Trastornos respiratorios del sueño en Insuficiencia Cardíaca con fracción de eyección reducida

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Introduction: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) are highly prevalent in patients with heart failure (HF). The presence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) determines a worse prognosis in these patients. There are questionnaires aimed at evaluating the probability of OSA, although none have been validated in patients with HF. The primary objective of this study was to establish the prevalence of SDB in a cohort of patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) from the Multidisciplinary HF Unit (UMIC). As a secondary objective, to evaluate the usefulness of the Stop-Bang, Berlin, and 2ABN3M questionnaires for TRS screening in these patients. Methodology: Cross-sectional, observational study, including the active cohort of the UMIC, over 18 years with HFrEF, clinically stable and informed consent. Patients with cognitive, neurological or hearing impairment with limitations when conducting the interview were excluded. Patients with other limiting or uncontrolled sleep disorders, continuous home oxygen therapy requirements, did not enter the study. Berlin, Stop-Bang, and 2ABN3M questionnaires were administered, classifying the population into high-risk, intermediate-risk, and low-risk groups of presenting SDB. All patients underwent outpatient respiratory polygraphy (RP). Descriptive statistics were used to characterize demographic variables, measures of central tendency and dispersion. SPSS statistical software was used. Results: 387 patients were included, 248 men (64.1%), mean age was 63.5 ± 0.6 years. The etiology of HF was ischemic in 41.6% of patients. The body mass index was 29.3 ± 0.3 kg/m2. LVEF was 34.2 ± 0.5, pro-BNP 1233.8 ± 137.6 pg/ml. The results of the questionnaires showed that 52.1% (198) presented a high risk of SDB according to the Berlin questionnaire. With Stop-Bang, 35.9% (139) were high risk, 42.1% (163) intermediate risk, and the remaining 22% (85) low risk. With the 2ABN3M score, 62% (240) were high risk. A total of 156 respiratory polygraphs (40.3% of the population) were performed. The cut-off point to define the presence of sleep apnea was considered to be an AHI >15. 58.3% (91) of the patients presented TRS. Of these, 95% presented obstructive apnea and 5% central apnea with periodic Cheyne-Stokes breathing. A high percentage (26%) presented AHI greater than 30. The sensitivity of the Berlin and Stop-Bang questionnaires was 75.8% and 91.2%, respectively, with a specificity of 53.8% and 24.6%. Regarding the 2ABN3M score, a sensitivity of 71.4% and a specificity of 44.6% were observed. Conclusions: The prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in patients with HFrEF was high in our cohort and obstructive apnea predominated. Given the high sensitivity (91.2%) of the Stop-Bang questionnaire found in our study, it could be useful as a screening tool for TRS in this type of patient. The importance of investigating this pathology whose clinical presentation can be non-specific and remain underdiagnosed is highlighted.

Introdução: Os distúrbios respiratórios do sono (DRS) são altamente prevalentes em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC). A presença da síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) determina pior prognóstico nesses pacientes. Existem questionários destinados a avaliar a probabilidade de AOS, porém nenhum foi validado em pacientes com IC. O objetivo primário deste estudo foi estabelecer a prevalência de DRS em uma coorte de pacientes com IC e fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr) da Unidade Multidisciplinar de IC (UMIC). Como objetivo secundário, avaliar a utilidade dos questionários Stop-Bang, Berlin e 2ABN3M para triagem de SRT nesses pacientes. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, observacional, inclui a coorte ativa da UMIC, maiores de 18 anos com ICFEr, clinicamente estável e consentimento informado. Foram excluídos pacientes com deficiência cognitiva, neurológica ou auditiva com limitações na realização da entrevista. Pacientes com outros distúrbios do sono limitantes ou descontrolados, requisitos de oxigenoterapia domiciliar contínua, não entraram no estudo. Os questionários Berlin, Stop-Bang e 2ABN3M foram aplicados, classificando a população em grupos de alto risco, risco intermediário e baixo risco de apresentar DRS. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à poligrafia respiratória (PR) ambulatorial. A estatística descritiva foi utilizada para caracterizar as variáveis ​​demográficas, medidas de tendência central e dispersão. Foi utilizado o software estatístico SPSS. Resultados: foram incluídos 387 pacientes, 248 homens (64,1%), com idade média de 63,5 ± 0,6 anos. A etiologia da IC foi isquêmica em 41,6% dos pacientes. O índice de massa corporal foi de 29,3 ± 0,3 kg/m2. FEVE foi de 34,2 ± 0,5, pro-BNP 1233,8 ± 137,6 pg/ml. Os resultados dos questionários mostraram que 52,1% (198) apresentaram alto risco de DRS de acordo com o questionário de Berlim. Com Stop-Bang, 35,9% (139) eram de alto risco, 42,1% (163) de risco intermediário e os restantes 22% (85) de baixo risco. Com a pontuação 2ABN3M, 62% (240) eram de alto risco. Foram realizados 156 polígrafos respiratórios (40,3% da população). O ponto de corte para definir a presença de apneia do sono foi considerado um IAH >15. 58,3% (91) dos pacientes apresentaram SRT. Destes, 95% apresentavam apnéia obstrutiva e 5% apnéia central com respiração Cheyne-Stokes periódica. Uma alta porcentagem (26%) apresentou IAH maior que 30. A sensibilidade dos questionários Berlin e Stop-Bang foi de 75,8% e 91,2%, respectivamente, com especificidade de 53,8% e 24,6%. Em relação ao escore 2ABN3M, observou-se sensibilidade de 71,4% e especificidade de 44,6%. Conclusões: A prevalência de distúrbios respiratórios do sono em pacientes com ICFEr foi alta em nossa coorte, com predominância de apneias obstrutivas. Dada a alta sensibilidade (91,2%) do questionário Stop-Bang encontrado em nosso estudo, ele pode ser útil como uma ferramenta de triagem para ERT nesse tipo de paciente. Ressalta-se a importância da investigação dessa patologia cuja apresentação clínica pode ser inespecífica e permanecer subdiagnosticada.

