Addition Of Adipose Derived Stem Cell To Beta Tricalcium Phosphate and Human Cancellous Bone for Craniofacial Bone Tissue Engineering: An In Vitro Study

@#Introduction: Autologous bone graft remains the method of choice for correction of osseous defects despite its shortcomings related to its limited availability, donor side effects and post-surgical potential complications of the recipient. It is imperative to develop more innovative substitute that offers little to no adverse effects. We aimed to assess the impact of addition human adiposed derived stem cell to Beta tricalcium phosphate (βTCP) and human cancellous bone in vitro. Methods: Experimental study was carried out in vitro, where βTCP and human cancellous freeze-dried bone graft were seeded onto a 24-well microplate (each well containing 2x106 hADSCs). A colorimetric assay (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide/MTT) was carried out for three days using the second passage of hADSCs to calculate the cell viability using ELISA reader at optical density (OD) 590nm. Results: MTT Assay showed that the percentage of viable cells in both groups were more than 70%, of which the βTCP showed significantly higher percentage than cancellous bone groups. Conclusion: This study proved that the addition of human adipose derived stem cell to βTCP and human cancellous bone in vitro is harmless and significantly improve cell viability in vitro.

An Eight-Week In Vivo Study on the Clinical Signs of Systemic Toxicity and Bone Regenerative Performance of Composites Containing Beta Tricalcium Phosphate, Hydrogel and Melatonin in Adult New Zealand Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

@#Introduction: Melatonin (MEL) loaded alginate-chitosan/beta-tricalcium phosphate (Alg-CH/β-TCP) composite hydrogel has been formulated as a scaffold for bone regeneration. MEL in the scaffold was anticipated to accelerate bone regeneration. The objective of this study is to observe signs of systemic toxicity and physical changes on surface defected bone for bone regenerative performance of the composite. Methods: The proximal-medial metaphyseal cortex of the left tibia of New Zealand white rabbit was the surgical site of the defect. A total of nine rabbits were randomly allocated to three groups; Group I; implanted with MEL loaded Alg-CH/β-TCP, Group II; Alg-CH/β-TCP and Group III defects were sham control. The rabbits were daily observed to determine systemic toxicity effects by composites. The physical changes to implanted site were observed using digital x-ray radiography and computerized tomography at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 of post-implantation. Results: There were no clinical signs of systemic toxicity for all groups of rabbits. Digital radiography did not show adverse effects to the bone. Computerized tomography showed reduction in the area size and depth volume of the implantation site, but accelerated regeneration within the 8 weeks was not significantly different (P<0.05) between the groups. Conclusion: Overall, the study suggests that Alg-CH/β-TCP composite scaffolds with and without the addition of MEL are compatible to bone. The composite scaffolds reduced the area size and depth volume of the implanted site within the 8-week duration. However, no remarkable difference in the accelerated reduction of area size and depth volume was observed.

Treatment of simple posterolateral tibial plateau collapse fracture with beta-tricalcium phosphate combined with T-shaped locking plate / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Simple posterolateral tibial plateau collapse fracture is very rare in the clinic. The displaced collapse fracture in this area must be anatomically reduced, filled with suitable materials, and fixed with internal fixators. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the stability, clinical results and biocompatibility of modified posterolateral approach to treat simple posterolateral tibial plateau collapse fracture with beta-tricalcium phosphate combined with T-shaped locking plate. METHODS: Fifteen patients with simple posterolateral tibial plateau collapse fractures who received surgical treatment between June 2013 and December 2017 in Zhangjiagang Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University. These patients included 8 males and 7 females, aged 25-53 years. All of them received surgical treatment with beta-tricalcium phosphate combined with T-shaped locking plate through the modified posterolateral approach. After surgery, they were followed up for 12 months. X-ray examination was performed to evaluate fracture healing and internal fixation. Reduction effect was evaluated by Rasmussen radiology score. Knee function and stability were evaluated by HSS knee function score, Lachman test, pivot-shift test and lateral stress test. This study was approved by Medical Ethics Committee, Zhangjiagang Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, China (approval No. 201305KS001). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) All patients underwent anatomical reduction of knee fractures, and the fracture healing time was 9-14 weeks. At 12 months after surgery, p-tricalcium phosphate was completely absorbed and replaced by new bone, and repair of bone defect was satisfactory. (2) There were no significant differences in posterior tibia angle, varus angle, Rasmussen imaging collapse score and Rasmussen imaging total score between 12 months after surgery and immediately after surgery in 15 patients (P > 0. 05). (3) At 12 months after surgery, the HSS score of the knee joint was 89-100, and Lachman test, pivot-shift test and lateral stress test results were negative in 15 patients. (4) During the follow up period, infection around implants, allergic reaction, immune reaction, or rejection reaction was not observed. (5) These findings suggest that treatment of simple posterolateral tibial plateau collapse fracture through the modified posterolateral approach with p-tricalcium phosphate combined with T-shaped locking plate exhibits good repair effects and biocompatibility.

Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Block for Donor Site Morbidity of the Patella in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone Graft

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate anterior knee symptoms in patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using bone-patellar tendon-bone (BPTB) graft followed by implantation of a beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) block as a bone void filler. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 84 cases of synthetic bone grafting using a β-TCP block for the patellar bone defect in ACL reconstruction with a BPTB autograft. Computed tomography of the operated knee was performed immediately after the surgery to evaluate whether the grafted β-TCP block protruded forward from the anterior surface of the patella. On the basis of the results, the cases were divided into a protrusion group (n=31) and a non-protrusion group (n=53). Anterior knee symptoms at 12 months postoperatively and absorption of the grafted β-TCP block were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Except for patellofemoral crepitus, there was no significant difference in anterior knee symptoms between the two groups (p>0.05). The incidence of patellofemoral crepitus was significantly lower in the protrusion group than in the non-protrusion group (p=0.027). The groups showed no significant difference in β-TCP absorption. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that the protrusion of β-TCP that was used as a bone void filler had no adverse effects.

Clinical Outcome of Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Use for Bone Defects after Operative Treatment of Benign Tumors

BACKGROUND: We investigated the clinical outcome in patients whose cavitary bone defects were treated with beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) after surgical removal of benign tumors. METHODS: Between March 2015 and December 2015, 20 patients who underwent operation for bone tumors were enrolled into this study and prospectively followed up for a median period of 28.1 months. RESULTS: When the radiographic sign of complete resorption was defined as greater than 50% resorption of the allograft material accompanied by bone remodeling until 12 months, 55% of patients had complete resorption. Positive correlation between the filling volume and time needed for complete resorption was not found (p = 0.184). CONCLUSIONS: Purified β-TCP could be a suitable choice as a bone graft substitute after the removal of benign bone tumors.

Caracterização de biocerâmica de fosfatos de cálcio microestruturada em diferentes composições em ovinos / Bioceramic characterization of calcium phosphates microstructured in different composition in sheep

