Application of Substrate Supplements to the Yield Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida)

In this study, oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida (Jacq: Fr) Kummer) were grown with various substrate additions to determine their effects on yield. We ran tests to know different supplements affected the yield and growth of mushrooms. The substrate, composed primarily of sawdust and straw, served as the growth medium. The research encompassed controlled environmental conditions, including temperature, humidity, and light, over a defined study period. Our findings revealed significant variations in mushroom yield and growth parameters across the different supplement treatments. The best supplements to the substrate treatment combination were observed T14- Wheat Straw (60%), + Rice Straw (34 %) + Gram Flour (2% of the substrate) (451.69g) and (452.33g) followed by T11 – Rice Straw (60%), + Wheat Straw (34 %) + Maize Flour (2% of the substrate) which increased the yield of oyster mushroom, while others exhibited nuanced effects on mushroom quality. Statistical analyses supported these observations. The implications of this research extend to both commercial and amateur mushroom cultivators. Understanding the influence of substrate supplements on Oyster mushroom growth can lead to more efficient and cost-effective cultivation practices. By optimizing substrate composition, growers can enhance yields, potentially increasing profitability and sustainability in the mushroom industry. This study also highlights the need for further exploration in the field, including investigations into the specific mechanisms underlying supplement-substrate interactions.

Enhancing Yield and Biological Efficiency of Volvariella volvaceae through Non-Conventional Cultivation Methods

A study was conducted to determine the impact of Different Non- Conventional methods of Cultivation on yield and biological efficiency of Volvariella volvaceae. Among the different methods viz., bed method, partial compost method (3 days), partial compost method (6 days), partial compost method (9 days), intact straw + partial compost, Chopped paddy straw in polythene bags, Rolled paddy straw in polythene bag were experimented on yield and biological efficiency. However, the bed method of cultivation proved its well suitability among all the methods tested and gave highest yield and biological efficiency (1920 g and 15.0%) followed by partial compost method (3 days), single layer of straw + partial compost, partial compost (6 days) which exhibited (1025 g and 10.25%), (840 g and 8.40%) and (720 g and 7.20%) respectively. Maximum average weight of sporophore (24.6 g) was observed from bed method of cultivation which was significantly superior amongst all the methods evaluated followed by partial compost (3 days), single layer of straw + partial compost, partial compost (9 days) at 18.30 g, 16.15g and 15.5 g respectively. Smaller sizes of sporophores were noticed on partial compost (6 days) at average weight of 15 g. Average weight of sporophores noticed in chopped paddy straw and rolled paddy in polythene bag method were 12.2 g and 10 g respectively. Considering the major drawback of Volvariella that it has very low biological efficiency, bag method of cultivation was aimed to increase the biological efficiency of paddy straw mushroom.

Actividades ligninolíticas y producción de basidiomas de Ganoderma lucidum en cultivo sólido suplementado con manganeso / Ligninolytic activities and production of Ganoderma lucidum basidiomes in solid culture supplemented with manganese

RESUMEN Ganoderma lucidum es un basidiomiceto de pudrición blanca estudiado especialmente por sus atributos medicinales. No obstante, la información sobre la suplementación de los medios de cultivo con metales como Zn, Li, Mn, Cu es escasa aun conociendo que la presencia de metales en los sustratos mejora las características de los basidiomas obtenidos e incrementa su productividad. El objetivo fue evaluar las actividades enzimáticas lacasa (Lc) y manganeso peroxidasa (MnP), la fructificación y eficiencia biológica (EB) de G. lucidum en cultivos sólidos formulados con residuos agroindustriales (aserrín de roble, cascarilla de café, salvado de maíz) suplementados con dos niveles de sal de manganeso II (0,05 % y 0,1 % p/p) y una formulación sin adición de la sal de manganeso. Las actividades enzimáticas se determinaron durante 98 días del ciclo productivo, con toma de muestras semanales. El tratamiento uno (0,05 % p/p de MnSO4H2O) suministró la mayor EB del cultivo con 25,90 ± 2,12 % y los mayores títulos de actividades ligninolíticas en el tiempo con 0,7299 UE/g s.s. de MnP a los 35 días de fermentación y 4,1 760 UE/g s.s para la actividad de Lc a los 42 días de proceso con relación a los tratamientos dos y control. Asimismo, hubo una disminución del ciclo de cultivo del hongo para los tratamientos uno (83 días) y dos (95 días) en comparación con el tratamiento control (117 días). Los resultados de este trabajo son promisorios para cultivadores industriales de G. lucidum, ya que la suplementación de los sustratos con Mn incrementa la productividad de los cultivos.