Establishment and evaluation of a risk prediction model for severe obstructive sleep apnea / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To construct a prediction model of severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) risk in the general population by using nomogram in order to explore the independent risk factors of severe OSA and guide the early diagnosis and treatment. 【Methods】 We retrospectively enrolled patients who had been diagnosed by polysomnography and divided them into training and validation sets at the ratio of 7∶3. Patients were divided into severe OSA group and non-severe OSA group according to apnea hypopnea index (AHI)>30. Variables entering the model were identified by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model (Lasso), and logistic regression (LR) method. Then, multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to establish the nomogram, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the discriminative properties of the nomogram model. Finally, we conducted decision curve analysis (DCA) of nomogram model, STOP-Bang questionnaire and Berlin questionnaire to assess clinical utility. 【Results】 Through single factor and multiple factor logistic regression analyses, the independent risk factors for severe OSA were screened out, including moderate and severe sleepiness, family history of hypertension, history of smoking, drinking, snoring, history of suffocation, sedentary lifestyle, male, age, body mass index (BMI), waist and neck circumference. Lasso logistic regression identified smoke, suffocation time, snoring time, waistline, Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) and BMI as predictive factors for inclusion in the nomogram. The AUC of the model was 0.795 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.769-0.820] . Hosmer-Lemeshow test indicated that the model was well calibrated (χ2=3.942, P=0.862). The DCA results on the visual basis confirmed that the nomogram had superior overall net benefits within a wide, practical threshold probability range which displayed the nomogram was higher than that of STOP-Bang questionnaire and Berlin questionnaire, which is clinically useful. The Clinical Impact Curve (CIC) analysis showed the clinical effectiveness of the prediction model when the threshold probability was greater than 82% of the predicted score probability value. The prediction model determined that the high-risk population with severe OSA was highly matched with the actual population with severe OSA, which confirmed the high clinical effectiveness of the prediction model. 【Conclusion】 The model performed better than STOP-Bang questionnaire and Berlin questionnaire in predicting severe OSA and can be applied to screening. And it can be helpful to the early diagnosis and treatment of OSA in order to reduce social burden.

RUNX1::RUNX1T1 Fusion in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A description of two cases

@#RUNX1::RUNX1T1 is a core-binding factor driving fusion gene which arises from t(8;21)(q22;q22). It is one of the most common chromosomal rearrangements in both pediatric and adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) with a reported incidence o 15% in children and young adults. There are few case reports documenting RUNX1::RUNX1T1 translocation in pediatric AML. Although this is generally associated with a favorable prognosis, we report two (2) cases of de novo pediatric AML in the Philippines harboring a RUNX1::RUNX1T1 translocation, one eventually relapsed while the other attained remission but succumbed to sepsis.

O risco de síndrome de apneia obstrutiva do sono em pacientes com doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica está associado à obesidade e à presença de NASH / Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome risk in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with obesity and presence of nash

ABSTRACT Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of liver disease and refers to a wide spectrum of histological abnormalities ranging from simple steatosis (HE) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Objective: To assess the risk of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and relating it to demographic, biochemical and histological data in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods: Cross-sectional cohort study in individuals with biopsy-proven NAFLD. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters, presence of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance were evaluated. The Berlin Questionnaire (BQ) was applied to assess the risk of apnea and a food record was requested. Based on the BQ, participants were classified as high or low risk for OSAS. In the correlation of sleep apnea with the severity of NAFLD, presence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and the degree of liver fibrosis were evaluated. Statistical analysis used the chi-square test, Student's t and bivariate logistic regression; values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. This research project was approved by the Ethics Committee. Results: Regarding the parameters evaluated, significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of body mass index (BMI), waist and neck circumference. In the histological evaluation, patients classified as high risk were more likely to have fibrosis and NASH. In bivariate regression, the BMI, presence of fibrosis and steatohepatitis in the biopsy were independently associated with an elevated risk of the syndrome. Conclusion: A high prevalence of risk for OSAS was observed in the studied group, with a higher risk being independently associated with BMI and presence of steatohepatitis, suggesting that it is a factor associated with the severity of the disease.

RESUMO Contexto: A doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) é a forma mais comum de doença hepática e se refere a um amplo espectro de anormalidades histológicas que variam de esteatose simples a esteato-hepatite não alcoólica (EHNA), fibrose, cirrose e carcinoma hepatocelular. Objetivo: Avaliar o risco de síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) e relacioná-lo com dados demográficos, bioquímicos e histológicos em pacientes com doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica. Métodos: Estudo de coorte transversal em indivíduos com DHGNA comprovada por biópsia. Foram avaliados parâmetros antropométricos e bioquímicos, presença de síndrome metabólica e resistência à insulina. O Questionário de Berlim (QB) foi aplicado para avaliar o risco de apneia e um registro alimentar foi solicitado. Com base no QB, os participantes foram classificados como de alto ou baixo risco para SAOS. Na correlação da apneia do sono com a gravidade da DHGNA, avaliou-se a presença de EHNA e o grau de fibrose hepática. Na análise estatística foram utilizados: o teste qui-quadrado, t de Student e regressão logística bivariada; os valores foram expressos como média ± desvio padrão. Este projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética. Resultados: Em relação aos parâmetros avaliados, foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos em relação ao índice de massa corporal (IMC), cintura e circunferência do pescoço. Na avaliação histológica, os pacientes classificados como de alto risco tiveram maior chance de apresentar fibrose e EHNA. Na regressão bivariada, o IMC, a presença de fibrose e esteato-hepatite na biópsia foram independentemente associados a um risco elevado da síndrome. Conclusão: Observou-se alta prevalência de risco para SAOS no grupo estudado, sendo o maior risco associado de forma independente ao IMC e à presença de esteato-hepatite, sugerindo que seja um fator associado à gravidade da doença.

