas, la demencia. En este sentido, la fragmentación de sueño, indicada por el índice de alertamientos y/o movimientos periódicos de las piernas (MPP), podría ser un marcador temprano de deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL), un síndrome precursor de la demencia. El objetivo del presente estudio fue medir el índice de prevalencia de los alertamientos y de los MPP durante el sueño en un grupo control y un grupo con DCL, así como determinar si hay diferencia entre los grupos en ambos índices y establecer si existe una correlación entre los dos fenómenos. En 9 participantes (3 mujeres controles y 3 mujeres con DCL; y 3 hombres con DCL) (edad: 69.1 ± 5; años de educación: 8 ± 2) se registró una noche de polisomnografía. Se obtuvieron los índices por hora de alertamientos y para cada etapa de sueño, así como los MPP globales y por hora; además se realizaron análisis entre y dentro de cada grupo. Se encontró una correlación positiva y un mayor número de MPP que de alertamientos durante toda la noche en los participantes con DCL. Conocer la prevalencia y asociación de ambos fenómenos contribuye en la formulación de una evaluación más cuidadosa y profunda de los adultos mayores en riesgo de desarrollar DCL y/o demencia.

ABSTRACT Sleep fragmentation may be associated with several diseases, including dementia. In this sense, sleep fragmentation, indicated by the rates of arousals and/or periodic leg movements (PLM), could be an early marker of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), a syndromic stage prior to dementia. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the index of PLM with that of arousals and correlate both indexes in people with MCI and without MCI during all sleep stages. In 9 participants (3 control women and 3 women with MCI; and 3 men with MCI) (ages: 69.1 ± 5; years of education: 8 ± 2), one night of polysomnography was performed. Hourly rates of arousals and PLM were scored from each sleep stage. Analyses were performed within and between PLM and arousals for each group. Significant differences and a positive correlation were found between the arousal and the PLM rates for the group with MCI during the whole night. Knowledge of the prevalence and the association of both phenomena may contribute to a more careful and thorough evaluation of older adults at risk of developing MCI and/or dementia.

A case of confusional arousal in an elderly man / 中华神经科杂志

Confusional arousal (CA) is a rare non-rapid eye movement sleep-related parasomnia and rarely reported in China, leading to misdiagnosis and mistreatment in clinic. A detailed collection of clinical symptoms and simultaneous video polysomnography is very important for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of CA. A elderly patient with CA was diagnosed according to the International classification of sleep disorders, third edition diagnostic criteria. The summary and analysis of the patient is conducted to improve the understanding of CA, meanwhile to avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment.

Research Progress on Insomnia and Microarousal / 中国医学科学院学报

Insomnia is a subjective experience of difficulty in falling asleep and/or maintaining sleep accompanied by the impairment of daytime social functioning due to insufficient sleep quality or quantity to meet normal physiological needs.It has chronic damage to all the human body systems and is the most common sleep disorder.The main mechanism for the occurrence and maintenance of insomnia is the hyperarousal hypothesis,and microarousal,as a cortical arousal,is also involved in the formation of the hyperarousal mechanism.The mechanism and clinical significance of microarousal were reviewed and summarized in this paper in order to guide the clinical work.

Research progress on the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and arousals / 中国基层医药

Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) refers to apnea and hypopnea caused by repeated obstruction of upper respiratory tract collapse during sleep, accompanied by snoring and irregular snoring, daytime sleepiness and repeated arousal.Studies have shown that arousal is associated with daytime sleepiness and other symptoms and some complications in OSA patients.Based on literature review, this paper reviews the current research on OSA and arousal.

Research progress on the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and arousals / 中国基层医药

Obstructive sleep apnea ( OSA) refers to apnea and hypopnea caused by repeated obstruction of upper respiratory tract collapse during sleep ,accompanied by snoring and irregular snoring ,daytime sleepiness and repeated arousal.Studies have shown that arousal is associated with daytime sleepiness and other symptoms and some complications in OSA patients.Based on literature review,this paper reviews the current research on OSA and arousal.

Severidad del índice de apneas hipopneas en relación a la posición supina y no supina, incluyendo los arousales subrogantes en la poligrafía respiratoria nocturna / Severity of the Apnea-Hypopnea Index in Relation to the Supine and Non Supine Position, Including Surrogate Arousals at Night Respiratory Polygraphy

El diagnóstico de severidad del síndrome de apnea hipopnea del sueño (SAHOS) se efectúa con la medición del índice de apnea hipopnea (IAH) y requiere métodos de diagnóstico confiables. Dada la alta frecuencia de esta patología, se han desarrollado diferentes equipos de poligrafía respiratoria (PR) alternativos a la polisomnografía supervisada (PSG), y se ha observado que existe una aceptable concordancia diagnóstica entre estos dispositivos. Los eventos respiratorios fueron marcados según las recomendaciones del consenso español 2005, agregándose los arousales respiratorios sustitutos (AS), y se ha interpretado como AS a la presencia de reducción del flujo de la cánula de presión amplificada, seguida de un esfuerzo representado por hiperventilación sin desaturación acompañante, que incluye por lo menos 2 ciclos respiratorios. Se analizan 1128 estudios, incluyéndose 1.101 realizados con igual aparatología. Se realiza poligrafía respiratoria con oximetría con sensor de flujo con cánula nasal, monitoreo oximétrico, banda respiratoria y sensor de posición supina y no supina. El cálculo del IAHt (total) con PR comprende la cuantificación de la suma de las apneas obstructivas, apneas mixtas, apneas centrales, hipopneas y AS, dividido el tiempo de sueño estimado. A su vez evaluado en posición supino (IAHs) y no supino (IAHn). El análisis estadístico se realizó a través de la correlación de Pearson y el cálculo del Chi cuadrado entre el IAHn y el IAHs, y mostró relación estadísticamente significativa. Observamos que el índice de apneas hipopneas en pacientes con SAHOS, incluyendo los arousales subrogantes, medidos con la cánula de presión amplificada, presenta mayor severidad en decúbito supino que en no supino.