RESUMO: As biocerâmicas microporosas de fosfatos de cálcio e bifásicas de hidroxiapatita e fosfato tricálcico beta (HA/TCP-β) na forma de biomateriais granulados microporosos, são temas de pesquisas e se destacam como substitutos ósseos em aplicações biomédicas. As biocerâmicas bifásicas são biocompatíveis, bioativas, osteoindutoras e promovem a osteointegração, quando aplicados in vivo ou em meio simulado. Outro ponto diferencial dessas biocerâmicas está associado à capacidade de solubilidade que esses biomateriais apresentam quando aplicados em meio biológico, permitindo a liberação gradual de íons cálcio e fosfatos para o meio biológico, estes são absorvíeis e promovem a neoformação de um novo tecido ósseo. As biocerâmicas bifásicas de fosfatos de cálcio também se apresentam promissores em aplicações traumatológicas na reparação do tecido ósseo traumatizado e na liberação controlada de medicamentos, em tratamentos da estrutura óssea. O desempenho desses biomateriais como substitutos ósseos e na liberação controlada de medicamentos, estão associados, as suas características físicas, químicas, morfológicas e de superfície. O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar a caracterização morfológica, microestrutural dos biomateriais pela técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), física com difratometria de raios X (DRX) e método de Arthur para determinação da porosidade aberta. A densidade teórica dos biomateriais bifásicos foi determinada pelo método teórico das concentrações bifásicas. Por fim, se realizou avaliação do comportamento da neoformação óssea e osteointegração dos diferentes biomateriais de fosfatos de cálcio em testes in vivo em ovinos. Os testes in vivo foram realizados em tíbias de ovinos com tempo de implantação de 03 meses. Os biomateriais implantados foram hidroxiapatita (HA), fosfato tricálcico-β (TCP-β) e composições bifásicas HA/TCP-β nas proporções: 80/20, 20/80, 70/30 e 30/70. Foram utilizadas 08 ovelhas mestiças Texel, com 12 meses de idade e peso médio de 30 kg (±5 kg), nas quais foram produzidos três defeitos ósseos em cada tíbia, sendo que quatro desses defeitos foram preenchidos por biomateriais, e dois por fragmentos ósseos (autoenxerto), grupo controle. Os animais foram eutanasiados aos 03 meses após a implantação dos biomateriais. Após a eutanásia, foram coletadas as tíbias para avaliação com o uso da técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados encontrados mostram que os biomateriais granulados microporosos são formados por uma morfologia irregular com tamanho de grânulos entre 200 μm e 500μm, outra constatação foi microestrutura microporosa interconectada dos biomateriais. O resultado obtido da porosidade aberta mostrou que os biomateriais apresentam porosidade superior a 68%. A densidade teórica se apresentou semelhante entre os biomateriais granulados de fosfatos de cálcio e sugerem boa capacidade de neoformação óssea para todos os biomateriais, sendo que o bifásico 20/80 apresentou absorção do biomaterial e neoformação óssea mais rápida quando comparada com os outros biomateriais avaliados neste estudo.

ABSTRACT: Microporous bioceramics of calcium phosphate and biphasic hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate beta (HA/TCP- β) in the form of microporous granules biomaterials are research subjects and stand out as bone substitutes in biomedical application. The biphasic bioceramics are biocompatible, bioactive, osteoinductive and promote osseointegration when applied in vivo or through simulated. Another aspect of such differential solubility bioceramics is associated with the capacity that these biomaterials exhibit when applied in biological environment, enabling the gradual release of calcium and phosphate ions to the biological environment they are absorbable and promote neogenesis of new bone tissue. The biphasic bioceramics of calcium phosphate also have promising applications in traumatology in the repair of injured bone and controlled release of drugs in the bone structure treatments. The performance of these biomaterials as bone substitutes and controlled release of drugs, are associated, their physical, chemical, morphological and surface. The aim of this study was to make morphological, microstructural of biomaterials by the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), physics with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Arthur method for determination of open porosity. The theoretical density of biphasic biomaterials was determined by theoretical method of biphasic concentrations. Finally, we conducted evaluation of osteogenesis and osseointegration behavior of different biomaterials of calcium phosphates in vivo tests on sheep. In vivo tests were performed on tibias of sheep up to of 03 months. The biomaterials implanted were hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate-β (β-TCP) and biphasic compositions as HA/TCP-β in rates: 80/20, 20/80, 70/30 and 30/70. Eight crossbred Texel sheep, with 12 months of age and average weight of 30 kg (±5 kg) were used, in which were produced three bone defects in the tibia, four of these defects were filled with biomaterials, and two by bone fragments (autograft), as control group. The animals were euthanized at 03 months after implantation of biomaterials. After euthanasia, the tibias were collected for evaluation using the scanning electron microscopy technique (SEM). The results show that the microporous biomaterial granules are formed by an irregular morphology with grain size between 200 μm and 500μm, another finding was microporous interconnected microstructure of biomaterials. The result showed that the open porosity of the biomaterials exhibit porosity greater than 68%. The theoretical density was relatively similar between the granulates biomaterials of calcium phosphates and suggest good capacity of osteogenesis for all biomaterials, with the biphasic absorption of the biomaterial introduced 20/80 and more rapid bone formation when compared with other biomaterials evaluated in study.