Edema de Berlín secundario a Traumatismo ocular cerrado / Berlin Edema secondary to closed eye trauma / Edema de Berlim secundário a trauma ocular fechado

INTRODUCCIÓN: el trauma ocular es una de las causas que difieren entre áreas urbanas de un país a otro y entre diferentes clases demográficas o socioeconómicas. OBJETIVO: Demostrar la evolución y características clínicas del edema de Berlín secundario a trauma ocular cerrado. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio de caso observacional en un paciente masculino de 11 años que presentó una AVMC 20/20 en OD y cuenta dedos 50 cm en OI posterior a trauma ocular cerrado contuso con objeto romo. Desde el inicio desarrolló una conmoción retiniana asociada a edema de Berlín en OI. Con seguimiento desde 11 de diciembre de 2019 al 27 de enero de 2020. Las variables fueron: agudeza visual mejor corregida, retinografía, tomografía de coherencia óptica de dominio espectral macular. RESULTADOS: se indicó metilprednisolona 500 mg endovenoso diario por 3 días; prednisona 30 mg oral disminuyendo gradualmente durante 10 días; acetato de prednisolona 1% tópico cada 2 horas, moxifloxacina 0,5% cada 6 horas, ciclopentolato 1% cada 8 horas. 7 semanas después, no hubo mejoría clínica a pesar de medicación, manteniéndose en observación médica con AVMC OD 20/20 y OI cuenta dedos 2 metros. DISCUSIÓN: edema de Berlín (commotio retinae) una afección común causada por una lesión contusa en el ojo, suele ser autolimitante y no existe un tratamiento como tal. CONCLUSIÓN: el trauma ocular cerrado contuso con compromiso retiniano puede causar daño macular como el edema de Berlín, como éste caso que puede condicionar el pronóstico visual a pesar de que mayormente es favorable.

INTRODUCTION: ocular trauma is one of the causes that differ between urban areas from one country to another and between different demographic or socioeconomic classes. OBJECTIVE: to demonstrate the evolution and clinical characteristics of Berlin edema secondary to closed ocular trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: an observational case study was conducted in an 11-year-old male patient who presented a 20/20 BCVA in RE and 50 cm finger count in LE after blunt ocular trauma with blunt object. From the beginning, she developed a retinal concussion associated with Berlin edema in LE. With follow-up from December 11, 2019 to January 27, 2020. Variables were included: best-corrected visual acuity, retinographies, and macular spectral domain optical coherence tomography. RESULTS: methylprednisolone 500 mg intravenous daily for 3 days was indicated; prednisone 30 mg oral gradually decreasing over 10 days; 1% prednisolone acetate topical every 2 hours, moxifloxacin 0.5% every 6 hours, cyclopentolate 1% every 8 hours. 7 weeks later, there was no clinical improvement despite medication, and he was kept under medical observation with BCVA RE 20/20 and LE with a 2-meter finger count. DISCUSSION: Berlin edema (commotio retinae), a common condition caused by a blunt injury to the eye, is usually self-limiting and there is no treatment as such. CONCLUSION: blunt ocular trauma with retinal involvement can cause macular damage such as Berlin edema, as in this case, which can condition the visual prognosis even though it is mostly favorable.

INTRODUÇÃO: o trauma ocular é uma das causas que difere entre áreas urbanas de um país para outro e entre diferentes classes demográficas ou socioeconômicas. OBJETIVO: demonstrar a evolução e as características clínicas do edema de Berlim secundário a trauma ocular fechado. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: foi realizado um estudo de caso observacional em um paciente do sexo masculino, 11 anos, que apresentou BCVA 20/20 em OD e contagem de dedos de 50 cm em OE após trauma ocular fechado contuso com objeto contuso. Desde o início, ela desenvolveu uma concussão retina associada ao edema de Berlim em LE. Com acompanhamento de 11 de dezembro de 2019 a 27 de janeiro de 2020. As variáveis foram: melhor acuidade visual corrigida, retinografias e tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral macular. RESULTADOS: foi indicada metilprednisolona 500 mg intravenosa ao dia por 3 dias; prednisona 30 mg oral diminuindo gradualmente ao longo de 10 dias; Acetato de prednisolona 1% tópico a cada 2 horas, moxifloxacina 0,5% a cada 6 horas, ciclopentolato 1% a cada 8 horas. 7 semanas depois, não houve melhora clínica apesar da medicação, e ela foi mantida em observação médica com AVMC OD 20/20 e LE com uma contagem de 2 metros nos dedos. DISCUSSÃO: o edema de Berlim (commotio retinae), uma condição comum causada por uma lesão contusa no olho, geralmente é autolimitado e não há tratamento como tal. CONCLUSÃO: o trauma ocular fechado com envolvimento retiniano pode causar danos maculares como o edema de Berlim, como neste caso, que pode condicionar o prognóstico visual, embora seja na maioria favorável.

Metabolic syndrome among patients taking second generation antipsychotics: does obstructive sleep apnoea and sleep quality play any role?

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is common among patients who have been exposed to second generation antipsychotics (SGA). Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and sleep quality may also contribute to MetS. Aims: To study the contribution of sleep quality and OSA on the development of MetS in patients taking SGA. Methods: Total 60 patients taking SGA for more than three months were taken for the study. It was an observational, cross-sectional study. The diagnosis of OSA was done using Hindi translation of Berlin questionnaire. Hindi version of the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index was used to assess the sleep quality. MetS was diagnosed using Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Results: Forty two subjects did not have MetS, out of which 35 had low risk of OSA and seven had high risk of OSA, while 18 subjects had MetS of which nine each had high and low risk of OSA. The results were highly significant with a p-value of 0.007 (p?0.05). Subjects without MetS (n=42) comprised four good sleepers and 38 poor sleepers. Subjects with MetS (n=18) comprised of one good sleeper and 17 poor sleepers. The results were non-significant with a p-value of 0.525 (p?0.05). The high risk of OSA had around seven times higher likelihood of contribution to MetS. Conclusions: Sleep quality did not play a significant role in increasing the likelihood of MetS and OSA increased the likelihood of MetS in subjects exposed to SGA by seven times.

