N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor/MAPK/cAMP-response element binding protein pathway mediating pain-related aversion in anterior cingulate cortex / 解剖学报

Objective To explore the mechanism of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid ( NMDA) receptor/MAPK/cAMPresponse element binding protein ( CREB) pathway involved in pain-related aversion mediated by anterior cingulate cortex. Methods A total of 42 healtlry SD rats were randomly divided into control group (Ctrl) , normal saline(NS) injection group (NS) , complete freund adjuvant (CFA) model group ( CFA ) , injected CFA into the soles of the foot and injected NS into rostral part of anterior cingulate cortex (rACC)group (CFA+NS) , injected NS into the soles of the foot and injected NS into rACC group (NS+NS) , injected CFA into the soles of the foot and injected NMDA receptor antagonist ( APV ) into rACC group (CFA+APV) , injected NS into the soles of the foot and injected APV into rACC group ( NS + APV ) with 6 rats in each group. Rats avoidance score was analysised and rat thermal foot contraction latency ( PWL) ws alserved, the expression of NMDA receptor in rACC region was detected by immunohistochemical staining, the expression of NMDA receptor, phosphorylated ERK( p-ERK) and phosphorylated CREB ( p - CREB ) in rACC region was detected by immunofluorescent staining, the number of Nissl bodies in rACC region was observed by Nissl staining, and the expression of NMDA receptor, MAPK, CREB, ERK, p-ERK, p-CREB, synaptosomal-associated protein 25 interaction protein 30 (SIP30) protein in rACCregion was detected by Western blotting, and Real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of NMDA receptor, MAPK, CREB and ERK in the rACC region. Results Compared with the Ctrl group, the avoidance score and PWL decreased significantly and the expression of NMDA receptor, MAPK and CREB increased significantly in the CFA group (P<0. 05). Compared with the CFA+NS group, the number of Nissl bodies in CFA+APV and NS+APV groups increased significantly, while the expression of NMDA receptor, MAPK, CREB, p-ERK and p-CREB decreased significantly in NS+NS and NS+APV groups (P<0. 05). Conclusion NMDA receptor-MAPK-CREB signal pathway in rACC is involved in painrelated aversion, and inhibition of NMDA can reduce pain-related negative aversion.

The Anterior Insula and its Projection to the Prelimbic Cortex are Involved in the Regulation of 5-HT-Induced Itch / 神经科学通报·英文版

Itch is an unpleasant sensation that urges people and animals to scratch. Neuroimaging studies on itch have yielded extensive correlations with diverse cortical and subcortical regions, including the insular lobe. However, the role and functional specificity of the insular cortex (IC) and its subdivisions in itch mediation remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and fiber photometry tests, that neurons in both the anterior insular cortex (AIC) and the posterior insular cortex (PIC) are activated during acute itch processes. Pharmacogenetic experiments revealed that nonselective inhibition of global AIC neurons, or selective inhibition of the activity of glutaminergic neurons in the AIC, reduced the scratching behaviors induced by intradermal injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), but not those induced by compound 48/80. However, both nonselective inhibition of global PIC neurons and selective inhibition of glutaminergic neurons in the PIC failed to affect the itching-scratching behaviors induced by either 5-HT or compound 48/80. In addition, pharmacogenetic inhibition of AIC glutaminergic neurons effectively blocked itch-associated conditioned place aversion behavior, and inhibition of AIC glutaminergic neurons projecting to the prelimbic cortex significantly suppressed 5-HT-evoked scratching. These findings provide preliminary evidence that the AIC is involved, at least partially via aversive emotion mediation, in the regulation of 5-HT-, but not compound 48/80-induced itch.

Evaluation of Taste Aversion Learning Procedure for the Generalization of Aversion Using Palatable Foods / Evaluación del procedimiento aprendizaje aversivo gustativo para la generalización de la aversión con dos alimentos palatables

Abstract An experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of the taste aversion conditioning paradigm in the generalization of aversion with palatable foods was performed. Ten experimentally naive females Wistar rats and three types of foods were used: a) standard purina rodent chow, b) vanilla flavor cookies and c) chocolate-flavored cookies. Subjects were divided into two groups, five subjects per group. Using the taste aversion conditioning paradigm protocol, subjects were exposed to the types of food keeping an intake record. The experiment demonstrated that rats can acquire an aversion to palatable foods accompanied by a tendency to generalize, when using elements that share characteristics such as nutritional content and texture. In addition, the intake of a food that does not share the characteristics of texture, taste, smell and energy content with the one used for conditioning was not been affected. These findings indicate that the aversion generalization seems to depend on the properties of the food used.