Implantation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Sheets Derived from Old Donors Supports Bone Tissue Formation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the osteogenesis ability of osteogenic matrix cell sheets (OMCS) derived from old donor cells. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) were obtained from young (7-week-old) and old (1-year-old) Fischer344 rats donors and cultured with modified Eagle's medium (MEM group) alone or containing dexamethasone (Dex; 10 nM) and ascorbic acid phosphate (AscP; 0.28 mM) (Dex/AscP group). We prepared four in vitro experimental groups: (1) young MEM, (2) young Dex/AscP, (3) old MEM and (4) old Dex/AscP. Cell proliferation and osteogenic marker mRNA expression levels were evaluated in vitro. To assess bone formation in vivo, the cells of each group were combined with beta tricalcium phosphate (TCP) disks followed by implantation in recipient rats. The in vitro study showed significant differences in the mRNA expression of osteocalcin, ALP, and BMP2 between MEM and Dex/AscP groups. Bone formation following implantation was observed upon histological analyses of all groups. TCP combined with OMCS (OMCS/TCP group) resulted in enhanced bone formation compared to that following combination with BMSC (BMSC/TCP). The osteocalcin content of the OMCS/TCP group 4 weeks after implantation was significantly higher than that in the BMSC/TCP construct for both young and old donors. The present study clearly indicated that OMCS could be generated from BMSCs of old as well as young donors using a mechanical retrieval method. Thus, through its usage of OMCS, this method may represent a potentially effective therapeutic option for cell-based therapy in elderly patients.

Unsintered Hydroxyapatite and Poly-L-Lactide Composite Screws/Plates for Stabilizing β-Tricalcium Phosphate Bone Implants

Unsintered hydroxyapatite (u-HA) and poly-L-lactide (PLLA) composites (u-HA/PLLA) are osteoconductive and biodegradable. Screw (Super-Fixsorb MX30) and plate (Super-Fixsorb MX40 Mesh) systems made of u-HA/PLLA are typically used in small bones in maxillofacial surgeries. After the resection of bone tumors in larger bones, reconstructions with β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) implants of strong compression resistance have been reported. After a resection, when the cavity is hemispheric- or concave-shaped, stabilization of the implanted β-TCP block is necessary. In the current series, u-HA/PLLA were used to stabilize the mechanically strong implanted low-porous β-TCP blocks in six bone tumor cases, including three giant cell tumors of bone, and one case each of chondroblastoma, chondrosarcoma, and parosteal osteosarcoma. The mean age of patients at the time of surgery was 31.3 years (range, 19 to 48 years). The bones involved were two ilia (posterior), a femur (diaphysis to distal metaphysis), and three tibias (proximal epiphysis, proximal metaphysis to epiphysis, and distal metaphysis to epiphysis). Neither displacement of the implanted β-TCP block nor any u-HA/PLLA-related complications were observed. The radiolucent character of the u-HA/PLLA did not hinder radiological examinations for potential signs of tumor recurrence. The method of using u-HA/PLLA components for the stabilization of β-TCP blocks makes the procedure easy to perform and reliable. It can extend the application of β-TCP blocks in reconstruction surgery.

Ridge preservation using basic fibroblast growth factor-2 and collagenated biphasic calcium phosphate in beagle dogs

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate volumetric and histologic changes in edentulous alveolar ridge areas after ridge preservation using basic fibroblast growth factor-2 (bFGF-2) in combination with collagenated biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP). METHODS: The experiments were performed in 6 adult male beagle dogs. The following 3 groups were created: 1) ridge preservation with bFGF-2 and collagenated BCP (experimental group), 2) ridge preservation with collagenated BCP (positive control group), and 3) a negative control group in which no ridge preservation procedure was performed. Volumetric change analysis was performed using an optical scanner and casts. Histological observations were made using light microscopy. RESULTS: After the initial swelling subsided, the magnitude of the volumetric change in the experimental group and positive control group was smaller than in the negative control group. In the experimental group, a distinct trend was observed for the resorption of residual bone and collagen fibers at 4 weeks and for more mature bone and faster healing at 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings of the present study, bFGF-2 may be considered for use as a therapeutic molecule in ridge preservation procedures.

