In vivo microscopy of arterial distribution embolic particles in rabbit mesenteric artery

Purpose: To study the arterial distribution of embosphere microsphere (EM) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles in rabbit mesenteric artery using in vivo microscopy.To study the arterial distribution of embosphere microsphere (EM) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles in rabbit mesenteric artery using in vivo microscopy. Methods: Sixteen New Zealand rabbits were divided into four groups, namely large PVA (560–710 μm), small PVA (150–350 μm), large EM (500–700 μm), and small EM (100–300 μm). The mesenteric arteries of the experimental animals were embolized under fluoroscopic guidance and visualized using in vivo microscopy. The embolized vessel diameter and arterial distribution of embolic agents were compared. Results: The diameters of occluded vessels in large PVA, small PVA, large EM, and small EM groups were 430.60 ± 67.30, 200.95 ± 70.54, 387.79 ± 92.51, and 143.81 ± 39.65 μm, respectively. PVA occluded significantly larger vessels than EM when the particle size was similar (P < 0.001). The proportion of EM at the bifurcation of the artery was significantly higher than that of PVA particles (large PVA < large EM, χ2 = 4.325, P < 0.038; small PVA < small EM, χ2 = 6.68, P < 0.01). Conclusion: Both PVA and EM could occlude vessels smaller than the particle size, and EM resulted in deeper penetration. The location of embolic particles in the artery is mainly related to the shape of particles

Origem, ramificação e distribuição da artéria celíaca no tucano-de-bico-verde (Ramphastos dicolorus Linnaeus, 1766) / Origin, ramification and distribution of the celiac artery in the green-billed toucan (Ramphastos dicolorus Linnaeus, 1766)

O tucano-de-bico-verde (Ramphastos dicolorus) é uma ave encontrada nas florestas tropicais americanas e pertence à Ordem Piciforme, Família Ramphastidae. Neste trabalho objetivou-se descrever a origem, a ramificação e a distribuição da artéria celíaca do tucano-de-bico-verde. Foram utilizados três espécimes provenientes do Criatório Científico e Cultural de Poços de Caldas, MG (IBAMA, 2.31.94-00006), doados após óbito por causas naturais. As aves tiveram a artéria isquiática direita canulada para injeção de solução de látex corado, e após fixação em solução de formol a 10% foram dissecadas. A artéria celíaca originou-se a partir da porção descendente da aorta, emitindo como primeiro ramo colateral a artéria pró-ventricular dorsal. Esta emitiu ramos esofágicos e continuou-se como artéria gástrica dorsal, de aspecto tortuoso, terminando em anastomose com a artéria gástrica direita. Após curto trajeto, a artéria celíaca formou dois ramos colaterais, o esquerdo e o direito. O ramo esquerdo logo se ramificou formando a artéria pró-ventricular ventral com seus ramos esofágicos, artéria gástrica esquerda, que originou a artéria hepática esquerda, e finalmente a artéria gastroduodenal, que emitiu as artérias gástricas ventrais e duodenais. O ramo direito da artéria celíaca emitiu as artérias lienais e hepática direita, continuando-se como artéria pancreático-duodenal. Esta formou a artéria pilórica dorsal, duas artérias gástricas direitas, vários ramos duodenais, pancreáticos e a artéria duodeno-jejunal. Assim, a artéria celíaca nos três espécimes de tucano-de-bico-verde, exibiu um arranjo que se assemelha tanto ao descrito em aves domésticas quanto ao de aves silvestres.