Resumen Se evaluó experimentalmente la efectividad del paradigma de aprendizaje aversivo gustativo en la generalización de la aversión utilizando alimentos palatables. Se utilizaron diez ratas Wistar hembras experimentalmente ingenuas y tres tipos de alimentos: a) purina comida estándar para roedores, b) galletas con sabor a vainilla y c) galletas con sabor a chocolate. Los sujetos fueron divididos en dos grupos, cinco sujetos en cada uno. Usando el paradigma de condicionamiento de aversión al sabor, los sujetos fueron expuestos a los tipos de alimentos manteniendo un registro de ingesta. El experimento demostró que las ratas pueden adquirir una aversión a los alimentos palatables acompañados por una tendencia a generalizarse, cuando se utilizan elementos que comparten características como el contenido nutricional y la textura. Además, la ingesta de un alimento que no comparte características como la textura, sabor, olor y contenido energético como el utilizado para el condicionamiento no se vio afectada. Estos hallazgos demuestran que la generalización de la aversión parece depender de las propiedades de los alimentos utilizados.

Eye tracking studies related to social attention deficits in autism spectrum disorders / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders.Impaired social functioning is a core characteristic of individuals with ASD.Social attention deficits are important manifestation of their impaired social functioning.And it mainly reflected in the gaze on faces and social interactions.Eye movement technology is an objective and sensitive non-invasive measurement tool.Its application makes the measurement of individual core characteristics of ASD more accurate and objective.A review of recent studies revealed that the type of eye-movement stimuli for social attention in patients with AD gradually shifted from face image processing to social interaction scenes, and developed from static presentation to dynamic presentation.Dimensional embodiment of the progress of eye-movement studies of social attention in individuals with ASD.These studies suggest that individuals with ASD are less likely to gaze at the face region and the eye region of the face.More studies are currently using eye-tracking technology, and the analysis of emotional face gaze reveals that, the reduction in eye gaze in individuals with ASD is due to the discomfort associated with threatening faces.These findings validate the " gaze aversion" hypothesis regarding impaired social attention in individuals with ASD.Related neural mechanism studies have found a general lack of attention to social cues in the environment in individuals with ASD.Brain regions such as the amygdala, cingulate gyrus, superior temporal sulcus and anterior insula are associated with social attention in individuals with ASD.Especially with the superior temporal sulcus, the dorsal and ventral sides of the anterior insula, and so on.Future research should explore the cognitive neural mechanisms of social attention deficits in ASD, and the application of advanced information technology, such as eye-tracking technology, in the rehabilitation of patients with ASD.

Projections from D2 Neurons in Different Subregions of Nucleus Accumbens Shell to Ventral Pallidum Play Distinct Roles in Reward and Aversion / 神经科学通报·英文版

The nucleus accumbens shell (NAcSh) plays an important role in reward and aversion. Traditionally, NAc dopamine receptor 2-expressing (D2) neurons are assumed to function in aversion. However, this has been challenged by recent reports which attribute positive motivational roles to D2 neurons. Using optogenetics and multiple behavioral tasks, we found that activation of D2 neurons in the dorsomedial NAcSh drives preference and increases the motivation for rewards, whereas activation of ventral NAcSh D2 neurons induces aversion. Stimulation of D2 neurons in the ventromedial NAcSh increases movement speed and stimulation of D2 neurons in the ventrolateral NAcSh decreases movement speed. Combining retrograde tracing and in situ hybridization, we demonstrated that glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the ventral pallidum receive inputs differentially from the dorsomedial and ventral NAcSh. All together, these findings shed light on the controversy regarding the function of NAcSh D2 neurons, and provide new insights into understanding the heterogeneity of the NAcSh.

A influência da aversão à perda na decisão de se sobrecarregar no trabalho / The influence of loss aversion on the decision to work overload / La influencia de la aversión a la perdida en la decision de sobrecargar en el trabajo

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o papel moderador do burnout na relação entre aversão à perda e tomada de decisão de se sobrecarregar no trabalho. Um total de 128 profissionais, com idades acima de 18 anos e inseridos no mercado de trabalho, responderam a uma medida de burnout e avaliaram um cenário de sobrecarga no trabalho. Verificou-se um efeito da aversão à perda na decisão de se sobrecarregar no trabalho, mas o burnout não moderou essa relação. Variáveis sociodemográficas também não influenciaram na tomada de decisão. Esse estudo evidencia o potencial heurístico da aversão à perda como mecanismo automático que pode influenciar a decisão de se sobrecarregar no trabalho. Assim, deve-se ter cautela ao expor indivíduos em processos de decisões visto que isso pode impactar negativamente tanto para o próprio indivíduo (no curto prazo), quanto para a própria organização (no médio e longo prazo) (AU).

The present study aimed to evaluate the moderating role of burnout in the relationship between loss aversion and making a decision to suffer work overload. A total of 128 professionals over 18 years old inserted in the job market participated in the study, responding to a burnout measure and evaluating a work overload scenario. A loss aversion effect on the decision to suffer work overload was noted, although burnout did not moderate this relationship. Sociodemographic variables also did not influence decision making. This study highlights the heuristic potential of loss aversion as an automatic mechanism that can influence the decision to overwork at work. Thus, it is important pay attention to exposing individuals to decision-making processes, because this can impact negatively both the individual (in the short term) and the organization itself (in the medium and long term) (AU).