Comparación de criterios de Berlín vs Kigali para diagnóstico del síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda / Comparison of Berlin vs Kigali criteria for diagnosis of the acute respiratory insufficiency syndrome / Comparação dos critérios de Berlim e Kigali para o diagnóstico da síndrome da insuficiência respiratória aguda

Resumen: Las estimaciones sobre la incidencia del síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda (SIRA) en los países de ingresos altos y medios varían desde 10.1 a 86.2 por 100,000 habitantes en la población general. La epidemiología del SIRA no ha sido reportada en países de bajos ingresos a nivel de población, hospital o Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. La definición de Berlín puede no permitir la identificación de SIRA en entornos con recursos limitados, por lo que se han propuesto los criterios de Berlín modificados por Kigali, lo cual permite un diagnóstico cuando existen estas limitaciones. Objetivos: Medir la efectividad en el diagnóstico temprano del SIRA al comparar los criterios de Berlín versus la modificación de Berlín por Kigali. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio comparativo, longitudinal, prospectivo en el periodo comprendido del 01 de enero de 2018 al 30 de mayo de 2018 en los ingresados a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General «La Villa¼. Se incluyeron 42 sujetos, de los cuales se eliminaron ocho, por lo que a 34 pacientes se les aplicaron los criterios de Berlín y de Kigali al ingreso, midiéndose el tiempo para completar los mismos; se realizó una prueba de análisis de varianza (ANOVA) para determinar si existía diferencia significativa en el diagnóstico temprano del SIRA. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a los tiempos de realización diagnóstica de Kigali versus Berlín, con tiempos de 2.4 horas (DE: ± 0.45 horas) y 4.7 horas (DE: ± 1.4 horas) respectivamente. Asimismo, se encontró una correlación lineal por prueba de Pearson de la PaO2/FiO2 y la SpO2/FiO2; se realizó regresión lineal y se propuso una escala de severidad para SIRA por medio del índice SpO2/FiO2. Conclusiones: Con base en los resultados, la escala Kigali representa un método confiable y puede ser considerado como una alternativa potencial para el diagnóstico de SIRA, además de que puede ser comparable con la escala Berlín.

Abstract: Epidemiological studies about the incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in different countries vary from 10.1 to 86.2 per 100,000 in the general population. The epidemiology of the ARDS has not been reported in general population, hospital or intensive care units (ICU) of developing countries. The Berlin definition may not allow the identification of ARDS in environments with limited resources, which is why the Berlin criteria modified by Kigali was proposed in order to diagnose ARDS, when these limitations exist. Objectives: To measure the effectiveness in the early diagnosis of ARDS when comparing the Berlin criteria vs the modification of Berlin by Kigali. Material and methods: A comparative, longitudinal, prospective study was done during the period of January 1, 2018 to May 30, 2018, in the patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Hospital General La Villa. Forty-two patients were included, of which 8 were eliminated, the Berlin and Kigali criteria were evaluated in 34 patients upon admission; the time to complete both criteria was also measured. An analysis of variance test (ANOVA) was conducted to determine if there was a significant difference in the early diagnosis of the ARDS. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in the required time for diagnosing ARDS with Kigali vs Berlin criteria, with times of 2.4 hours (SD: ± 0.45 hours) and 4.7 hours (SD: ± 1.4 hours) respectively, likewise a linear correlation was found by Pearson test of PaO2/FiO2 and SpO2/FiO2. Linear regression was performed, and a severity scale was proposed for ARDS using the SpO2/FiO2 index. Conclusions: According to the results, the Kigali scale represents a reliable method and can be considered as a potential alternative for the diagnosis of ARD, besides it can be comparable with the Berlin scale.

Resumo: As estimativas da incidência da síndrome da insuficiência respiratória aguda (SIRA) nos países de alta e média renda variam de 10.1 a 86.2 por 100.000 habitantes na população em geral. A epidemiologia do SIRA não foi relatada em países de baixa renda no nível da população, hospital ou unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). A definição de Berlim pode não permitir a identificação do SIRA em ambientes com recursos limitados, portanto propuseram os critérios de Berlim modificados por Kigali que permitem um diagnóstico quando existem essas limitações. Objetivos: Medir a efetividade no diagnóstico precoce do SIRA ao comparar os critérios de Berlim versus a modificação de Berlim por Kigali. Material e métodos: Realizou-se um estudo prospectivo comparativo, longitudinal, no período de 1 de janeiro de 2018 a 30 de maio de 2018 em pacientes admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) do Hospital Geral de «La Villa¼. Foram incluídos 42 pacientes, dos quais 8 foram eliminados, de modo que 34 pacientes foram aplicados nos critérios de Berlim e Kigali na admissão, medindo o tempo para completá-los; realizou-se um teste de análise de variância (ANOVA) para determinar se havia uma diferença significativa no diagnóstico precoce do SIRA. Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relação aos tempos de realização do diagnóstico de Kigali vs Berlim, com tempos de 2.4 horas (DP: ± 0.45 horas) e 4.7 horas (DP: ± 1.4 horas), respectivamente, também foi encontrada uma correlação linear pelo teste de Pearson de PaO2/ FiO2 e SpO2/ FiO2. A regressão linear foi realizada e uma escala de gravidade para o SIRA foi proposta usando o índice SpO2/ FiO2. Conclusões: Com base nos resultados, a escala de Kigali representa um método confiável e pode ser considerada uma alternativa potencial para o diagnóstico de SIRA, além de ser comparável à escala de Berlim.

Clinical application of the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome

PURPOSE: Despite improved quality of intensive care, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) significantly contributes to mortality in critically ill children. As pre-existing definitions of ARDS were adult-oriented standards, the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC) group released a new definition of pediatric ARDS. In this study, we aimed to assess the performance of PALICC definition for ARDS risk stratification. METHODS: Total 332 patients who admitted to the intensive care unit at Severance Hospital from January 2009 to December 2016 and diagnosed as having ARDS by either the PALICC definition or the Berlin definition were retrospectively analyzed. Patient characteristics and mortality rates were compared between the individual severity groups according to both definitions. RESULTS: The overall mortality rate was 36.1%. The mortality rate increased across the severity classes according to both definitions (26% in mild, 37% in moderate and 68% in severe by the PALICC definition [P<0.001]; 20% in mild, 32% in moderate and 64% in severe by the Berlin definition [P<0.001]). The mortality risk increased only for severe ARDS in both definitions (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]: 2.279 [1.414–3.672], P=0.001 by the PALICC definition; 2.674 [1.518–4.712], P=0.001 by the Berlin definition). There was no significant difference in mortality discrimination between the 2 definitions (difference in integrated area under the curve: 0.017 [−0.018 to 0.049]). CONCLUSION: The PALICC definition demonstrated similar discrimination power on PARDS' severity and mortality as the Berlin definition.

