Impact of different automated peritoneal dialysis modalities on the inflammatory profile of elderly patients with chronic kidney disease / Impacto das diferentes modalidades de diálise peritoneal automatizada sobre o perfil inflamatório de idosos portadores de doença renal crônica

Abstract Introduction: Chronic kidney disease, more prevalent in the elderly, is considered a public health issue worldwide. Objective: To evaluate the impact of automated, peritoneal dialysis modalities, intermittent and continuous, on the inflammatory profile of elderly people with chronic kidney disease. Methods: Prospective, cross-sectional and analytical study carried out in a dialysis clinic in Brasília - Brazil, with 74 elderly people aged 60 years or older. The patients underwent rapid Peritoneal Equilibration Test, clinical assessment, blood collection for biochemical and cytokine assessments, interleukin 6 and transforming growth factor beta 1, and answered a quality-of-life questionnaire (KDQOL-SF36). We used a 5% significance level for data analysis, associations and correlations. Results: Patients in the continuous modality had higher serum values of transforming growth factor beta 1 than those in the intermittent modality, which had higher peritoneal transforming growth factor beta 1, age and residual renal function than those in continuous mode. Interleukin 6 dosage in the peritoneum was associated with age, while serum IL-6 was associated with IL-6 in the peritoneum, time on dialysis and age. There was no association between the modality and the presence of diabetes, blood volume or nutritional status. Both modalities enable good adaptation to the dialysis treatment. Conclusion: Inflammation in automated peritoneal dialysis is mainly associated with low residual renal function, advanced age and longer time on therapy, and not to the type of dialysis performed.

Resumo Introdução: A doença renal crônica, mais prevalente em idosos, é considerada um problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto das modalidades de diálise peritoneal automatizada, intermitente e contínua, no perfil inflamatório de idosos renais crônicos. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, transversal e analítico realizado em uma clínica de diálise em Brasília, com 74 idosos com idade igual ou maior que 60 anos. Os pacientes foram submetidos ao Teste de Equilíbrio Peritoneal rápido, avaliação clínica, coleta de sangue para avaliações bioquímicas e de citocinas, interleucina 6 e fator de crescimento transformador beta 1, e questionário de qualidade de vida (KDQOL-SF36). Foram utilizadas para análise dos dados, associações e correlações com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Pacientes na modalidade contínua apresentaram valores séricos do fator de crescimento transformador beta 1 maiores do que os em modalidade intermitente. Estes apresentaram fator de crescimento transformador beta 1 no peritônio, idade e função renal residual maiores do que os em modalidade contínua. A dosagem da interleucina 6 no peritônio foi associada à idade, enquanto a IL-6 sérica foi associada à IL-6 no peritônio, ao tempo em diálise e à idade. Não houve associação entre a modalidade e a presença de diabetes, volemia ou estado nutricional. Ambas as modalidades permitem boa adequação à terapia dialítica. Conclusão: A inflamação na diálise peritoneal automatizada está associada principalmente à baixa função renal residual, à idade avançada e ao maior tempo em terapia, e não à modalidade de diálise realizada.