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el papel moderador del burnout en la relación entre la aversión a la pérdida y la decisión de sufrir una sobrecarga de trabajo. Un total de 128 profesionales mayores de 18 años inscritos en el mercado laboral participaron en el estudio, respondiendo a una medida de burnout y evaluando un escenario de sobrecarga de trabajo. Se observó un efecto de aversión a la pérdida en la decisión de sufrir una sobrecarga de trabajo, aunque el burnout no moderó esta relación. Las variables sociodemográficas tampoco influyeron en la toma de decisiones. Este estudio destaca el potencial heurístico de la aversión a la pérdida como un mecanismo automático que puede influir en la decisión de trabajar en exceso en el trabajo. Por lo tanto, es importante prestar atención a exponer a los individuos a los procesos de toma de decisiones, ya que esto puede afectar negativamente tanto al individuo (a corto plazo) como a la organización misma (a mediano y largo plazo) (AU).

Increased CXCL13 and CXCR5 in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Contributes to Neuropathic Pain-Related Conditioned Place Aversion / 神经科学通报·英文版

Pain consists of sensory-discriminative and emotional-affective components. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a critical brain area in mediating the affective pain. However, the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. Our recent study indicated that C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13) and its sole receptor CXCR5 are involved in sensory sensitization in the spinal cord after spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Whether CXCL13/CXCR5 signaling in the ACC contributes to the pathogenesis of pain-related aversion remains unknown. Here, we showed that SNL increased the CXCL13 level and CXCR5 expression in the ACC after SNL. Knockdown of CXCR5 by microinjection of Cxcr5 shRNA into the ACC did not affect SNL-induced mechanical allodynia but effectively alleviated neuropathic pain-related place avoidance behavior. Furthermore, electrophysiological recording from layer II-III neurons in the ACC showed that SNL increased the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs), decreased the EPSC paired-pulse ratio, and increased the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor/N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ratio, indicating enhanced glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Finally, superfusion of CXCL13 onto ACC slices increased the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous EPSCs. Pre-injection of Cxcr5 shRNA into the ACC reduced the increase in glutamatergic synaptic transmission induced by SNL. Collectively, these results suggest that CXCL13/CXCR5 signaling in the ACC is involved in neuropathic pain-related aversion via synaptic potentiation.

Efectos diferenciales del condicionamiento aversivo a sabores sobre la ingesta de sacarosa y estevia / Differential effects of conditioned taste aversion on sucrose and stevia intake

Resumen La asociación entre un estímulo alimentario y una sensación de malestar produce una aversión alimentaria, procedimiento denominado condicionamiento aversivo a sabores (CAS). Dado que no existen evidencias claras acerca de los efectos de este procedimiento sobre el consumo de endulzantes, el propósito de este estudio fue examinar la efectividad del CAS para disminuir el consumo de dos endulzantes naturales. Se trabajó con 30 ratas Wistar, distribuidas en tres grupos. En la fase 1 los grupos fueron expuestos a alimento y cada uno a una solución distinta: agua + sacarosa (G1), agua + estevia (G2) y agua sin endulzar (GC). En la fase 2 los grupos experimentales recibieron una inyección intraperitoneal de cloruro de litio. En la fase 3 los grupos retornaron a las condiciones de la primera fase. Después del CAS, G1 y G2 disminuyeron significativamente su consumo de bebida, sin embargo fue mayor al registrado en GC. Los resultados se discuten en función de la asociación entre el sabor y el contenido energético, lo que permite establecer nuevas directrices en el estudio del consumo de endulzantes. Se concluye que los procedimientos que producen aversión condicionada podrían resultar eficaces en el control de algunas conductas alimentarias alteradas.

Abstract The association between a food stimulus and a feeling of discomfort produces a food aversion; this procedure is called aversive taste conditioning (ATC). Since there is no clear evidence about the effects of this procedure on the consumption of sweeteners, the purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of ATC to decrease the consumption of two natural sweeteners. Thirty Wistar rats were divided into three groups. In phase 1 all groups were exposed to free food access and each group to a different solution: water + sucrose (G1), water + stevia (G2) and unsweetened water (CG). In phase 2 the experimental groups received an intraperitoneal injection of lithium chloride. In phase 3 the groups returned to the conditions of the first phase. After the ATC, the G1 and G2 significantly decreased their beverage consumption, although it was higher than the consumption of CG. The results are discussed in terms of the association between flavor and energy content, which allows establishing new guidelines in the study of the consumption of sweeteners. It is concluded that procedures such as ATC are effective in the control of some disordered eating behaviors.

Ethical Reflections on the Enlightenment of American Off-Label Drug Use to Our Country / 中国医学伦理学

Off-label drug use to some extent meets the clinical medication,achieves the most needed treat-ment of patients and promotes the development of medicine,but there exists certain risks at the same time.Through the analysis of the phenomenon of off-label drug use,from the perspective of medical ethics,this paper proposed that it should adhere to the principles of beneficence and respect,specifically,correcting the motives of off-label drug use,strict review of supporting evidence,ensuring patient's informed consent,strengthening ethical review andintroducing the insurance sharing mechanism,so as to achieve both the guarantee of patient's medication safety and the aversion of medical personnel's practice risks.

