Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding breastfeeding and infant milk substitutes among mothers of upper middle-class society in a baby friendly hospital initiative accredited hospital of New Delhi, India

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is considered a major public health intervention to promote both child and maternal health. Introduction and awareness of infant milk substitutes among mothers appear as a threat to this important practice.Methods: The study is an observational cross-sectional study using a questionnaire containing socio-demographic variables. The study was conducted among 300 mothers who reported to immunization clinic and paediatrics OPD of a BFHI accredited hospital in Delhi. Data collected in the study has been analysed using SPSS version 21.0 and MS-Excel. Student 't' test for quantitative variables and 'chi square test' for categorical variable have been used for statistical significance. p-value <0.05 was considered to be significant.Results: In this study 78.7% mothers intended to breastfeed. 71.3% knew that breastfeeding should be continued up to 2 years and 96.3% knew exclusive breastfeed should be given till 6months. Major source of knowledge were doctors and elders of society. However, 49.6% mothers started breastmilk substitutes before 6 months of age. Major causes that appeared as barriers against exclusive breastfeeding were insufficient quantity of milk (23.4%), child refusal (61%) and maternal health problems (15.6%).Conclusions: Despite good knowledge about breastfeeding among upper middle-class mothers, practice of exclusive breastfeeding remains suboptimal. There is a need for more reinforcement upon importance of breastfeeding, its benefits for both mother and baby so as to foster the practice.

Capacitação de profissionais de saúde em aleitamento materno e sua associação com conhecimentos, habilidades e práticas / Training of health professionals in breastfeeding and its association with knowledge, skills and practices

Resumo Para verificar a associação entre capacitação em aleitamento materno e conhecimentos, habilidades e práticas profissionais, foi conduzido estudo transversal nos 15 hospitais com mais de 1000 partos/ano do município do Rio de Janeiro. Foram entrevistados 215 profissionais, sendo 48,4% em Hospitais Amigos da Criança, por adaptação de questionário de reavaliação desta iniciativa. Os três desfechos, dicotomizados, foram utilizados em análises bivariadas e multivariadas, sendo obtidas razões de prevalência ajustadas por modelo de regressão de Poisson. Dos profissionais, 48,1% tinham conhecimentos; 58,9% habilidades e 74,9% práticas adequadas. A capacitação teórico-prática ≥ 18 horas, considerada adequada, presente em 65,6% dos profissionais, mostrou associação significativa com conhecimentos (RPa = 1,575), habilidades (RPa = 1,530) e práticas (RPa = 1,312). Profissionais com menor tempo de trabalho apresentaram menos conhecimentos (RPa = 0,723), mas relataram melhores práticas (RPa = 1,183). A enfermagem relatou melhores práticas em relação aos médicos (RPa = 0,808) e a outras categorias (RPa = 0,658). Conclui-se que a capacitação contribui para o aprimoramento de conhecimentos, habilidades e práticas em aleitamento materno, fundamentais à assistência materno-infantil.

Abstract A cross-sectional study was conducted in the 15 hospitals with over 1000 deliveries/year in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to verify the association between training of health professionals in breastfeeding and professional knowledge, skills and practices. Interviews were staged with 215 health professionals, 48.4% working in Baby-Friendly Hospitals, by means of a questionnaire adapted from the revalidation instrument of the initiative. The three dichotomized outcomes were subjected to bivariate and multivariate analysis. Adjusted prevalence ratios were obtained by the Poisson regression model: 48.1% of the professionals had adequate knowledge, 58.9% adequate skills and 74.9% reported adequate practice. Theoretical and practical training ≥ 18 hours considered adequate (by 65.6% of the professionals) showed a significant association with professional knowledge (aPR = 1.575), skills (aPR = 1.530) and practices (aPR = 1.312). Less working experience was associated with less knowledge (aPR = 0.723), but with better practices (aPR = 1.183). Nursing staff reported better practices than physicians (aPR = 0.808) and other categories (aPR = 0.658). The study concludes that training contributes to improved breastfeeding knowledge, skills and practices that are essential for maternal and child care.