Safety, Effectiveness, and Manipulability of Peritoneal Dialysis Machines Made in China: A Randomized, Crossover, Multicenter Clinical Study / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Background@#Automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) can cater to individual needs, provide treatment while asleep, take into account the adequacy of dialysis, and improve the quality of life. Currently, independent research and development of APD machines made in China are more conducive to patients. A randomized, multicenter, crossover study was conducted by comparing an APD machine made in China with an imported machine. The safety, effectiveness, and manipulability of the two machines were compared.@*Methods@#Two hundred and sixty patients who underwent peritoneal dialysis (PD) on a regular basis in 18 centers between August 2015 and February 2016 were included. The inclusion criteria include age ≥18 years and PD ≥30 days. The exclusion criteria were as follows: hemodialysis; exit site or tunnel infection; and peritonitis ≤30 days. The patients were randomly divided into Group A, who were first treated with a FM machine made in China, then changed to an imported machine; and Group B, who were treated using the reverse sequence. APD treatment was performed with 10 L/10 h and 5 cycles of exchange. After 72 h, the daily peritoneal Kt/V, the accuracy of the injection rate, accuracy of the injection temperature, safety, and manipulability of the machine were assessed. Noninferiority test was conducted between the two groups.@*Results@#The daily peritoneal Kt/V in the APD machine made in China and the imported APD machine were 0.17 (0.14, 0.25) and 0.16 (0.13, 0.23), respectively. There was no significant difference between the groups (Z = 0.15, P = 0.703). The lower limit of the daily Kt/V difference between the two groups was 0.0069, which was greater than the noninferiority value of -0.07 in this study. The accuracy of the injection rate and injection temperature was 89.7% and 91.5%, respectively, in the domestic APD machine, which were both slightly better than the accuracy rates of 84.0% and 86.8% in the imported APD machine (89.7% vs. 84.0%, P = 0.2466; 91.5% vs. 86.8%, P = 0.0954). Therefore, the APD machine made in China was not inferior to the imported APD machine. The fuselage of the imported APD machine was space-saving, while the APD machine made in China was superior with respect to body mobility, man-machine dialog operation, alarm control, and patient information recognition.@*Conclusions@#The FM machine made in China was not inferior to the imported APD machine. In addition, the FM machine made in China had better operability.@*Trial Registration@#Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02525497; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=&term=NCT02525497&cntry=& state=&city=&dist=.

Diálisis peritoneal domiciliaria en niños, experiencia en el Hospital Pediátrico Centro Habana / Peritoneal dialysis for children at home, the experience of Centro Habana pediatric hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: el Programa de diálisis peritoneal domiciliaria en Pediatría se inició en Cuba en el año 2008 en el Hospital Pediátrico Centro Habana, Centro de Referencia Nacional de Nefrología Pediátrica. OBJETIVO: evaluar el Programa durante 4 años de experiencia. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, utilizando registros retrospectivos del Programa desde 2008 hasta 2012. RESULTADOS: se analizaron 16 pacientes; 9 niñas y 7 niños, con un promedio de edad de 11 años. La etiología más frecuente correspondió a malformaciones congénitas y enfermedades glomerulares primarias. Las complicaciones infecciosas representaron el 90 % del total, y de ellas, la infección del orificio de salida (57,5 %), con 1 episodio cada 23 meses/paciente. La incidencia de peritonitis fue de 1 episodio cada 12 meses/paciente. Predominaron cultivos positivos a bacterias grampositivas (63,3 %), el Staphylococcus coagulasa positivo spp. fue más común. La causa más frecuente de interrupción de la diálisis peritoneal lo constituyó el trasplante renal. El tiempo global de duración en diálisis peritoneal domiciliaria fue de 13,2 meses. Los pacientes que cambiaron de técnica estuvieron un promedio de 8 meses en el Programa. A pesar de que el tiempo del seguimiento del método dialítico aún es insuficiente, la probabilidad de no ocurrencia de la falla de la técnica a partir de los 18 meses fue de más de un 50 %. CONCLUSIONES: durante 4 años de experiencia la diálisis peritoneal domiciliaria demostró ser una alternativa factible de inicio de tratamiento dialítico para el paciente pediátrico con enfermedad renal crónica terminal.

INTRODUCTION: the program of peritoneal dialysis at home in pediatric patients started in Cuba in 2008 at Centro Habana's pediatric hospital which is the national center of reference in pediatric nephrology. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the experiences in the implementation of the program in four years. METHODS: adescriptive, cross-sectional study using retrospective records of the program from 2008 to 2012. RESULTS: sixteen patients (9 girls and 7 children) aged 11 years as average was analyzed. The most frequent etiologies were congenital malformations and primary glomerular diseases. The infective complicdations accounted for 90 % of the total number, mainly the outlet orifice infection (57.5 %) with one event per 23 months/patient. The incidence of peritonitis was one event every 12 months/patient. Positive Gram-positive bacteria prevailed (63.3 %), being Staphylococcus coagulasa positive spp the most common. The most frequent cause of cessation of peritoneal dialysis use was renal transplantation. The overall length of time of periotoneal dialysis at home was 13.2. Those patients who moved to this technique were included in the program 8 months as an average. In spite of the fact that the follow-up period of the dialysis method is still insufficient, the probabilities of non-occurrence of any failure in this technique after 18 months were over 50 %. CONCLUSIONS: the experience gained in four years of using peritoneal dialysis at home proved that this is a feasible alternative for starting the dialysis-based treatment of the pediatric patient with terminal chronic renal disease.