Aversiones alimentarias en adolescentes de la Secundaria Básica José Martí en municipio Cerro. 2015 / Food aversions of teenagers from the Junior High School Jose Marti in the municipality Cerro. 2015

Introducción: la adolescencia es considerada una etapa compleja no solo por los cambios que ocurren en el organismo desde todos los puntos de vista, sino por la complejidad que presupone el manejo psicológico de la misma, de esta forma también influye, lo relacionado con su hábitos alimenticios. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de las aversiones alimentarias en 94 adolescentes, de la escuela Secundaria Básica "José Martí". Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, con 94 adolescentes de la escuela Secundaria Básica "José Martí" del municipio Cerro, que cursaban el 7mo grado, cuyas edades oscilaron de 11 a 15 años de edad, durante el período de septiembre a octubre del 2015. Resultados: los grupos de alimentos más detestados fueron los vegetales y las frutas. El pescado a pesar de su importancia nutricional fue el alimento más rechazado y el menos consumido. Las viandas, las legumbres, los cereales, las carnes blancas, el huevo y los lácteos fueron los grupos de alimentos por los que menos aversión mostraron. Continúa siendo un factor de riesgo para la población adolescente, la ingestión de dulces y azúcares por ser uno de los alimentos preferidos y de mayor consumo. Conclusiones: las aversiones alimentarias detectadas sitúan a este grupo atareo en una situación vulnerable desde el punto de vista nutricional, y ratifica que los alimentos con mayores valores nutricionales son los menos aborrecidos, a pesar de las consecuencias actuales y futuras que pueden generar en su salud, así como el incremento de la incidencia de enfermedades relacionadas con los hábitos dietéticos (AU).

Introduction: the adolescence is considered a complex stage not only because of the changes occurring in the organism from all the points of view, but also due to the complexness of its psychological management. Eating habits belong to this field. Objetive: to describe the behavior of food aversions in 94 teenagers of the Junior High School "José Martí." Materials and Methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out during the period September-October 2015, with 97 7th-grade students of the Junior High school "José Martí", municipality Cerro, whose age ranged from 11 to 15 years. Results: the most detested food groups were vegetables and fruits. Fish, in spite of its nutritional importance, was the most rejected food and the less consumed one. Vegetables, legumes, cereals, white meats, eggs and dairy products are the food groups for which they showed less aversion. It is still a risk factor for the adolescent population the consumption of sweets and sugar because they are their preferable food and the ones they consume the most. Conclusions: the detected food aversions locate this age group in a vulnerable situation from the nutritional point of view, and ratifies foods with higher nutritional values are the less detested ones, in spite of the current and future consequences that could generate in their health, and also indicates the raise of the incidence of diseases related with dietary habits (AU).

Relationship between narcissism and entrepreneurial intention in college students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between narcissism and entrepreneurial intention and roles of achievement motive and risk aversion in college students.Methods:In this study,375 college students were selected from Henan University.Their narcissism,entrepreneurial intention,achievement motive and risk aversion were assessed with the Narcissism Scale,Entrepreneurial Intentions,The Achievement Motive Scale,and General Risk Aversion Scale.Results:The scores of overt narcissism positively predicted the scores of entrepreneurial intention (3 =0.37,P ＜ 0.001),the predictive effect of covert narcissism on entrepreneurial intention was not significant (β =-0.05,P ＞ 0.05).The scores of achievement motive partly mediated the relationship between the scores of overt narcissism and entrepreneurial intention (95％ CI:0.06-0.22),and this mediation effect was moderated by the scores of risk aversion (β =0.09,P ＜ 0.05).Only when the score of risk aversion was higher (above one standard deviation),achievement motive was a mediator between narcissism and entrepreneurial intention.When the score of risk aversion was lower,the mediate effect was not valid.Therefore,the moderated mediation model was confirmed.Conclusion:It suggest that the moderated mediation model is feasible,that is,achievement motive is a mediator between narcissism and entrepreneurial intention,but this mediation is moderated by risk aversion.