The diagnosis of severe Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Obstructive Syndrome (SAHOS) is performed by measuring the Apnea Hypopnea Index (AHI ) and requires reliable diagnostic methods. Owing to the high frequency of this disease, different equipments of Respiratory Polygraphy (RP) have been developed as alternatives to supervised polysomnography (PSG).There is an acceptable diagnostic concordance among these devices. Respiratory events were recorded as recommended by the Spanish consensus 2005, adding the Respiratory Surrogate Arousal (SA), interpreting SA as the presence of reduced flow in the cannula of amplified pressure, followed by an effort represented by hyperventilation without concomitant desaturation, including at least two respiratory cycles. The analysis included 1,128 studies, of which 1,101 made with the same technology. The studies included respiratory polygraphy performed with a flow sensor through nasal cannula, oximetry monitoring, respiratory band and a sensor for supine and non supine position. The estimate of the Apnea Hypopnea Index - AHI - (total) with RP comprises the sum of obstructive apnea, mixed apnea, central apnea, hypopnea and SA, according with the estimated sleep time. Also the AHI was evaluated in supine position (AHIs) and in non supine position (AHIn). Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation and calculation of Chi square between AHIn and AHIs; there was a statistically significant relationship. We note that the apnea hypopnea index in patients with SAHOS, including surrogate arousals, measured with the amplified pressure cannula, presents greater severity in supine than in non supine position.

Diagnostic and Clinical Differences in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome / 수면정신생리

It has been controversial whether upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) is a distinct syndrome or not since it was reported in 1993. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders classified UARS under obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in 2005. UARS can be diagnosed when the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) is fewer than 5 events per hour, the simultaneously calculated respiratory disturbance index (RDI) is more than 5 events per hour due to abnormal non-apneic non-hypopneic respiratory events accompanying respiratory effort related arousals (RERAs), and oxygen saturation is greater than 92% at termination of an abnormal breathing event. Although esophageal pressure measurement remains the gold standard for detecting subtle breathing abnormality other than hypopnea and apnea, nasal pressure transducer has been most commonly used. RERAs include phase A2 of cyclical alternating patterns (CAPs) associated with EEG changes. Symptoms of OSAS can overlap with UARS, but chronic insomnia tends to be more common in UARS than in OSAS and clinical symptoms similar with functional somatic syndrome are also more common in UARS. In this journal, diagnostic and clinical differences between UARS and OSAS are reviewed.

Overview of sleep & sleep disorders.

Sleep is defined on the basis of behavioural and physiological criteria dividing it into two states: non rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep which is subdivided into three stages (N1, N2, N3); and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, muscle atonia and desynchronized EEG. Circadian rhythm of sleep-wakefulness is controlled by the master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. The neuroanatomical substrates of the NREM sleep are located principally in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus and those of REM sleep are located in pons. A variety of significant physiological changes occur in all body systems and organs during sleep as a result of functional alterations in the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. The international classification of sleep disorders (ICSD, ed 2) lists eight categories of sleep disorders along with appendix A and appendix B. The four major sleep complaints include excessive daytime sleepiness, insomnia, abnormal movements or behaviour during sleep and inability to sleep at the desired time. The most important step in assessing a patient with a sleep complaint is obtaining a detailed history including family and previous histories, medical, psychiatric, neurological, drug, alcohol and substance abuse disorders. Some important laboratory tests for investigating sleep disorders consist of an overnight polysomnography, multiple sleep latency and maintenance of wakefulness tests as well as actigraphy. General physicians should have a basic knowledge of the salient clinical features of common sleep disorders, such as insomnia, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, narcolepsy-cataplexy syndrome, circadian rhythm sleep disorders (e.g., jet leg, shift work disorder, etc.) and parasomnias (e.g., partial arousal disorders, REM behaviour disorder, etc.) and these are briefly described in this chapter. The principle of treatment of sleep disorders is first to find cause of the sleep disturbance and vigorously treat the co-morbid conditions causing the sleep disturbance. If a satisfactory treatment is not available for the primary condition or does not resolve the problem, the treatment should be directed at the specific sleep disturbance. Most sleep disorders, once diagnosed, can be managed with limited consultations. The treatment of primary sleep disorders, however, is best handled by a sleep specialist. An overview of sleep and sleep disorders viz., Basic science; international classification and approach; and phenomenology of common sleep disorders are presented.