Identification of surgical patients at high risk of OSAS using the Berlin Questionnaire to detect potential high risk of adverse respiratory events in post anesthesia care unit / 医学前沿

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) increases the risk of post-surgery complications. This study uses Berlin Questionnaire (BQ) to identify Chinese adult surgical patients who are at a high risk of OSAS and to determine if the BQ could be used to detect potential high risk of adverse respiratory events in the post anesthesia care unit (PACU). Results indicated that only 11.4% of the patients were considered at a high risk of OSAS. Age and body mass index are the key factors for the risk of OSAS prevalence in China and also gender specific. Furthermore, the incidence of adverse respiratory events in the PACU was higher in patients with high risk of OSAS than others (6.8% vs. 0.9%, P < 0.001). They also stayed longer than others in the PACU (95 ± 28 min vs. 62 ± 19 min, P < 0.001). Age, high risk for OSAS, and smoking were independent risk factors for the occurrence of adverse respiratory events in the PACU. The BQ may be adopted as a screening tool for anesthesiologists in China to identify patients who are at high risk of OSAS and determine the potential risk of developing postoperative respiratory complications in the PACU.

Ventricular assist device in pediatrics / 中国小儿急救医学

Ventricular assist device ( VAD) is the standard of care for intractable heart failure in adults over the last decade with proven benefit. However,the practice of pediatric VAD has lagged behind that of adult patients. The patient-device mismatch is the major factor that precludes its use in pediatrics. The Berlin EXCOR is the only FDA approved pediatric VAD. The aforementioned armamentarium provides a wide range of size of pump fitting variable body weight and pulsatile ventricular assist device. The VAD is commonly used as a bridge to heart transplantation in children with cardiomyopathy, or in rare instances, bridge to recovery. The VAD support for congenital heart defect is rarely reported and the outcome is poor. The continuous flow ventricular device showed advantages including small size,low incidence of thromboem-bolism and being discharged with device when compared to pulsatile one. So the continuous flow ventricular device is expected to open a new era for the VAD support in pediatrics.

Prevalência de apneia obstrutiva do sono em pacientes que serão submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca internados em uma UTI de alta complexidade / Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in patients submitted to heart surgery in a high complexity ICU

Introdução: A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) é caracterizada por obstrução das vias aéreas superiores durante o sono e provoca uma série de consequências para o sistema cardiovascular. Estudos mostram associação de apneia obstrutiva do sono com um mau prognóstico em longo prazo após intervenção coronariana e elevação do índice de infarto agudo do miocárdio. Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de apneia obstrutiva do sono em pacientes no pré-operátorio de cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos: Estudo transversal no qual foi avaliado prevalência de apneia obstrutiva do sono através do Questionário de Berlin e da Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (ESE). Foram incluídos pacientes no período de julho a outubro de 2017, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos. Resultados: Foram avaliados 40 pacientes, com idade média de 62,35 ± 7,9 anos e a maioria do sexo masculino (72,5%). O procedimento mais prevalente foi à Cirurgia de Revascularização do Miocárdio (CRM) (80%). Foi identificado alto índice de prevalência de AOS em 62,5% dos participantes; 65% dos pacientes não apresentaram índices significativos de sonolência. Conclusão: Com este estudo vimos que pacientes que realizam cirurgia cardíaca, apresentam alta prevalência de AOS, mas não apresentam necessariamente altos índices de sonolência. Percebe-se que entre os pacientes com maior prevalência de AOS existe uma maior prevalência da realização de Cirurgia de Revascularização do Miocárdio (CRM), mostrando a relação direta de doença cardiovascular com AOS.(AU)

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by obstruction of the upper airways during sleep and causes a number of consequences for the cardiovascular system. Studies show an association of obstructive sleep apnea with a poor long-term prognosis after coronary intervention and elevation of the acute myocardial infarction index. Objective: To analyze the prevalence of OSA in patients in the preoperative period of cardiac surgery. Methods: A cross-sectional study evaluating the prevalence of OSA using the Berlin Questionnaire and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Patients were included in the period from July to October 2017, aged 18 years or over. Results: A total of 40 patients were evaluated, with a mean age of 62.35 ± 7.9 years and the majority males (72.5%). The most prevalent procedure was coronary artery bypass grafting (80%). A high prevalence rate of OSA was identified in 62.5% of the participants; 65% of the patients did not present significant drowsiness indexes. Conclusion: With this study, we observed that patients who undergo cardiac surgery have a high prevalence of OSA, but do not necessarily present high rates of sleepiness. Among patients with a higher prevalence of OSA, there is a higher prevalence of coronary artery bypass grafting, showing a direct relationship between cardiovascular disease and OSA. (AU)

Evaluación del riesgo de síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño y somnolencia diurna utilizando el cuestionario de Berlín y las escalas Sleep Apnea Clinical Score y Epworth en pacientes con ronquido habitual atendidos en la consulta ambulatoria / Risk assessment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and daytime sleepiness using Berlin questionnaire, and SACS and Epworth scales in outpatients with snoring attending consultation

Resumen Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de riesgo del Síndrome de Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño (SAOS) en pacientes atendidos en el consultorio externo de neumología de un hospital de referencia en Lima a través de los Cuestionarios de Berlín, Sleep Apnea Clinical Score (SACS) y la escala de Epworth. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en pacientes atendidos en los consultorios externos de neumología reclutando durante el período de enero a marzo de 2014 en forma prospectiva a aquellos pacientes que referían presentar ronquido habitual. Se determinó la frecuencia de riesgo de SAOS de acuerdo a cada una de las escalas evaluadas y sus factores asociados. Resultados: Se estudiaron 230 sujetos, 56,5% eran varones y el 43,5% mujeres, con una edad media de 50 ± 12 años. El 61,8%, 66,9% y 62,6% tenían riesgo moderado o alto para SAOS de acuerdo a las escalas de Epworth, SACS y Berlin respectivamente. El perímetro de cuello, circunferencia abdominal e índice de masa corporal fueron las características asociadas de manera más consistente con el riesgo de SAOS. La correlación entre las escalas de SACS y Berlin fue de 0,55, entre las escalas SACS y Epworth de 0,22 y entre Berlín y Epworth de 0,35 (p < 0,001 para todas las comparaciones). Conclusiones: El riesgo de SAOS y somnolencia diurna es elevado en pacientes roncadores atendidos en la consulta externa de neumología. Las escalas evaluadas presentan una correlación menor que lo esperada. Se requieren estudios a mayor escala y en población general que comparen el valor diagnóstico y pronóstico de estas escalas utilizando la polisomnografía como estándar de referencia.