Comparing adults and adolescents regarding the scope insensitivity of value curves: A functional measurement approach / Comparación de adultos y adolescentes con respecto al alcance de insensibilidad de las curvas de valor: Un método de medición de funcionamiento

The curvature of the value/utility function has been understood, since D. Bernouilli, as the expression of an attitude towards risk. This perspective was kept in such influential theories of judgment and decision as Prospect Theory, in both its original and cumulative versions (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979; Tversky & Kahneman, 1992). More recently, dual-process interpretations of the value function as a mix of affect and deliberation (Hsee & Rottenstreich, 2004) have proposed that function curvature reflects the operation of affect-based evaluations via an affective focus coefficient indexed by "#" (varying between 0 and 1) in the equation v = A#S1-# (with "v" the subjective value, "A" the intensity of the affective response, and "S" the scope of the stimuli). According to this view, evaluating more hedonic targets results in more curved (scope-insensitive) functions than evaluating instrumental/utilitarian targets, and more affect-oriented subjects exhibit more pronounced curvatures (lower 1−#) than deliberation-oriented subjects. These predictions are evaluated in this study and additionally used for an exploratory evaluation of Reyna and Farley's (2006, 2007) proposal that analytical processing and gist/affect-based processing predominate, respectively, in adolescents' and in adults' judgment and decision making. Information Integration Theory was used to establish a model allowing for the functional measurement of subjective value at the (ratio) level required for comparing curvature parameters and computing Loss Aversion coefficients. The outcomes partially favored the prediction of larger curvatures (lower 1- #) and larger loss aversion in more hedonic tasks. However, they did not support the prediction of more scope insensitivity and larger values of loss aversion in adults than in adolescents. As the main suggested difference between adults and adolescents, individual differences in risk attitude appeared to be less polarized towards loss aversion among adolescents in more hedonic tasks.

La curva de la función valor/utilidad ha sido comprendida, desde D. Bernouilli, como la expresión de una actitud frente a un riesgo. Este punto de vista se mantuvo vigente en teorías influyentes del juicio y la toma de desiciones en la denominada Teoría de la Perspectiva, tanto en sus versiones originales como las subsecuentes (Kahneman y Tversky, 1979; Tversky y Kahneman, 1992). Más recientemente, las interpretaciones sobre el proceso dual de la función de valor que se muestran como una mezcla entre el afecto y la deliberación (Hsee y Rottenstreich, 2004) han propuesto que la función de la curva representa las evaluaciones basadas en el afecto a través de un coeficiente de enfoque afectivo incluido como "#" (que varía entre 0 y 1) en la ecuación v = A#S1-# (donde "v" es valor subjetivo, "A" es la intensidad de la respuesta afectiva, y "S" es el alcance real de los estímulos). De acuerdo con este punto de vista, la evaluación de los resultados de los más hedonistas muestra una función más encurvada (alcance - insensibilidad) que la evaluación de los instrumentales / utilitarios, y los más orientados por el afecto muestran una curvatura más pronunciada (inferior 1-a) que los sujetos orientados a la deliberación. Estas predicciones son evaluadas en este estudio y además utilizadas para una evaluación exploratoria de la propuesta de Reyna y Farley (2006, 2007) en la que predomina el procesamiento analítico y el procesamiento síntesis/basado en el afecto, respectivamente, en los juicios y toma de desiciones de los adolescentes y de los adultos. La Teoría de Integración de la Información se utilizó para establecer un modelo apropriado para la medición funcional del valor subjetivo (índice) del nivel requierido para comparar los parámetros de curvatura y calcular los coeficientes de Aversión a la Pérdida. Los resultados favorecieron parcialmente la predicción de curvaturas más grandes (menores que 1- #) y mayor aversión a las pérdidas en las tareas más hedonistas. Sin embargo, no apoyaban la predicción de mayor alcance de insensibilidad y grandes valores de aversión a las pérdidas en los adultos que en los adolescentes. Los resultados más importantes sugieren una diferencia entre adultos y adolescentes, las diferencias individuales de la actitud ante el riesgo parecieron ser menos polarizadas frente a la aversión a las pérdidas entre los adolescentes en tareas más hedonistas.

Conditioning and aversion to toxic Solanum bonariense ("naranjillo") leaves in calves / Condicionado e aversão a folhas tóxicas de Solanum bonariense ("naranjillo") em bezerros

ABSTRACT: Solanum bonariense is a perennial poisonous shrub that induces cerebellar cortical degeneration when eaten by cattle. The aim of this research was to outline a protocol to induce a conditioned aversion to this plant. During the pre-conditioning period ten calves (126±12kg BW) were maintained at half of their normal energy intake with lucerne hay and water ad libitum, to stimulate consumption of S. bonariense. Every two days they were offered 100g ofS. bonariense leaves for 5 minutes. Calves began eating the target plant on day 10 and consumed all the plant material on day 12. The conditioning period began after each calf consumed the entire amount of S. bonariense for three consecutive sessions. Five animals were randomly selected for conditioning, and after ingestion ofS. bonariense they were dosed by oral gavage with lithium chloride (LiCl) at 200mg kg-1 BW (treated group), while the other five received a similar volume of water by oral gavage (control group). After 2 doses of LiCl the treated group ate no S. bonariense while the control group consumed the entire 100g. We confirmed that LiCl is a powerful tool to induce conditioned aversions against S. bonariense in calves, which persists for at least 3 months.