Sinus Tract Formation with Chronic Inflammatory Cystic Mass after Beta Tricalcium Phosphate Insertion

Beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is one of allogenic bone substitute which is known to have interconnected pores that draws cell and nutrients for bone generation. It has been resulted in good outcomes for bone defect coverage or augmentation. However, several studies have also reported negative outcomes and associated complications including unexpected formation of cystic mass, continuous pain and secretion. We present the case of a 36-year-old man with a right cheek cystic mass who had a history of right zygomaticomaxillary (ZM) complex fracture and surgical correction with β-TCP powder insertion to ZM bone defect. Excisional biopsy under local anesthesia revealed calcified mass in a sinus tract which was found to be connected to the ZM bone defect site in postoperative computed tomography image. Further excision under general anesthesia was performed to remove the sinus tract and fine granules which filled the original defect site. Pathologic report revealed bony spicules and calcification materials with chronic foreign body reaction. Postoperative complications and recurrence were not reported.

Sinus Tract Formation with Chronic Inflammatory Cystic Mass after Beta Tricalcium Phosphate Insertion

Beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is one of allogenic bone substitute which is known to have interconnected pores that draws cell and nutrients for bone generation. It has been resulted in good outcomes for bone defect coverage or augmentation. However, several studies have also reported negative outcomes and associated complications including unexpected formation of cystic mass, continuous pain and secretion. We present the case of a 36-year-old man with a right cheek cystic mass who had a history of right zygomaticomaxillary (ZM) complex fracture and surgical correction with β-TCP powder insertion to ZM bone defect. Excisional biopsy under local anesthesia revealed calcified mass in a sinus tract which was found to be connected to the ZM bone defect site in postoperative computed tomography image. Further excision under general anesthesia was performed to remove the sinus tract and fine granules which filled the original defect site. Pathologic report revealed bony spicules and calcification materials with chronic foreign body reaction. Postoperative complications and recurrence were not reported.

Preservación de alvéolos mediante fosfato tricálcico beta, con y sin membrana / Socket preservation using beta-tricalcium phosphate with or without membrane

El presente estudio evalúa los resultados de la utilización del fosfato tricálcico beta en la preservación de alvéolos postextracción al emplearlo solo o en conjunto con membranas no reabsorbibles. Se seleccionaron 18 dientes con indicación de extracción y con condiciones favorables para la preservación del alvéolo y posterior colocación de un implante oseointegrado. En 10 alvéolos se utilizó como relleno fosfato tricálcico beta en conjunto con membrana no reabsorbible, y 8 alvéolos fueron tratados solamente con fosfato tricálcico beta. Previo a la cirugía se evaluó el ancho y alto de cada alvéolo, mediante una tomografía computarizada de alta resolución, evaluación que fue repetida 6 meses después de realizada la intervención quirúrgica. Al momento de efectuar la técnica quirúrgica para la instalación de los implantes se tomaron muestras histológicas del sitio de colocación del implante para estudiar las características histológicas del sitio injertado después de 6 meses de realizada la cirugía de extracción dentaria y preservación de alvéolo. El uso de fosfato tricálcico beta, independiente o no del uso de membrana, mantuvo la altura del alvéolo transcurridos 6 meses desde su colocación, mientras que el ancho del alvéolo se mantuvo solo en el grupo sin membrana. Los resultados histológicos demostraron cantidades variables de regeneración ósea.