Impact of health professional training in breastfeeding on their knowledge, skills, and hospital practices: a systematic review / Repercussão da capacitação de profissionais de saúde em aleitamento materno sobre seus conhecimentos, habilidades e práticas hospitalares: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Objective To identify the impact of training in breastfeeding on knowledge, skills, and professional and hospital practices. Data source The systematic review search was carried out through the MEDLINE, Scopus, and LILACS databases. Reviews, studies with qualitative methodology, those without control group, those conducted in primary care, with specific populations, studies that had a belief and/or professional attitude as outcome, or those with focus on the post-discharge period were excluded. There was no limitation of period or language. The quality of the studies was assessed by the adapted criteria of Downs and Black. Summary of data The literature search identified 276 articles, of which 37 were selected for reading, 26 were excluded, and six were included through reference search. In total, 17 intervention articles were included, three of them with good internal validity. The studies were performed between 1992 and 2010 in countries from five continents; four of them were conducted in Brazil. The training target populations were nursing practitioners, doctors, midwives, and home visitors. Many kinds of training courses were applied. Five interventions employed the theoretical and practical training of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. All kinds of training courses showed at least one positive result on knowledge, skills, and/or professional/hospital practices, most of them with statistical significance. Conclusions Training of hospital health professionals has been effective in improving knowledge, skills, and practices.

Resumo Objetivo Identificar a repercussão da capacitação em aleitamento materno sobre conhecimentos, habilidades e práticas profissionais e hospitalares. Fontes dos dados A busca da revisão sistemática foi efetuada nas bases MedLine, Scopus e Lilacs. Foram excluídos artigos de revisão, de metodologia qualitativa, estudos sem grupo controle, conduzidos na atenção primária, com clientelas específicas, cujos desfechos eram crença e/ou atitude profissional e trabalhos com foco no período pós-alta hospitalar. Não houve limitação quanto ao ano ou idioma, foi feita avaliação da qualidade dos artigos por critério adaptado de Downs & Black. Síntese dos dados Na busca de literatura foram encontrados 276 artigos e selecionados 37 para leitura integral. Foram excluídos 26 artigos e incluídos seis mediante busca das referências. Foram incluídos 17 artigos de intervenção e três apresentaram boa validade interna. Os estudos foram conduzidos entre 1992 e 2010, quatro no Brasil, em países de cinco continentes. O principal público-alvo das capacitações foram profissionais de enfermagem, médicos, parteiras e visitadores domiciliares. Os cursos de capacitação foram diversos, cinco intervenções empregaram o treinamento teórico-prático da Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança. Todas as formas de capacitação apresentaram algum resultado positivo sobre os conhecimentos, as habilidades e/ou práticas profissionais e hospitalares, a maioria com significância estatística. Conclusões As capacitações de profissionais de saúde que atuam em hospitais têm sido efetivas em aprimorar conhecimentos, habilidades e práticas.

Influence of the support offered to breastfeeding by maternity hospitals / Influência do apoio ao aleitamento materno oferecido pelas maternidades

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the support offered by maternity hospitals is associated with higher prevalences of exclusive and predominant breastfeeding. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study including a representative sample of 916 infants less than six months who were born in maternity hospitals, in Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil, 2011. The maternity hospitals were evaluated in relation to their fulfillment of the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding. Data were collected regarding breastfeeding patterns, the birth hospital and other characteristics. The individualized effect of the study factor on exclusive and predominant breastfeeding was analyzed using Poisson multiple regression with robust variance. RESULTS Predominant breastfeeding tended to be more prevalent when the number of fulfilled steps was higher (p of linear trend = 0.057). The step related to not offering artificial teats or pacifiers to breastfed infants and that related to encouraging the establishment of breastfeeding support groups were associated, respectively, to a higher prevalence of exclusive (PR = 1.26; 95%CI 1.04;1.54) and predominant breastfeeding (PR = 1.55; 95%CI 1.01;2.39), after an adjustment was performed for confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS We observed a positive association between support offered by maternity hospitals and prevalences of exclusive and predominant breastfeeding. These results can be useful to other locations with similar characteristics (cities with hospitals that fulfill the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding) to provide incentive to breastfeeding, by means of promoting, protecting and supporting breastfeeding in maternity hospitals.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar se o apoio oferecido pelas maternidades associa-se à maior prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo e predominante. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal, com amostra representativa de 916 crianças com menos de seis meses nascidas em maternidades, em Ribeirão Preto, SP, em 2011. As maternidades foram avaliadas em relação ao cumprimento dos Dez Passos para o Sucesso do Aleitamento Materno. Foram coletados dados sobre padrão de amamentação, hospital de nascimento e demais características. O efeito individualizado do fator de estudo sobre o aleitamento materno exclusivo e o predominante foi avaliado mediante análise de regressão múltipla de Poisson, com variância robusta. RESULTADOS O aleitamento materno predominante tendeu a ser mais prevalente quanto maior o número de passos cumpridos (p de tendência = 0,057). Os passos relacionados a não oferecer bicos artificiais a crianças amamentadas e a encorajar o estabelecimento de grupos de apoio à amamentação associaram-se, respectivamente, à maior prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo (RP = 1,26; IC95% 1,04;1,54) e predominante (RP = 1,55; IC95% 1,01;2,39), após ajuste pelas variáveis de confusão. CONCLUSÕES Observou-se associação positiva entre o apoio oferecido pelas maternidades e as prevalências de aleitamento materno exclusivo e predominante. Os resultados trazem subsídios para que localidades com características semelhantes (municípios com hospitais que cumprem os Dez Passos para o Sucesso do Aleitamento Materno) incentivem a amamentação, por meio da promoção, proteção e apoio ao aleitamento materno em maternidades.