RESUMO: Solanum bonariense é uma planta tóxica, arbustiva e perene que induz a degeneração cortical cerebelar quando ingerida por bovinos. O presente trabalho objetiva criar um protocolo para induzir aversão condicionada para essa planta em bovinos. Durante o período de adaptação às condições experimentais, dez bezerros (126±12kg) foram mantidos com metade de seu fornecimento alimentar energético normal que incluiu feno de alfafa e água ad libitum, para estimular o consumo de S. bonariense. A cada dois dias, foram fornecidas oralmente 100g de folhas de S. bonariense por cinco minutos. Os bezerros começaram a ingerir a planta no 10o dia de experimento e consumiram toda a planta no 12o dia. O período condicionado começou após cada bezerro ter consumido a quantidade total de S. bonariense por três sessões consecutivas. Cinco animais foram aleatoriamente selecionados para aversão condicionada e, após ingestão da planta, receberam solução oral de 200mg kg-1 de peso vivo de cloreto de lítio (LiCl) (grupo tratado), enquanto que os outros cinco bovinos receberam dosagem oral com volume similar de solução fisiológica (grupo controle). Após duas doses of LiCl, o grupo tratado não comeu folhas de S. bonariense, enquanto que o grupo controle consumiu toda a quantidade fornecida. Os resultados do presente trabalho demonstram que LiCl é uma ferramenta útil para induzir aversão condicionada contra S. bonariense em bezerros, que persiste por pelo menos 3 meses.

Bone cancer pain induce anxiety-like behavior and high expression of NR2B subunit in anterior cingulate cortex of rats / 临床麻醉学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of bone cancer pain on emotion and NMDA re-ceptor NR2B subunit expression level in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)in rats.Methods One hun-dred and fifty healthy male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g aged 3 months old were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 50 in each group):sham operation group (group S),bone cancer pain group (group BCP),RO25-6981 group (group RO).The BCP model was established by inoculating Walker 256 breast cancer cells into right intra-tibial.Rats in group S were given the same dose of d-hanks. Group RO was injected intraperitoneally with RO25-6981 (5 mg/kg/d)on the day of inoculation, while rats in the group S and group BCP were given the same dose of normal saline.Mechanical with-drawal threshold (MWT)and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL)of right hind legs were measured on day 7,10,14 after inoculation respectively.Elevated plus-maze test was carried out to investigate the effect of bone cancer pain on emotion in rats after pain threshold detection,then the percentage of the times entering the open arms (OE)and the percentage of the time staying in the open arms (OT) duration the total period were evaluated.Then the anterior cingulate cortex tissue was removed to e-valuate the NR2B protein and mRNA expression levels by RT-PCR,Western blot and immunofluo-rescence methods on day 14 after elevated plus-maze test.Results All the parameters did not differ with significant difference between group S and group RO.MWT decreased and TWL shortened on day 7,10,14 after inoculation in group BCP compared with those before inoculation and those of group S and group RO.OE and OT in group BCP reduced remarkably than those before inoculation and those of group S and group RO.Relative absorbance of NR2B mRNA,the expression of NR2B pro-tein,average NR2B relative fluorescence intensity value is obviously higher than that of group S and group RO (P <0.05).Conclusion Bone cancer pain can induce pain-related aversion and anxiety-like behavior of rats,and the mechanism may be related to the high expression of NR2B in anterior cingu-late cortex.

Reward and aversion systems of the brain as a functional unit. Basic mechanisms and functions / Sistemas de recompensa y aversión del cerebro como una unidad funcional. Mecanismos básicos y funciones

INTRODUCTION: It is increasingly important to recognize the reward and aversion systems of the brain as a functional unit. A fundamental task of the mammalian brain is to assign an emotional/motivational valence to any stimuli by determining whether they are rewarding and should be approached or are aversive and should be avoided. Internal stimuli are also assigned an emotional/motivational valence in a similar fashion.OBJECTIVE: To understand the basic mechanisms and functions of the reward and aversion system of the brain.METHOD: A bibliographical search was conducted in the Pubmed database using different key words. Documents on relevant aspects of the topic were selected.RESULTS: In the ventral tegmental area, dopaminergic (VTA-DA) neurons play a role in reward-dependent behaviors. It is also known that the inhibition of the VTA-DA neurons by GABAergic neurons contributes to a reward prediction error calculation that promotes behaviors associated with aversion. The ventral dopaminergic mesolimbic system and the nucleus accumbens are activated during reward and inhibited during aversions. The amygdala is activated during aversive behavior.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The reward/aversion system is highly relevant for survival, which is most likely its primary function. It is involved in important pathologies such as addiction, depression and autonomic and endocrine disturbances. Therefore, its knowledge has become of clinical importance.Although great advances have been made in the knowledge of the basic mechanisms of the reward/aversion system, the detailed circuits within the VTA that mediate reward and aversion and the anatomical substrates are not completely clear.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Es muy importante reconocer el sistema de recompensa y aversión del cerebro como una unidad funcional. Una de las funciones fundamentales del cerebro de los mamíferos es la capacidad para designar un valor emocional/motivacional a cualquier estímulo. Esta capacidad permite identificar un estímulo como gratificante y aproximarnos a él, o reconocerlo como aversivo y evitarlo.OBJETIVO: Comprender los mecanismos fisiológicos del sistema de recompensa-aversión.MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en la base de datos Pubmed con las diferentes palabras clave. Se seleccionaron los documentos sobre los aspectos relevantes.RESULTADOS: Las neuronas dopaminérgicas del área tegmental ventral (ATV) cumplen un papel importante en los comportamientos dependientes de la recompensa. Asimismo, la inhibición de las neuronas dopaminérgicas ATV por parte de las neuronas GABAérgicas contribuye a predecir la recompensa y promueve comportamientos aversivos. Este sistema se activa durante actividades de recompensa y se inhibe durante la aversión. La amígdala es la principal estructura relacionada con la aversión.DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: Este sistema se considera de gran importancia para la supervivencia de las especies, la que parece ser su función primordial. Interviene en distintas patologías como adicciones, depresión, trastorno por estrés postraumático, fobias y trastornos endocrinos y autonómicos, por lo que el conocimiento de este sistema es de gran importancia clínica.Aunque se ha avanzado mucho en el estudio y entendimiento de este sistema y de sus circuitos anatómicos ubicados en el ATV mesencefálica y sus conexiones con áreas subcorticales, el conocimiento de este sistema funcional sigue siendo un desafío científico.