The present study evaluated the results of the post-extraction socket preservation technique using Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate with and without the use of a non-resorbable membrane. A total of 18 teeth with indication of extraction and socket preservation were selected, with 10 alveoli being treated with Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate combined with a non-resorbable membrane, and the other 8 with Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate only. The width and height of each socket was evaluated using computed tomography, prior to the extraction, and 6 months after the surgery. At the time of performing the surgical technique for installing the implants, histological specimens were taken from the implant site in order to study the graft site 6 months after the dental extraction surgery and alveoli preservation.The use of Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate, whether a membrane is used or not, maintained the alveolar height 6 months after the extraction, while the width of the alveolus only remained in the group without membrane. Histological results showed varying amounts of bone regeneration.

Instalação do implante dentário após levantamento do seio maxilar com ß-tricálcio fosfato: relato de caso com resultados histológicos / Dental implant placement after maxillary sinus floor elevation using ß-tricalcium phosphate: a case report with histological results

Este relato de caso clínico descreveu o uso do beta-tricálcio fosfato para levantamento do seio maxilar e instalação do implante dentário. Uma paciente de 38 anos de idade apresentou-se com ausência dos elementos 26 e 27. Após a remoção da parede vestibular e levantamento do assoalho sinusal, uma membrana de colágeno foi interposta antes da deposição do biomaterial (granulação 1-2 mm). Oito meses depois, uma trefina foi usada para biopsia, e dois implantes dentários foram instalados. Os resultados histológicos mostraram a formação de tecido ósseo sadio. Mais tarde, as coroas defi nitivas foram confeccionadas e instaladas. O beta-tricálcio fosfato (Cerasorb) mostrou-se satisfatório como material para enxerto, mesmo sem o uso de osso autógeno concomitante

This case report describes the use of beta-tricalcium phosphate for maxillary sinus lifting and dental implant placement. A 38 years-old patient presented with the absence of the elements 26 and 27. After removing the buccal bone wall for sinus floor lifting, a collagen membrane was adapted before the biomaterial (1-2 mm granules) being inserted. Eight months later, a trephine bur was used for biopsy, and two dental implants were installed. Histological results showed the formation of healthy bone tissue. Later, the definitive crowns were made and installed. The betatricalcium phosphate (Cerasorb) was satisfactory as a biomaterial for grafting, even that no concomitant use of autogenous bone has been performed

Increased osteoinductivity and mineralization by minimal concentration of bone morphogenetic protein-2 loaded onto biphasic calcium phosphate in a rabbit sinus

PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a minimal concentration of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in terms of quantitative and qualitative analyses of newly formed bone in a rabbit maxillary sinus model. METHODS: In 7 rabbits, sinus windows were prepared bilaterally. Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) loaded with 0.05 mg/mL BMP-2 was grafted into one sinus (the BMP group) and saline-soaked BCP was placed into the other (the control group) in each animal. The animals were allowed an 8-week healing period before being sacrificed. Specimens including the augmented area and surrounding tissues were then removed and evaluated both radiographically and histologically. RESULTS: There was a difference in the mineralization of new bone between the groups. In the BMP group, the greater part of the new bone consisted of mature lamellar bone with an evident trabecular pattern, whereas the control group showed mostly woven bone, consisting only partially of lamellar bone. Histometrically, the area of new bone was significantly greater (4.55±1.35 mm2 vs. 2.99±0.86 mm2) in the BMP group than in the control group (P<0.05); however, the total augmentation volumes were not significantly different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, it can be suggested that a minimal concentration of BMP-2 (0.05 mg/mL) had an osteoinductive effect with accelerated mineralization in a rabbit sinus model using a BCP carrier.