ABSTRACT Ganoderma lucidum is a white rot basidiomycete specially studied for its medicinal attributes. However, the information on the supplementation of the substrate with metals such as Zn, Li, Mn, Cu and others is scarce. Even knowing that the presence of metals in the substrates improves the characteristics of the basidiomes produced and increases their productivity. The objective was to evaluate the enzymatic activities laccase (Lc) and manganese peroxidase (MnP). The fructification and biological efficiency (BE) of G. lucidum in solid culture formulated with agroindustrial residues, (oak sawdust, coffee husk, bran corn) supplemented with two levels of manganese II salt, (0.05 % and 0.1 % w/ w) and a formulation without addition of manganese II salt. Enzymatic activities were determined during 98 days of the production cycle, with weekly sampling. Treatment one (0.05 % w/w MnSO4.H2O) provided the highest BE of the culture with 25.90 ± 0.54% and the highest titers of ligninolytic activities, in the time with 0.7299 EU/g d.s for MnP at 35 days of fermentation and 4.1760 EU/g d.s for Lc activity at 42 days of process, in relation to treatments two and control. Likewise, there was a decrease in the fungus culture cycle for treatments one (83 days) and two (95 days) compared to the control treatment (117 days). The results of this work are promising for industrial growers of G. lucidum, since the supplementation of the substrates with Mn increase the productivity of the cultures.

Performance of Pleurotus pulmonarius mushroom grown on maize stalk residues supplemented with various levels of maize flour and wheat bran

Abstract The use of supplemented agricultural waste in mushroom cultivation can be one of the environmentally friendly strategies for poverty alleviation. The study evaluated the performance of Pleurotus pulmonarius mushroom grown on maize stalk supplemented with varying levels of wheat bran (WB) and maize flour (MF). A completely random design was used for the experiments. It was observed that Pleurotus pulmonarius was significantly affected by varying levels of supplementation, as 20% WB supplementation encountered higher contamination. The lower supplementation levels gave significantly shorter colonisation period with better mycelial growth rate (MGR). The 2% MF, 2% WB and 4% WB gave significantly higher MGR and faster colonisation. The shortest pinning time (TP) was observed at the first flush with the minimum of 2 days. Higher supplementation levels gave maximum yield and biological efficiency (BE). With further increase of supplementation above a 12% WB and 14% MF, the BE and yield declined. Lower supplementation levels resulted in quicker colonisation period and improved growth rate, whereas high supplementation gave better production in terms of yield and BE. Therefore, for the purpose of maximum production, 12% WB and 14% MF may be recommended while for fast production time, 2% MF and 2% WB are recommended.

Evaluación de la producción de cuerpos fructíferos de cepas guatemaltecas del hongo comestible Rukoxil Tunay Che’ (Agrocybe cylindracea (DC. Maire.) en diferentes sustratos / Production of fruiting bodies of Guatemalans strains of the edible mushroom Rukoxil Tunay Che' (Agrocybe cylindracea (DC.) Maire. ) on different substrates