Brain structure and neural network of the reward/loss process in decision making / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective Based on the literatures published between 2005 and 2014,review the correlation between reward/loss of brain structure and neural network,and its relationship with physical and mental ailments,aim to reveal the neural structure and network of behavioral decision mechanism.Methods By retrieving literatures on PubMed,ScienceDirect,CNKI and Wanfang database in September 2014,we used decision making,reward,loss aversion and so on as the key words.Results Totally 40 papers were enrolled,the result reviewed the clinic meaning and the brain structure and neural network of the reward/loss process in decision making.Conclusion Most studies found the reward/loss decision making mechanism of the brain structure and the physical and mental ailments caused by the two systems imbalance,but related to the precise decision making neural mechanism has yet to be studied further.

Delay aversion test between the male children with obsessive-compulsive disorder and ones with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To clarify the characteristics and differences between obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)in male children.Methods:Forty boys with OCD and 40 boys with ADHD were selected from out-patient department,and 40 normal boys matched with age,gender and IQ were recruited as the controls.Patients'diagnosis was made according to the International Statistical Classifica-tion of Diseases and Related Health Problems,Tenth Revision (ICD-10).The choice delay tasks (CDT1 /2)were assessed respectively for the measurements of normal or high ecological validity of delay aversion.In CDT1 /2, waiting time and scores of the tasks were indicators reflecting the delay aversion.Results:The scores of CDTs were higher in children with OCD than in the controls [CDT1,(30.9 ±3.2)vs.(27.6 ±3.8);CDT2,(31.3 ±4.4)vs. (28.5 ±4.9);P <0.01].The scores of CDTs were lower in children with ADHD than in the controls [CDT1, [(25.0 ±4.3)vs.(27.6 ±3.8)];CDT2,[(26.2 ±4.6)vs.(28.5 ±4.9);P <0.001].Conclusion:The results in-dicate that the children with OCD have a trend to choose the task with longer waiting time and higher score,and the children with ADHD trend to choose the task with shorter waiting time and lower score.The results suggest that the pathogenesis of hyperactivity/impulse control may be different between OCD and ADHD in delay aversion.

Progress on functions of lateral habenula and related mechanisms / 中国药理学通报

Lateral habenula ( LHb ) , which is situated in the dorsal diencephalon of all vertebrates, is an important component of the habenular complex. The neural network outlined in previ-ous studies indicates that LHb acts not only as an important relay station to link the forebrain with the midbrain regions that in-volved in regulating behavioral responses to reward and mediating the transmassion of negative feedback information, but also is closely connected with 5-HT system. Indeed, recently studies demonstrate that experimental manipulations of LHb are followed by behavioural alterations in relation to drug addiction, reward-a-version responses, pain, sleep, depression and so on. This arti-cle mainly reviews the mechanisms of LHb involved in all kinds of physiological activities.

Conditioned food aversion to control Palicourea aeneofusca poisoning / Aversão alimentar condicionada para o controle da intoxicação por Palicourea aeneofusca

Palicourea aeneofusca contains sodium monofluoroacetate, which causes sudden death in ruminants when administered at doses of approximately 0.6g kg-1 of body weight (g kg-1). In this experiment two groups of 6 goats were used to determine the possibility to induce conditioned food aversion to P. aeneofusca. In group 1, 0.35g kg-1 of green leaves of the plant were given to six goats on days 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90 of the experiment. On the first day, all of the goats ingested the full amount of the plant and were treated immediately with 175mg kg-1 of lithium chloride (LiCl) through a ruminal tube. On day 5, only two goats ingested the plant, and they were treated with the same dose of LiCl. On days 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90, none of the goats ingested the plant. For another group of 6 goats, the leaves were given on days 1, 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90. All of the goats ingested the leaves on day 1 and received 1mL kg-1 body weight of water through a ruminal tube. All of these goats ingested the plant on days 10, 20, 30, 60, and 90. These results demonstrate that it is possible to induce conditioned food aversion to P. aeneofusca that persists for at least 90 days. Further experiments should be performed to determine the duration of the aversion and to induce aversion to other Palicourea species, particularly P. marcgravii, which is the most important toxic plant in Brazil.