Objectives: To determine the frequency of risk for the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) through clinical predictors: Berlin Questionnaire, Sleep Apnea Clinical Score (SACS) and the degree of daytime sleepiness measured by Epworth scale. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients who reported snoring seen by pulmonology in the outpatient clinic between January and March 2014. Frequency of OSA was calculated according to the three clinical prediction rules. We also determine the characteristic associated with a high risk of OSA according to each prediction rule. Results: We recruited 230 participants, 56.5% were male, with a mean age of 50 ± 12 years. The risk of moderate or high risk for OSA was 61.8%, 66.9% and 62.6% according to Epworth somnolence scale, SACS and Berlin questionnaire, respectively. Neck circumference, abdominal circumference and body mass index were the characteristics more consistently associated with OSA risk. Correlation between SACS and Berlin prediction rules was 0.55, between SACS and Epworth scale was 0.22 and between Berlin and Epworth scale was 0.35 (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Conclusions: There is a high risk for OSA among snoring patients attending respiratory outpatient clinic. The correlation between prediction rules evaluated was lower than expected. Larger studies in general populations using polysomnography as a reference standard are needed to clarify the diagnostic and prognostic value of OSA prediction rules.

Type material of Cicadellinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) of the Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany / Material tipo de Cicadellinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) en el Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Alemania

In this paper, 65 type species of Cicadellinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) are reported from the collections of the Museum für Naturkunde, Universität Humboldt, Berlin, Germany, described by Signoret, Breddin, Schmidt, Jacobi, Schröder, Burmeister and Emmrich. The species of Melichar have not been included because Wilson & Takiya (2007) reported them as present in the Hungarian Natural History Museum.

En este artículo, se reportan 65 especies tipo de Cicadellinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) de las colecciones del Museum für Naturkunde, Universidad Humboldt, Alemania, descritas por Signoret, Breddin, Schmidt, Jacobi, Schröder, Burmeister y Emmrich. Las especies de Melichar no se han incluido pues Wilson & Takiya (2007) las reportaron como presentes en el Museo Húngaro de Historia Natural.

Concepts of liberty and value pluralism: Implications for psychiatry / Conceitos de liberdade e pluralismo de valores: implicações para a psiquiatria / Conceptions de la liberté et pluralisme des valeurs: implications pour la psychiatrie / Conceptos de libertad y pluralismo de valores: implicaciones para la psiquiatría / Konzepte von Freiheit und Wertepluralismus: Implikationen für die Psychiatrie / 自由和价值多元主义：对精神分析学的影响

Isaiah Berlin’s distinction between the ideas of ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ liberty is examined within the context of his value pluralism, in which goods, evils and forms of life are ultimately incommensurable (or incomparable through reasoning). Adopting this pluralist stance as to values, I try to answer the following question: does psychiatry need to/is it able to reach an explicit agreement as what is the best way to live? Given the precedence of practical reasoning in psychiatry, I suggest that, when confronted with certain kinds of human suffering (pathos), often associated with a clash between values, the last word (however tentative and always individual) should come from the clinical realm.

A distinção de Isaiah Berlin entre as noções de liberdade ‘positiva’ e ‘negativa’ é examinada no contexto de seu pluralismo de valores, em que bens, males e formas de vida são, em última instância, incomensuráveis (ou incomparáveis pela razão). Adotando esta posição pluralista sobre valores, tento responder às questões: a psiquiatria precisa e/ou consegue chegar a um acordo explícito sobre qual é a melhor maneira de viver? Dada a prioridade da razão prática em psiquiatria, sugiro que, quando confrontados com certos tipos de sofrimento humano (pathos), que não raro envolvem conflitos de valor, a última palavra (por provisória que seja e sempre individual) deve pertencer ao campo da clínica.

La distinction d'Isaiah Berlin entre les notions de liberté ‘positive’ et ‘négative’ est examinée dans le contexte de son pluralisme de valeurs, où les biens, les maux et les modes de vie sont, en fin de compte, incommensurables (ou incomparables du fait de la raison). En adoptant cette position pluraliste sur les valeurs, j'essaie de répondre aux questions: la psychiatrie a-t-elle besoin et/ou peut-elle parvenir à un accord explicite sur quelle est la meilleure façon de vivre ? Compte tenu de la priorité de la raison pratique en psychiatrie, je suggère que, face à certains types de souffrance humaine (pathos), qui impliquent souvent des conflits de valeur, le dernier mot (si provisoire soit-il et toujours individuel) doit appartenir au domaine de la pratique clinique.

La distinción de Isaiah Berlin entre las nociones de libertad “positiva” y “negativa” es examinada en el contexto de su pluralismo de valores, en el que bienes, males y formas de vida son, en una última instancia, inconmensurables (o incomparables por la razón). Adoptando esta posición pluralista relativa a los valores, intento responder a la pregunta: ¿la psiquiatría necesita y/o logra llegar a un acuerdo explícito sobre cuál es la mejor manera de vivir? Dada la prioridad de la razón práctica en psiquiatría, sugiero que, al enfrentarnos con ciertos tipos de sufrimiento humano (pathos), que suelen implicar conflictos de valores, la última palabra (por provisional que sea, es siempre individual) debe pertenecer al campo de la clínica.