En el presente estudio se determinó la producción de cuerpos fructíferos de cinco cepas nativas de Agrocybe cylindracea sobre tres sustratos y dos tratamientos térmicos, a través del porcentaje de eficiencia biológica y la medición del diámetro de los píleos. Se encontró que el mayor porcentaje de eficiencia biológica de las cepas en los sustratos evaluados fue 115.84 %, que correspondió al sustrato constituido por 29% paja de trigo más 1% de harina de soya pasteurizado y obtenido por la cepa 58.01, la cual también produjo las mayores eficiencias biológicas en todos los sustratos evaluados. Al confrontar el porcentaje de eficiencia biológica en los diferentes sustratos, todas las cepas presentaron valores altos en el sustrato compuesto por 28% de paja de trigo, 1% harina de soya y CaCO3. Con respecto al diámetro de los cuerpos fructíferos, las cepas 58.01, 59.01, 60.01 y 638.08 produjeron píleos menores de 2 cm, entre 2-4 cm y mayores a 4.0 cm en los diferentes sustratos y tratamientos, excepto la cepa 59.01 que en el sustrato formulado con 29% de paja de trigo y 1% de harina de soya, solo produjo cuerpos fructíferos con píleos menores a 2 cm y entre 2-4 cm. En el análisis proximal de los basidiomas de las cepas evaluadas se obtuvo un alto porcentaje de proteínas, fibra cruda y carbohidratos, así como bajo porcentaje de grasas. Se recomienda que en futuras investigaciones o transferencia de tecnología a comunidades o entidades interesadas en el cultivo de este hongo, utilizar paja de trigo suplementada con harina de soya y como regulador de pH CaCO3, ya que en dicho sustrato se obtuvieron los mayores porcentajes de eficiencia biológica para la producción de cuerpos fructíferos de A. cylindracea.

This study determined the production of fruiting bodies of five native strains of Agrocybe cylindracea over three different substrates and two heat treatments, by the biological efficiency percentage and the measurement of diameters of pileus. The major percentage of biological efficiency found from the strains in the evaluated substrates was 115.84%, and corresponded to the substrate formulated by 29% of wheat straw and 1% of pasteurized soy flour, and obtained from the strain 58.01, which also produced the major biological efficiencies in all of the evaluated substrates. When confronting the percentage of biological efficiency in the different substrates, all the strains presented high values in the substrate comprising 28% of wheat straw, 1% of soy flour and CaCO3. In relation to the diameter of the fruiting bodies, the strains 58.01, 59.01, 60.01 and 638.08 produced pileus less than 2 cm, between 2-4 cm and greater than 4 cm in the different substrates and treatments, excepting the strain 59.01 which in the substrate formulated with 29% of wheat straw and 1% of soy flour, only produced fruiting bodies with pileus less than 2 cm and between 2-4 cm. In the chemical proximate analysis of the fruiting bodies of the tested strains, a high percentage of proteins, crude fiber and carbohydrates was obtained, and also a low percentage of fats. For future research or when transferring the technology to communities interested in mushroom cultivation, the utilization of wheat straw supplemented with soy flour and as a regulator of pH CaCO3 is recommended, as in this substrate the highest percentages of biological efficiency for the production of fruiting bodies of A. cylindracea where obtained.

Evaluation of growth and production of Pleurotus sp. in sterilized substrates / Avaliação do crescimento e da produção de Pleurotus sp. em substratos esterilizados

The gender Pleurotus is also known as oyster mushroom, shimeji or hiratake. Aiming to select the best substrates to cultivate two species of Pleurotus, this work measured vigor, mycelium growth (cm.day-1), fresh mass (g), productivity (%) and biological efficiency (%) of P. sajor-caju (PSC96/03) and P. ostreatoroseus (POR01/06) cultivated in the following substrates: sugarcane bagasse, elephant grass, waste of castor oil plant and pasteurized rice straw. Fungal cultures were recovered in culture medium CDA. For the evaluation of mycelium growth, moist substrates were put into a closed assay tube with sterilized aluminum paper. Then, they were inoculated in 10 mm culture dishes and taken to the incubator at 26 ± 2C. Mycelium vigor was measured with grades from 1 to 3 according to density. For axenic cultivation, substrates were placed into 250 g flasks of substrate and autoclaved twice at 121C (1 atm) for 60 minutes, and then inoculated with 3% of spawn. The lineage P. sajor-caju (PSC96/03) showed higher growth rates in relation to P. ostreatoroseus (POR01/06). Substrates showing lower C/N ratio provided more mycelium vigor. Castor oil plant waste based-substrate showed good perspectives to growing P. sajor-caju (PSC96/03).