Palicourea aeneofusca, que contém monofluoroacetato de sódio, causa morte súbita em ruminantes quando é administrada a doses de aproximadamente 0,6g kg-1 de peso vivo (g kg-1). Neste experimento, foram utilizados dois grupos de 6 caprinos para determinar a possibilidade de induzir aversão alimentar condicionada à ingestão de P. eneofusca. Para induzir aversão alimentar condicionada no grupo 1, 0.35g kg-1 de folhas verdes da planta foram administradas a seis caprinos nos dias 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, e 90 do experimento. No primeiro dia, todos os caprinos ingeriram toda a planta oferecida e foram tratados imediatamente com 175mg kg-1 de carbonato de lítio (LiCl) através de sonda ruminal. No dia 5, somente dois caprinos ingeriram a planta e foram tratados com a mesma dose de LiCl. Nos dias 10, 20, 30, 60, e 90 nenhum caprino ingeriu a planta. Seis caprinos do grupo controle receberam 0.35g kg-1 de folhas nos dias 1, 10, 20, 30, 60, e 90. Todos os caprinos ingeriram as folhas no dia 1 e foram tratados com 1ml kg-1 pv de água mediante sonda ruminal. Todos os caprinos deste grupo tornaram a ingerir a planta nos dias 10, 20, 30, 60 e 90. Esses resultados demonstram que é possível induzir aversão alimentar condicionada à P. aeneofusca, que persiste por pelo menos 90 dias. Próximos experimentos deverão ser realizados para determinar a duração da aversão e para induzir aversão contra outras espécies de Palicourea, particularmente P. marcgravii, que é a planta tóxica mais importante do Brasil.

Conditioned food aversion to control poisoning by Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa in goats / Aversão alimentar condicionada para o controle da intoxicação por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa em caprinos

Ipomoea carnea is a toxic plant often ingested by livestock in Brazil. Three experiments were conducted to determine if conditioned food aversion was effective in reducing goats' consumption of I. carnea. In the first experiment, 10 mildly intoxicated goats that had been eating I. carnea were averted using LiCl (175 to 200mg kg-1 body weight). These intoxicated goats did not develop an aversion to I. carnea, demonstrating that the technique is not effective in goats that are already accustomed to consuming the plant. In the second experiment, 14 naïve goats were placed in a pasture with I. carnea, and averted after they ingested the plant. In this group the aversion persisted until the end of the experiment, 2 years and 8 months after the initial aversion. In another experiment, 20 goats were placed in a pasture with I. carnea, and after consuming the plant were averted with LiCl. The averted goats were transferred to Marajo Island and periodically observed over a 2 year period at 2-3 month intervals to determine if they were still averted. The averted goats did not ingest the plant while grazing in the pasture, whereas in 6 neighboring goat farms the prevalence of intoxication from I. carnea poisoning was estimated to be about 40%. These results demonstrated the efficacy of conditioned food aversion to avoid ingestion of I. carnea in formerly naïve goats that had only recently begun to ingest the plant.

Para testar a técnica de aversão alimentar condicionada como método de controle para a intoxicação por I. carnea, foram realizados 3 experimentos administrando cloreto de lítio (LiCl) na dose de 175-200mg kg-1 após a ingestão da planta por caprinos. No primeiro, foram induzidos à aversão 10 caprinos que tinham o hábito de ingerir a planta e com sinais clínicos da intoxicação. Apesar da realização de diversos tratamentos aversivos, após os animais ingerirem a planta, a aversão não foi eficiente, demonstrando que a técnica não é eficiente em caprinos que já estão habituados a ingerir a planta. No segundo experimento, 14 caprinos foram adaptados a ingerir a planta na pastagem e, após ingerirem a planta a campo, foram induzidos à aversão com LiCl. Neste grupo, a aversão persistiu até o fim do Experimento, 2 anos e 8 meses após a aversão. Em outro experimento, 20 caprinos foram adaptados a consumir I. carnea e, em seguida, induzidos à aversão com LiCl. Esses animais foram transferidos para uma propriedade na Ilha de Marajó, onde foram realizadas 9 visitas com intervalos de 2-3 meses para verificar a duração da aversão. Após 2 anos de observações, nenhum animal voltou a ingerir a planta na pastagem e não foram observados casos de intoxicação, enquanto que, em 6 propriedades vizinhas, a doença foi observada com uma prevalência de até 60%. Esses resultados demonstram a eficiência da aversão alimentar condicionada para evitar a ingestão de I. carnea em caprinos recém adaptados a ingerir a planta, nas regiões invadidas por esta planta e nas condições naturais da Ilha de Marajó.