Isaiah Berlins Unterscheidung zwischen den Begriffen der „positiven“ und „negativen“ Freiheit wird im Kontext des Wertepluralismus untersucht, wobei Güter, Übel und Lebensformen letztlich inkommensurabel sind (d.h., rational unvergleichbar). Aufgrund dieser pluralistischen Position in Bezug auf Werte, versuchten wir, die folgenden Fragen zu beantworten: muss und/oder kann die Psychiatrie eine ausdrücklichen Konsens darüber erreichen, was die beste Lebensweise ist? Angesichts der hegemonischen Stellung der praktischen Vernunft in der Psychiatrie, schlagen wir vor, dass wenn wir mit bestimmten Arten menschlichen Leidens (Pathos) konfrontiert sind, die oft Wertkonflikte beinhalten, die Klinik das letzte Wort haben sollte (wie vorläufig es sei und immer individuell bestimmt).

西方著名的哲学家伊萨亚•柏林 (Isaiah Berlin)对自由的定义进行了 "正" 与 "负"的划分，他认为人类的价值观是多元的，有关道德观和生活的方式等议题，是 ”好” 还是 “坏”，没有最终的标准 (也就说，凭理性是没有办法做评判的)。 本文采用柏林的价值观多元主义，尝试回答下列问题：精神分析学需要达成一个关于什么是最好的生活方式的共识吗？能够达成这个共识吗？ 从精神分析学所注重的实践理性角度来说，我认为，当某些牵涉到价值观冲突的精神病兆 (pathos) 出现在我们面前时，最后的决定取决于临床实践 (不管这种临床的决定是多么的临时性，个人化)。.

Síndrome de angústia respiratória aguda após Berlim / Acute respiratory distress syndrome after Berlin

As definições de Berlim tiveram o objetivo de aumentar a acurácia diagnóstica frente à Síndrome de Angústia Respiratória Aguda (SARA), principalmente no que diz respeito à sua estratificação de gravidade e ao seu prognóstico, progressivamente pior, associado a esta classificação. Esta distinção permitiu, inclusive que a abordagem terapêutica fosse aplicada de maneira mais oportuna e adequada, no momento da detecção da SARA grave, como, por exemplo, o uso da posição prona. Entretanto, ainda críticas existem sobre essas definições, que determinam incertezas relativas à reprodutibilidade, relacionada à estratégia ventilatória inicial pré diagnóstico, e à sua validade preditiva para letalidade. Portanto, essa revisão aborda esses questionamentos e apresenta possíveis melhorias futuras na sensibilidade e especificidade diagnósticas dessa síndrome de elevada letalidade em nosso país...

Berlin definition was intended to increase the diagnostic accuracy upon the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), particularly with regard to its stratification of severity and prognosis, progressively worse, associated with this classification. This distinction has allowed even that the therapeutic approach was applied in a more timely and adequate way at the time of detection of severe ARDS, such as, for instance, the use of the prone position. However, there is still criticism about these settings that determine uncertainties regarding the reproducibility, related to the initial ventilatory strategy before this diagnosis, and its predictive validity for mortality. Therefore, this review addresses these questions and presents possible future improvements in the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of this highly lethal syndrome in our country...

Prevalence and Related Factors for High-Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in a Large Korean Population: Results of a Questionnaire-Based Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A population-based door-to-door study of cross-sectional methods for assessing the prevalence and factors related to a high risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was conducted using the Korean version of the Berlin Questionnaire (K-BQ). METHODS: Pooled data collected from Community Health Surveys by the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention were analyzed. Of 8,140 respondents from the population, 7,955 were finally included in this study. RESULTS: Of the 7,955 included subjects, 15.7% of the men and 9.8% of the women were at high risk of OSA. Significant differences were found in the following factors between the subjects with a high risk of OSA: gender, age, marital status, educational level, occupation, and presence of smoking, harmful alcohol use, and chronic diseases. Male sex, harmful alcohol use, and the presence of chronic diseases were identified as factors independently associated with a high risk of OSA. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to confirm the usefulness of the K-BQ to study the prevalence of OSA in the Korean general population. The findings demonstrate that harmful alcohol use and chronic diseases are very common characteristics among those with a high risk of OSA.

Validación colombiana del cuestionario de Berlín / Colombian validation of the Berlin questionnaire

Resumen Antecedentes. El síndrome de apnea hipopnea obstructiva del sueño es un cuadro clínico con múltiples comorbilidades y complicaciones. Habitualmente no se diagnostica, por lo cual se debe contar con herramientas que permitan identificar a los pacientes con alto riesgo; entre ellas se encuentra el cuestionario de Berlín. Objetivo. Validar el cuestionario de Berlín en Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se tomaron individuos que acudieron a centros de sueño en Bogotá y estudiantes universitarios. Seis fases: traducción y retrotraducción del cuestionario de Berlín original, validación de apariencia (expertos, n=14), consistencia interna (n=212), validez de criterio y discriminante (n=212) con polisomnografía paralela, reproducibilidad (n=74). Resultados. El cuestionario de Berlín validado localmente tiene una sensibilidad del 87%, especificidad del 70%, valor predictivo positivo del 98%, valor predictivo negativo del 21%, LR+ 2,9, LR- de 18 y un área bajo la curva de 0,7856. La consistencia interna obtuvo un coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,7257. La reproducibilidad encontró un kappa de 0,8150 (Prob>Z=0,0000). Conclusiones. El cuestionario de Berlín está adaptado a las condiciones de vida urbana de la población adulta colombiana, es sensible, específico y tiene una alta reproducibilidad y consistencia interna, de tal manera que es confiable, válido y se correlaciona con la polisomnografía, en forma clínica y estadísticamente significativa.

Summary Background. Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome is a clinical picture with multiple comorbidities and complications. Usually it is not diagnosed,therefore there must be tools that can identify patients at high risk. Among them the Berlin Questionnaire. Objective. Validate Berlin questionnaire in Colombia. Materials and methods. Individuals who attended sleep centers in Bogotá and college students were studied. Six phases: translation and back translation of the original Berlin Questionnaire, validating appearance (experts, n=14), internal consistency (n=212), and discriminant validity criteria (n=212) with parallel polysomnography, reproducibility (n=74). Results. Berlin Questionnaire has a sensitivity of 87%, specificity 70%, positive predictive value 98 %, negative predictive value 21 %, LR+ 2.9, LR- 18 and an area under the curve of 0,7856. Internal consistency was a Cronbach's alpha coefficient 0,7257. The reproducibility found at kappa of 0.8150 (Prob>Z=0,0000). Conclusions. Berlin Questionnaire is now adapted to urban living conditions in the Colombian adult population, it is sensitive, specific and has a high reproducibility and internal consistency, so that is reliable, valid and correlates with polysomnography in the form clinically and statistically significant.