Outcomes of Peritonitis in Children on Peritoneal Dialysis: A 25-Year Experience at Severance Hospital

PURPOSE: Relatively little is known on the microbiology, risk factors and outcomes of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis in Korean children. We performed this study in order to evaluate the incidence, treatment and clinical outcomes of peritonitis in pediatric PD patients at Severance Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from 57 PD patients younger than 18 years during the period between June 1, 1986 and December 31, 2011. The collected data included gender, age at commencement of PD, age at peritonitis, incidence of peritonitis, underlying causes of end stage renal disease, microbiology of peritonitis episodes, antibiotics sensitivity, modality and outcomes of PD. RESULTS: We found 56 episodes of peritonitis in 23 of the 57 PD patients (0.43 episodes/patient-year). Gram-positive bacteria were the most commonly isolated organisms (40 episodes, 71.4%). Peritonitis developed in 17 patients during the first 6 months following initiation of PD (73.9%). Peritonitis episodes rarely resulted in relapse or the need for permanent hemodialysis and no patient deaths were directly attributable to peritonitis. Antibiotic regimens included cefazolin+tobramycin from the years of 1986 to 2000 and cefazolin+ceftazidime from the years of 2001 to 2011. While antibiotic therapy was successful in 48 episodes (85.7%), the treatment was ineffective in 8 episodes (14.3%). The rate of continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) peritonitis was statistically higher than that of automated PD (APD) (p=0.025). CONCLUSION: Peritonitis was an important complication of PD therapy and we observed a higher incidence of PD peritonitis in patients with CAPD when compared to APD.

Comparison of Blood Pressure Control and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Patients on Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) and Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD)

This study aimed to investigate the influence of different peritoneal dialysis regimens on blood pressure control, the diurnal pattern of blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Forty-four patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis were enrolled into the study. Patients were treated with different regimens of peritoneal dialysis: 26 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and 18 patients on automated peritoneal dialysis (APD). All patients performed 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and echocardiography. Echocardiography was performed for measurement of cardiac parameters and calculation of left ventricular mass index (LVMI). There were no significant differences in average of systolic and diastolic blood pressure during 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime between CAPD and APD groups. There were no significant differences in diurnal variation of blood pressure, systolic and diastolic blood pressure load, and LVMI between CAPD and APD groups. LVMI was associated with 24 hour systolic blood pressure load (r = 0.311, P < 0.05) and daytime systolic blood pressure load (r = 0.360, P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study found that there is no difference in blood pressure control, diurnal variation of blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy between CAPD and APD patients. The different peritoneal dialysis regimens might not influence blood pressure control and diurnal variation of blood pressure in patients on peritoneal dialysis.

High Peritoneal Transport Status is Not an Independent Risk Factor for High Mortality in Patients Treated with Automated Peritoneal Dialysis

We undertook this study to elucidate whether baseline peritoneal membrane transport characteristics are associated with high mortality in incident automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) patients. This retrospective study includes 117 patients who started APD at Yonsei University Health System from 1996 to 2008 and had a PET within 3 months of APD initiation. High transporters were significantly older and had a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease. Patient survival for years 1, 3, and 5 were 85%, 64%, and 35% for high transporter and 94%, 81%, and 68% for non-high transporter group (P<0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed that age, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, serum albumin level, and residual renal function were independently associated with high mortality in APD patients. In contrast, high transport status was not a significant predictor for mortality in this population when the other covariates were included. Even though high transport was significantly associated with mortality in the univariate analysis, its role seemed to be influenced by other comorbid conditions. These findings suggest that the proper management of these comorbid conditions, as well as appropriate ultrafiltration by use of APD and/or icodextrin, must be considered as protective strategies to improve survival in peritoneal dialysis patients with high transport.