Feeding newborns after hospital discharge from a Baby-Friendly Health Care Institution / Alimentação do recém-nascido após alta hospitalar de uma Instituição Amiga da Criança / Alimentación del recién nacido después del alta hospitalaria de una Institución Amiga del Niño

OBJECTIVE: To characterize how babies are fed during their hospital stay and after hospital discharge from a Baby-Friendly Health Care Institution, using indicators proposed by the World Health Organization. METHODS: This investigation was performed 30 days after the binomial's discharge, through a telephone interview with the puerperal woman. Data from medical records constituted secondary sources of information. RESULTS: It was observed that, even though newborns had come from these institutions, some of them were weaned early from breastfeeding. CONCLUSION: Some factors were shown to be associated to weaning in the studied sample, such as the small percentage of binomials placed in skin-to-skin contact and early suction, mothers who smoked, the use of pacifiers and the use of dairy complements during the hospital stay.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar a forma de alimentação dos bebês durante a internação e após a alta hospitalar de uma Instituição Amiga da Criança, utilizando indicadores propostos pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. MÉTODOS: A investigação foi realizada 30 dias após a alta dos binômios, através de entrevista estabelecida via contato telefônico com a puérpera. Dados registrados nos prontuários constituíram-se em fontes secundárias de informações. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que, mesmo oriundos de tais instituições, alguns recém-nascidos são desmamados precocemente do seio materno. CONCLUSÃO: Alguns fatores apresentaram-se associados ao desmame na amostra estudada, como a pequena porcentagem de binômios colocados em contato pele a pele e sucção precoce, o tabagismo materno, o uso de chupeta e a utilização de complementos lácteos durante a internação.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar la forma de alimentación de los bebés durante el internamiento y después del alta hospitalaria de una Institución Amiga del Niño, utilizando indicadores propuestos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. MÉTODOS: La investigación fue realizada 30 días después del alta de los binomios, a través de una entrevista establecida vía contacto telefónico con la puérpera. Los datos registrados en las historias clínicas constituyeron fuentes secundarias de informaciones. RESULTADOS: Se observó que, pese a ser oriundos de tales instituciones, algunos recién nacidos son destetados precozmente del seno materno. CONCLUSIÓN: Algunos factores se presentaron asociados al destete en la muestra estudiada, como el pequeño porcentaje de binomios colocados en contacto piel a piel y succión precoz, el tabaquismo materno, el uso de chupón y la utilización de complementos lácteos durante el internamiento.

Evaluation of the Effect of BFHI (Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative) Developed by WHO/UNICEF / 대한주산의학회잡지

OBJECTIVES: In Korea, the BFHI (Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative) committee organized in the Korean Committee for UNICEF in 1992, and continued to promote breastfeeding more than 10 years, we need reassess the designated hospitals and BFHI program. As a part of BFHI program, the committee continued to train health care personnels to carry out promotion of breastfeeding since 1994. The curriculum, contents and methods of the training course needs re-evaluation. METHODS: The breastfeeding rates in the BF (Baby-Friendly) hospitals and non-BF hospitals are compared. Changes of the breastfeeding rate before and after designation in baby friendly hospitals are evaluated. The education program for the health care personnels to promote successful breastfeeding are evaluated. RESULTS: The exclusively breastfeeding rates during hospitalization are higher in the BF hospitals than non-BF hospitals (p=0.026). The self assessment scores higher in the BF hospitals than non-BF hospitals (41.3 vs 31.5, p=0.001). Average breastfeeding rate of BF hospitals maintained 3.9 years after accredition (52.65% vs 47.62%). Education program for the health care personnels were satisfied in 82.8%. The score increased from 9.24 before the education course to 12.0 at 1 month after education (p=0.000) and remained as 12.19 at 3~6 months after education. CONCLUSION: This study revealed BFHI program improved breastfeeding rates and maintained high in the BF hospitals. Health care personnels who trained through education courses held by the Korean Committee for UNICEF assisted in the promotion of breastfeeding. This results can be used as a basic data for the planning of the breastfeeding promotion program in the future.