The green-billed toucan (Ramphastos dicolorus) is a bird found in American tropical forests and belongs to the Order Piciformes, Family Ramphastidae. The aim of this paper is to describe the origin, ramification and distribution of the celiac artery in the green-billed toucan. Three specimens from the Scientific and Cultural Breeding of Poços de Caldas, MG (IBAMA, 2.31.94-00006), donated after death by natural causes, were analyzed. The birds had the right ischiadic artery cannulated for injection of colored latex, and after fixation in 10% formalin solution were dissected. The celiac artery was originated from the descending portion of aorta, giving as the first collateral branch the pro-ventricular dorsal artery. This gave esophageal branches and continued as dorsal gastric artery, with tortuous appearance, ending in anastomosis with the right gastric artery. After a short track, the celiac artery formed two collateral branches, the right and the left. The left branch soon ramified itself to form the ventral pro-ventricular artery with its esophageal branches, left gastric artery, that gave rise to the left hepatic artery, and finally the gastroduodenal artery, which emitted the ventral gastric and duodenal arteries. The right branch of the celiac artery emitted the lienal and right hepatic arteries, continuing as pancreatic-duodenal artery. This gave the dorsal pyloric artery, two right gastric arteries, several duodenal, pancreatic branches and the duodenal-jejunal artery. Thus, the celiac artery in the three specimens of green-billed toucan showed an arrangement resembling that described both in domestic and wild birds.

Irrigación de las cápsulas adrenales en humanos / Irrigation of the human adrenal capsules

Las cápsulas adrenales también conocidas como glándulas adrenales o suprarrenales, son 2 pequeñas estructuras, una derecha y otra izquierda, ubicadas en la región suprahiliar del borde interno de cada riñón. A pesar de su pequeño tamaño, su función dentro del sistema endocrino es indispensable para el equilibrio metabólico de los seres humanos, de allí que su aporte vascular viene a jugar un papel fundamental en su funcionamiento. Los diferentes textos de anatomía han descrito por años un patrón vascular clásico, sin embargo, éste presenta importantes variaciones en el origen y distribución de sus ramas. Trabajamos con fetos frescos, cuidadosamente disecados, perfundidos con vinil rojo en el sistema arterial, extrayendo un bloque visceral y resecando 66 glándulas adrenales. En nuestros resultados el patrón vascular clásico descrito por los libros de anatomía sólo se observó en el 15,38 por ciento de los casos. El origen de la arteria suprarrenal superior fue detectado en la arteria Aorta (46,15 por ciento), la arteria media también en la Aorta (53,85 por ciento) y la rama inferior igualmente en la Aorta abdominal en tres cuartas partes de los casos (61,54 por ciento sola y en un 12,31 por ciento junto a la arteria renal). La distribución vascular de la glándula derecha difiere de la izquierda en 36 (56,25 por ciento) de los casos

The adrenal glands also known as suprarenal glands, are two small structures located on the suprahiliar border of the kidney. They belong to the endocrine system. The Anatomical books describe for them a classic vascular pattern, nevertheless they really have important variations in origin and branching pattern. In this work we employed human fetuses, carefully dissected, vinyl perfused. The sample was constituted by 66 adrenal glands. After a very careful observation of the serie we found that the classic pattern was seen in 15.30 percent of the sample. Superior suprarenal artery was localized at the abdominal Aorta in 46.15 percent, the medial artery was arising from Aorta in 53.85. percent, and the inferior suprarenal artery was also found taking origin at abdominal Aorta,on its own in 61.54 percent , and in 12.31 percent together with the renal artery. We also notice that the vascular approach to right adrenal gland is different from that for the left gland in 56.25 percent

Arterial distribution of rectus abdominis masculocutaneous flap and its significance in breast reconstruction / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To study arterial distribution of rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap and to evaluate whether it can be divided into several units for reconstruction. Methods The arteries of the rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap were studied on 60 sides of cadavers by dissection and angiography. Results The superior epigastric artery (SEA) and the inferior epigastric artery (IEA) continued in a longitudinal direction. Most of their branches took on a typical spiral configuration and communicated with each other within muscle above the level of umbilicus. Many perforating arteries penetrated through the anterior rectus sheath to get to the overlying skin, but the highest concentration of major perforators were in the paraumbilical area. The inferior epigastric artery was more significant than superior epigastric artery in supplying the skin of the musculocutaneous flap. Based on thefstudies of the vascular anatomy of muscles, we could classify arterial distribution into 3 types: type Ⅰ (SEA 26.5 %, IEA 34.6%) revealed a single main intramuscular artery: type Ⅱ (SEA 64.7 %, IEA 48.1%) had two major intramuscular branches; type Ⅲ (SEA 8.8%, IEA 17.3 %) revealed three intramuscular branches. Our anatomic studies showed that the superior and inferior epigastric artery bifurcated or divided into more than two main branches in the majority of cases (SEA 73.5%, IEA 65.4%). Conclusion The rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap could often be divided into several regions for breast construction which is based on the distribution of each branch of the artery.