Questionário de Berlim é um bom instrumento diagnóstico para apneia obstrutiva do sono em indivíduos hipertensos? / Berlin questionnaire is a good diagnostic tool for obstructive sleep apnea in hypertensive individuals?

Esta revisão aborda a definição, a prevalência e o diagnóstico clínico e complementar da apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS). Discute as complicações geradas pela AOS, que se caracteriza como um fator de risco independente para desenvolvimento de lesões em órgãos-alvo, incluindo o processo aterosclerótico; além de avaliar o questionário de Berlim, um importante instrumento de screening validado para detectar pacientes de risco para AOS. Os autores também mostram a relação existente entre AOS e hipertensão, uma vez que a AOS pode ser um das causas de hipertensão arterial secundária, bem como de hipertensão resistente, situações nas quais o uso do questionário torna-se útil para pesquisar essa associação. Discutem-se os mecanismos fisiopatogênicos que associam a AOS à hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS). Por fim, revisa aspectos básicos da abordagem terapêutica.

This review covers the definition, the prevalence, and clinical and complementary diagnosis of the obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Discusses the complications caused by OSA, which is characterized as an independent risk factor for development of lesions in target-organs, including the atherosclerotic process; in addition to evaluating the Berlin Questionnaire, an important validated screening tool to detect patients at risk for OSA. The authors also show the relationship between OSA and hypertension, since OSA can be a cause of secondary hypertension and resistant hypertension, situations in which the use of the questionnaire is useful to investigate this association. We discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms linking OSA to hypertension. Finally, we review basic aspects of the therapeutic approach.

Deux psychologies sociales marxistes dans l’Allemagne de l’époque du Mur de Berlin – Partie II: à l’Ouest / Two Marxist social psychologies in the Germany of the Berlin Wall epoch - Part II: the West

Ce rapport veut décrire le cadre théorique initialement proposé par Klaus Holzkamp à Berlin Ouest à l’époque du Mur de Berlin dans son livre Kritische Psychologie paru en 1972. Cette psychologie critique est toujours en vogue comme l’atteste le livre récent de Morus Markard (2009) Einführung in die Kritische Psychologie (Introduction à la Psychologie Critique). Ce livrerécent procède à une revue exhaustive de toute la recherche effectuée dans le cadre de la théorie de Holzkamp. C’est la raison pour laquelle le présent rapport sur la théorie de Holzkamp et la recherche qui s’en inspire est principalement basé sur le livre de Markard. Les thèmes qui y sont abordés portent sur les liens entre l’origine de la Kritische Psychologie et la “révolte”estudiantine en 1968, la critique de réductionnisme expérimental, l’importance de la prise en considération de la vie quotidienne lors de la construction de théories en psychologie sociale, la nécessité de reconstruire la genèse et transformation des capacités psychologiques aussi bien au cours de l’histoire de l’humanité qu’au cours du développement individuel actuel dans différents contextes sociaux. Les implications méthodologiques de telles approches sont aussi abordées.

The aim of this article is to present the outlines of the theoretical approach that was initiated by Klaus Holzkamp in West Berlin at the epoch of the Berlin Wall in his 1972 book Kritische Psychologie. This critical psychology is still practiced as the recent book by Morus Markard (2009) Einführung in die Kritische Psychologie (Introducing Critical Psychology) attests. This book offers a very extensive review of all the relevant literature that was effectuated in theframe of Holzkamp’s theory. Hence this report on Holzkamp’s theory and on the research endeavors it initiated is mainly based on Markard’s book. Issues that are dealt with are the links between the origin of the theory and the students “revolt” of 1968, the criticism of experimental reductionism, the importance of everyday life concerns for formulating social psychologicaltheories, the necessity of re constructing the acquisition of psychological skills as well along thehistory of the human species as also across the various concrete settings of contemporary society in which individuals are nowadays confronted with new challenges. Methodological implications are also discussed.

Record of the freshwater stingrays Potamotrygon brachyura and P. motoro (Chondrichthyes, Potamotrygonidae) in the lower Uruguay river, South America / Registro das raias de água doce Potamotrygon brachyura e P. motoro (Potamotrygonidae) no baixo rio Uruguai, America do Sul

Freshwater stingrays, or potamotrygonids, are restricted to Neotropical river drainages. These elasmobranchs are well adapted to freshwater environments and the number of described species gradually increases as further research is carried out. Some of the first studies on their systematics and natural history were carried out in the 1960s and 1970s in southern South America. However, there is no new published data on potamotrygonids from Uruguayan waters since then (except for local journal reports from sportive fishermen and specimens deposited in Uruguayan collections). The present study aims to record the recent occurrence of two species of potamotrygonids caught by sport fishermen, with comments on other published historical records for the same area. As many other elasmobranchs, these species have an important, but not always well understood, role in the Uruguayan rivers ecosystems.

As raias de água doce ou potamotrigonídeos estão restritas às drenagens dos rios Neotropicais. Estas raias tem se adaptado bem aos ambientes de água doce e o número de espécies descritas aumenta gradualmente conforme as pesquisas na área se intensificam. Alguns dos primeiros estudos sobre a sistemática e a historia natural deste grupo foram realizados nas décadas de 1960 e 1970 na região Sul de América do Sul. Porém, há poucos dados publicados sobre potamotrigonídeos em águas uruguaias desde então (com exceção de registros de pescadores esportivos publicados em jornais locais, e espécimes depositados em coleções uruguaias). O presente estudo, portanto, tem como objetivo registrar a ocorrência de duas espécies de potamotrigonídeos no Uruguai capturados por pescadores esportivos assim como realizar uma compilação de ocorrências anteriores presentes na literatura. Como muitos outros elasmobrânquios, estas espécies possuem um papel importante nos ecossistemas dos rios uruguaios, embora não completamente compreendido.