The Role of Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Graft in the Dynamic Hip Screw Fixation of Unstable Intertrochanter Fracture

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to introduce our method of stabilizing unstable intertrochanteric fractures by using the dynamic hip screw (DHS) with a beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) graft and to compare the outcomes of this procedure with those of the conventional DHS without β-TCP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent surgery by using DHS between March 2002 and January 2016 were retrospectively reviewed for analysis of the outcomes. The inclusion criteria were: 1) age of 60 years and older; 2) low-energy fracture resulting from a fall from no greater than the standing height; 3) multifragmentary pertrochanteric fracture (AO classification 31-A2.2, 2.3); and 4) follow-up of over 3 months. We compared 29 patients (29 hips) who underwent surgery, using DHS without β-TCP, with 29 age-sex matched patients (29 hips) who underwent surgery using DHS with grafted β-TCP granules to empty the trochanter area after reaming. We investigated the fracture union rate, union time, and length of lag screw sliding. RESULTS: Bone union was achieved in all cases. The mean union time was 7.0 weeks in the β-TCP group and 8 .8 weeks in the non-β-TCP group. The length of lag screw sliding was 3.6 mm in the β-TCP group and 5 .5 mm in the non-β-TCP group. There were no implant failure cases in both groups. CONCLUSION: The β-TCP graft for reinforcement DHS acquired satisfactory clinical outcomes for treating unstable intertrochanteric fractures.

Alveolar Ridge Preservation with Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Bone Graft and Implant Placement: A Case Report.

Various bone grafts, non-vital bone grafting materials, and membranes have been developed to counteract the significant resorption of the alveolar bone following tooth extraction with utilizing principals of guided bone regeneration (GBR). Alloplastic graft material, consisting of the pure phase of beta-tricalcium phosphate (b-TCP) in the preservation of ridge volume after tooth extraction and before dental implant placement, is a well-accepted procedure. In the present case report, b-TCP bone graft was used to preserve and augment the alveolar bone with utilizing the principles of GBR. Quantification of alveolar bone dimensions was done with the help of computed tomography scan of jaw both at baseline, i.e. before extraction and after 6 months just before implant placement.

Neoformação óssea e osteointegração de biomateriais micro e nanoestruturados em ovinos / Bone formation and osteointegration of micro and nanostructured biomaterial in sheep

A substituição de parte do tecido ósseo se faz necessária muitas vezes na rotina cirúrgica, seja em função de fraturas, neoplasias ósseas ou enfermidades ortopédicas que acarretem em perda óssea. Neste sentido, têm se buscado biomateriais capazes de promover esta substituição, evitando o uso de enxertos ou transplantes ósseos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade osteoregenerativa de biomateriais em diferentes composições, em tíbias de ovinos. Foram utilizadas oito ovelhas mestiças texel, com 12 meses de idade e peso médio de 28,5±7,4kg. Após adequada preparação anestésica e cirúrgica, foram produzidos três defeitos ósseos na diáfise das tíbias em sua face medial, totalizando seis defeitos de 6mm cada, sendo que quatro foram preenchidos por biomateriais, e dois por fragmentos ósseos retirados do próprio animal (autocontrole). Os materiais implantados foram: hidroxiapatita (HA), tricálcio fosfato-β (TCP-β), hidroxiapatita/tricálcio fosfato-b 60/40 (HA/TCP-b 60/40) e o nanocompósito hidroxiapatita/alumina a 5% (HA/Al2O3 a 5%). Os animais foram alocados em dois grupos: Grupo 60 (n=04), em que os animais foram eutanasiados após 60 dias da colocação dos implantes e Grupo 90 (n=04), em que a eutanásia ocorreu 90 dias após a colocação dos implantes. Foram realizadas radiografias nos períodos pré-operatório, imediatamente após o procedimento e aos 30, 60 e 90 dias de pós-operatório, a fim de excluir qualquer alteração prévia ou complicação pós-operatória, capaz de comprometer o estudo. Após a eutanásia, foram coletadas as tíbias para avaliação macro e microscópica, por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia óptica...