New dialysis treatment options for patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease / 대한내과학회지

Since the first hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis were performed in humans in the early 1900s, the survival rates of patients with end-stage renal disease have increased. The number of patients in need of renal replacement therapy (RRT) is increasing, and there have been substantial advances in RRT modalities and technologies. To improve the patient outcomes requiring RRT, progress has been made to improve the efficiency and biocompatibility of dialysis in both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. This review covers the basic principles of dialysis and the history of technological advances in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. In addition, it includes the benefits of hemodiafiltration, new peritoneal dialysis solutions and automated peritoneal dialysis.

Outcomes of Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis by Various Modalities in Korean Children: A Single Center Study

PURPOSE: A single center cross sectional retrospective study was performed to compare the outcomes of different peritoneal dialysis(PD) modalities in Korean children. METHODS: Among children dialyzed with PD between the year 2004 and 2007, 35 children had reliable data on PD adequacy after 3 to 15 months of dialysis. Subjects were grouped by their modalities; 17, 13 and 5 children were on continuous ambulatory PD(CAPD), continuous cyclic PD(CCPD) and nightly intermittent PD(NIPD), respectively. Body weight and height, number of patients taking anti-hypertensives and laboratory data including biochemical and hemoglobin levels were compared. Dialysis adequacy including weekly Kt/Vurea, creatinine clearance (Ccr) and daily water removal were also compared. Patients were sub-grouped by their peritoneal permeability characteristics. RESULTS: The percentage of patients taking anti-hypertensives, monthly change in Z-scores of body weight and height and laboratory data did not differ among the groups. Patients on CAPD and CCPD showed similar dialysis adequacies. Weekly dialytic Ccr was significantly lower in the NIPD group compared to the others. But total Ccr was not different when residual renal function was added. Weekly dialytic Ccr by CAPD was significantly higher than that of CCPD in low and low-average transporters. CONCLUSION: We propose that modality can be selected flexibly according to the patients' preferences. And peritoneal permeability characteristics provide valuable information for adjusting PD prescriptions in ultrafiltration failure or in inadequate dialysis. Further study of other clinical performance measures should be performed to clarify the comparable outcomes in different PD modalities.

Clinical Usefulness of Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD) in End Stage Renal Disease Patients / 대한신장학회잡지

BACKGROUND: In many countries, APD is growing dialysis modality in ESRD patients, however, it is still unfamiliar in Korea. To evaluate the clinical usefulness of APD, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical and biochemical characteristics of APD patients in Yonsei University Medical Center (YUMC). METHODS: The incidence of CAPD (continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) and APD in Korea was evaluated by PD solution companies (Baxter, FMC, Gambro, Boryung) in Korea. Clinical and biochemical data were collected from 96 subjects who have been maintained on APD at least more than 1 month from January 1996 to Jan. 2004 in YUMC. Peritoneal equilibration test (PET) was done within 3 months after initiation of CAPD and APD, respectively. Kt/V urea was also evaluated. We compared the factors of APD maintenance between early termination group and maintenance group. The maintenance group was defined as those patients who could be treated more than 6 month by APD. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 51.6+/-14.6 years with sex ratio (M: F) 45: 51, and mean duration of dialysis was 25.3+/-28.2 months. The causes of conversion from CAPD to APD were inadequate dialysis, ultrafiltration failure, and patient preference, etc. As urea kinetics was analyzed during CAPD or APD, there was no difference in total Kt/Vurea, but significant difference in renal Kt/ Vurea and dialysis Kt/Vurea between CAPD and APD. Incidence of PD peritonitis was significantly lower in APD group compared to CAPD group. There was no difference in the incidence of exit site infection. APD was stopped from kidney transplantation, death, peritonitis, and patient refuse. Only 11 cases were not solved the problems even after the conversion to APD. In maintenance group, duration of dialysis was shorter than the early termination group and serum albumin was significantly higher at 6 month after APD. CONCLUSION: APD has been rapidly expanding the territory in Korean ESRD patients. In CAPD patients with inadequate dialysis dose and ultrafiltration failure, APD is good alternatives for the maintenance to peritoneal dialysis modality.