O gênero Pleurotus é conhecido como cogumelo ostra, shimeji ou hiratake. Neste trabalho, com a finalidade de selecionar substratos para o cultivo de duas espécies de Pleurotus, foram avaliados vigor, crescimento micelial (cm.dia-1), massa fresca (g), produtividade (%) e eficiência biológica (%) de P. sajor-caju (PSC96/03) e P. ostreatoroseus (POR01/06) cultivados nos substratos: bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, capim-elefante, resíduos da cultura da mamona e palha de arroz esterilizados. As culturas fúngicas foram recuperadas em meio de cultura CDA. Para avaliar o crescimento micelial, os substratos úmidos foram acondicionados em tubos de ensaio e fechados com papel alumínio esterilizados. Depois, foram inoculados com discos de cultura de 10 mm de diâmetro e incubados em estufa a 26 ± 2C. O vigor do micélio foi mensurado por meio de notas de 1 a 3, conforme adensamento. Para o cultivo axênico, os substratos foram colocados em frascos de 250 g de substrato e autoclavados duas vezes a 121C (1 atm) por 60 minutos, posteriormente inoculados com 3% de spawn. Ao serem analisadas, a linhagem P. sajor-caju (PSC96/03) apresentou maior velocidade de crescimento que a P. ostreatoroseus (POR01/06), os substratos com menor relação C/N propiciaram maior vigor de micélio e o substrato à base de resíduos da cultura da mamona apresentou perspectivas para o cultivo de P. sajor-caju (PSC96/03).

Applicability of the use of waste from different banana cultivars for the cultivation of the oyster mushroom

The objective of this research was to evaluate the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus- (Jacq.: Fr.) Kumm. cultivation in substrates based on different combinations of wastes (leaf, pseudo-stem and pseudo-stem + leaf) and banana cultivars - Musa spp. (Thap Maeo, Prata Anã, Pelipita and Caipira) during 49 days. Organic matter loss in the substrate by action of the fungus was also evaluated during that period. It was verified that the pseudo-stem waste provided the best averages of biological efficiency among all cultivars tested and best rates were obtained by Thap Maeo (61.5%). The highest organic matter loss (OML) was obtained from pseudo-stem + leaf wastes (Prata Anã - 78.6%; Thap Maeo - 67.6%; Pelipita - 64.8%; Caipira - 60.6%). Therefore, the use of those wastes showed itself viable for P. ostreatus cultivation due to its availability and low cost, besides decreasing discards to environment.

Fruiting Body Formation of Cordyceps militaris from Multi-Ascospore Isolates and Their Single Ascospore Progeny Strains

Interest in commercial cultivation and product development of Cordyceps species has shown a recent increase. Due to its biochemical and pharmacological effects, Cordyceps militaris, commonly known as orange caterpillar fungus, is being investigated with great interest. Cultivation of C. militaris has been practiced on a large scale in order to fulfill a demand for scientific investigation and product development. Isolates of C. militaris can be easily established from both spores and tissue. For isolation of spores, ascospores released from mature stromata are trapped in sterile medium. Multi-ascospore isolates, as well as combinations of single ascospore strains, are used for production of fruiting bodies. Progeny ascospore strains can be isolated from artificial fruiting bodies, thus, the cycle of fruiting body production can be continued for a long period of time. In this study, we examined fruiting body production from multi-ascospore isolates and their progeny strains for three generations. F1 progeny strains generally produced a larger number of fruiting bodies, compared with their mother multi-ascospore isolates; however, F2 and F3 progeny strains produced fewer fruiting bodies. Optimum preservation conditions could help to increase the vitality of the progeny strains. In order to retain the fruiting ability of the strains, further testing of various methods of preservation and different methods for isolation should be performed.

Influência da composição química do substrato no cultivo de Pleurotus florida / Influence of the chemical composition of the substrate in the cultivation of Pleurotus florida

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da composição química do substrato no cultivo do cogumelo comestível Pleurotus florida, seis resíduos agrícolas foram testados: palha de arroz, palha de feijão, palha de trigo, folha de bananeira, palha de sorgo e sabugo de milho. O substrato palha de feijão apresentou resultados semelhantes para a produção (189,8 g kg-1), eficiência biológica (89,2 por cento) e número de cogumelos (12) à palha de arroz, substrato utilizado tradicionalmente no cultivo de Pleurotus em escala comercial. Não foi possível atribuir apenas a um fator químico as altas produções e eficiências biológicas observadas em palha de arroz e palha de feijão e muito menos para a baixa produção em palha de sorgo (77,8 g kg-1) e sabugo de milho (53,2 g g-1). No geral, substratos com relação C/N em torno de 45 (N = 1,0 por cento), maior conteúdo de cinzas, acrescido de altos teores de P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn foram os melhores para o cultivo de P. florida.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the influence of the chemical composition of the substrate in the cultivation of the edible mushroom Pleurotus florida. Six agricultural by-products were tested: rice straw, bean straw, wheat straw, banana leaf, sorghum straw and maize cobs. Using bean straw as the substrate showed similar results for yield (189.8 g kg-1), biological efficiency (89.2 percent) and number of mushrooms (12) as rice straw substrates traditionally used for the cultivation of Pleurotus on a commercial scale. It was not possible to attribute the high yields and biological efficiency observed in rice and bean straw solely to chemical factors and, even less so for the low yields presented by sorghum straw (77.8 g kg-1) and maize cobs (53.2 g kg-1). In general, substrates with C/N ratio around 45 (N = 1.0 percent), high ash content and high levels of P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn were the best for the cultivation of P. florida.