Distribuição da artéria gástrica esquerda e artérias gástricas curtas na superfície do estômago de eqüinos e relação com a área superficial do órgão / Distribution of left gastric artery and breve gastric arteries on the surfaceof equine stomach and the relation to the organ´s superficial area

Vasos responsáveis pelo suprimento sangüíneo do estômago originam-se da artéria celíaca, primeiro ramo da aorta abdominal, localizada na região do hiato aórtico. Assim, dirigem-se à superfície do estômago as artérias gástricas esquerda e direita, as artérias gastroepilóicas esquerda e direita e as artérias gástricas curtas. Apesar de bem conhecidas as origens destes vasos, informações a respeito do comportamento dos mesmos ao atingirem a superfície do estômago ainda são escassas. O fluxo sangüíneo na parede do estômago exerce importante papel nos mecanismos de defesa da mucosa gástrica. Eqüinos em treinamento intensivo apresentam alta freqüência de ocorrência de lesões ulcerativas na mucosa do estômago, tornando as pesquisas sobre vascularização sangüínea deste órgão com grande significado prático na compreensão dos mecanismos relacionados à proteção da mucosa gástrica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alguns aspectos relacionados à distribuição arterial na superfície do estômago de eqüinos adultos, sem raça definida e destinados a abate. Utilizaram-se estômagos oriundos de 15 machos e 15 fêmeas. A área superficial do estômago foi mensurada com software de análise de imagens e os dados correlacionados ao número de ramos avaliados. Observou-se reduzida participação da artéria gástrica esquerda na irrigação da curvatura menor do estômago. Estes achados justificam estudos relacionados à particularidades anatômicas da região da curvatura menor do estômago de eqüinos, em trabalhos futuros.

Vessels responsible for stomach blood supply have their origin in the celyac artery, abdominal aorta first branch, in the aortic hiatus region. Thus, the stomach surface receives the left and right gastric arteries, the left and right gastroepiploic arteries and the breves gastric arteries. Origins of these vessels are well-known, but information about stomach surface arterial distribution are still unknown. Stomach surface blood supply has an important role on gastric mucosa defense mechanisms. Equines submitted to intensive training show high frequency of the ulcerative lesions in the gastric mucosa, with is a promising of applicability for researches on vascularization. The aim of this study was to analyze some aspects of the stomach surface arterial distribution, of the mixed breed adults equines destined to slaughter. Equine stomachs of 15 male and 15 female were analyzed. The stomach surface area was measured with images analysis software and the data correlation with number of vessels branch accounted. A low contribution of the left gastric artery to the stomach minor curvature irrigation was observed. These results justify studies related to anatomic particularities of the region of equine stomach minor curvature, in future researches.

STUDIES OF ARTERIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE M?LATISSIMUS DORSI, GRACILIS, TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE, GASTROCNEMIUS, SOLEUS / 解剖学报

The arteries of the M. latissimus dorsi, gracilis, tensor fasciae latae, gastrocncmius and soleus were studied on 100 Chinese cadavers (40 fetus and babies, 60 adults) by dissection and arteriography. The origin, number, diameter and distribution of these arteries were observed, and were investigated quantitatively by means of MAGISCAN-Ⅰ Image Analyser.Based on the studies of the vascular anatomy of muscles. We classified the arterial distribution into three patterns: Type Ⅰ: The muscle of this group was supplied by one or two main arteries which coursed the entire muscle belly, as in: M. tensor fasciae latae, gastrocnemius, soleus. Type Ⅱ: The muscle of this group had a segmental supply of several arteries, which is distributed partially in muscle belly, as in: M. gracilis, soleus. Type Ⅲ: The musele of this group had a combination of both patterns of vascular arrangement, as in: M. latissimus dorsi, soleus.The muscles of Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ could often be divided into several regions which were based on the distribution of each branch of the artery.