Bone replacement is often required in veterinary clinics and hospitals routine, even because fractures, bone tumors or any orthopedic disease that entail in bone loss. In this sense, biomaterials capable of promoting this substitution, avoiding the use of bone grafts or transplants have been searched. The aim of this study was evaluated the osteoregenerative capacity of biomaterials in different compositions, implanted in sheep's tibia. Eight female, mongrel sheeps, 12 months old, weighting 28,5±7,4kg were obtained for this study. Three bone defects, 6mm each, in both tibias, a total of six bone defects, were produced, being four of them treated with four different types of biomaterials and two with autogenous bone grafts, as a control group. The biomaterials implanted were: hydroxyapatite (HA), beta-tricalcium phosphate (TCP-β), hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate 60:40 (HA/TCP-β 60:40) and the nanocomposite hydroxyapatite and alumina (HA/Al2O3 5%). The animals were allocated in two groups: Group 60 (n=04), in which the animals were euthanized sixty days after the implantation of the biomaterials and Group 90 (n=04), in which the animals were euthanized ninety days after the procedure. Were performed radiograph images on the preoperative period, immediate postoperative and at 30, 60 and 90 days of postoperative period, to excluded any previously disease or postoperative complications that could compromise this research. After euthanasia, the tibias were collected for macro and microscopic evaluation, which was accessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optic microscopy...

A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Bone Union Rate Following Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Using a Polyetheretherketone Cage: Hydroxyapatite/B-Tricalcium Phosphate Mixture versus Hydroxyapatite/Demineralized Bone Matrix Mixture

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized noninferiority trial. PURPOSE: To evaluate whether the union rate of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) using a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cage filled with a mixture of hydroxyapatite (HA) and demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is inferior to that of a mixture of beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) and HA. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: There have been no clinical trials investigating the outcomes of a mixture of HA and DBM in a PEEK cage in ACDF. METHODS: Eighty-five eligible patients were randomly assigned to group B (n=43), in which a PEEK cage with a mixture of HA and DBM was used, or group C (n=42), in which a PEEK cage with a mixture of HA and beta-TCP was used. The primary study endpoint was the fusion rate, which was assessed with dynamic radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans. Secondary endpoints included pain intensity using a visual analogue scale, functional outcome using a neck disability index score, laboratory tests of inflammatory profiles, and the infection rate. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients (38 in group B and 39 in group C) were included in the final analysis. One year postoperatively, bone fusion was achieved in 87% of group B patients and 87% of group C patients on dynamic radiographs, and 87% of group B patients and 72% of group C patients on CT scans (p=1.00 and 0.16, respectively). There were also no between-groups differences with respect to the secondary endpoints. CONCLUSIONS: A HA/DBM mixture inside a PEEK cage can provide noninferior outcomes compared to a HA/TCP mixture in ACDF.

Union Rates of Local Autobone and beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Mixed Graft in Lumbar Posterolateral Fusion

STUDY DESIGN: A retroprospective study. OBJECTIVES: We used a local autobone and beta-tricalcium phosphate mixed graft with posterolateral fusion in spinal stenosis and spondylolisthesis and evaluated union rates to verify the efficacy. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Several reports have shown high union rates of posterolateral fusion using beta-tricalcium phosphate. However, in Korea, only one study reported a low union rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two patients who underwent lumbar posterolateral fusion with a local autobone and beta-tricalcium phosphate mixed graft from September 2010 to July 2011 were followed up. There were 32 cases with spinal stenosis and 10 cases with spondylolisthesis. Bone fusion was determined along with the fusion rates based on Lenke's criteria. Clinical outcomes were determined using Kim's method. RESULTS: In spinal stenosis, bone union was presented in 19 cases(59.4%) out of 32 cases and in spondylolisthesis, bone union was presented in 7 (70.0%) out of 10. In spinal stenosis, 12 cases showed excellent outcome, 16 good, 3 fair and 1 poor, 27 cases(87.5%) were superior to the good. In spondylolisthesis, 2 cases showed excellent outcome, 5 good, 3 fair and 0 poor, 8 cases(70.0%) were superior to the good. CONCLUSIONS: Posterolateral fusion using a local autobone and beta-tricalcium phosphate mixed graft showed lower bone fusion rates. We need further studies to enhance the fusion rate when using local autobone and beta-tricalcium phosphate mixed grafts.

Histomorphometric Analysis on Bone Formation Effect of Beta-tricalciumphosphate around Dental Implants in Rabbit Mandibular Body: Pilot Study