Aproveitamento de resíduos madeireiros para o cultivo do cogumelo comestível Lentinus strigosus de ocorrência na Amazônia / Use of wood residues for the cultivation of edible mushroom Lentinus strigosus in the Amazon

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a utilização de resíduos madeireiros do estado do Amazonas para o cultivo de Lentinus strigosus. de ocorrência na região. A linhagem foi procedente da coleção do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA. Utilizou-se separadamente serragens de Simarouba amara (marupá), Ochroma piramidale (pau de balsa) e Anacardium giganteum (cajuí) suplementadas com farelo de arroz e de trigo e CaCO3 (80:10:8:2), respectivamente, ajustando-se a umidade em torno de 75 por cento. Os substratos (500g) foram acondicionados em sacos de polipropileno, esterilizados a 121 ºC , durante 30 minutos, inoculados e incubados em câmara climatizada a 25 ± 3 ºC e UR de 85 por cento, até emissão dos primórdios, com redução de temperatura de 25 para 23 ± 1 ºC e aumento de UR para 85-90 por cento, no período de "frutificação". O crescimento micelial ocorreu de 12 a 20 dias, com surgimento de primórdios com cerca de 15 a 25 dias após a inoculação. A produção de basidiocarpos ocorreu três a cinco dias após a emissão dos primórdios. Foram avaliados: eficiência biológica (EB, por cento), rendimento (g kg-1) e perda da matéria orgânica (PMO, por cento). As serragens suplementadas foram eficientes no cultivo de L. strigosus, apresentando EB de 38, 48 e 59 por cento; rendimento de 98, 119 e 177 g kg-1; e PMO de 42, 59 e 48 por cento, para marupá, pau de balsa e cajuí, respectivamente. Assim, há um potencial de aproveitamento desses resíduos na Amazônia, bem como uma provável utilização da linhagem selvagem, podendo contribuir para melhoria das condições sócio-econômicas da população regional e sustentabilidade dos recursos da biodiversidade.

The objective of this work was to use wood residues from the state of Amazonas for the cultivation of Lentinus strigosus. found in that region. The strain came from the collection of the National Institute of Amazonian Research. Sawdust species Simarouba amara, Ochroma piramidale and Anacardium giganteum were separately used in the preparation of the substrates, supplemented with rice and wheat bran and CaCO3 (80:10:8:2), respectively, with humidity adjusted to approximately 75 percent. Substrates (500 g) were packed using bags polypropylene, sterilized at 121 ºC for 30 minutes, inoculated and incubated in an acclimatized chamber at 25 ± 3 ºC and relative air humidity of 85 percent until primordia emission, with temperature reduced from 25 to 23 ± 1 ºC and air relative humidity increased to 85-90 percent in the fruiting period. Micelial growth occurred within 12 to 20 days and primordia appeared within 15 to 25 days after the inoculation. Harvest occurred three to five days after primordia emission. Biological efficiency (BE, percent), yield (g kg-1) and loss of organic matter (PMO, percent) were evaluated. Supplemented sawdust were efficient in the cultivation of L. strigosus, presenting BE of 38, 48 and 59 percent, yield of 98, 119 and 177 g kg-1 and PMO of 42, 59 and 48 percent for Simarouba amara, Ochroma piramidale and Anacardium giganteum, respectively. The results show the potential use of those residues in the Amazon, as well as the possibility of using the wild strain, to contribute to the improvement of the social and economical conditions of the regional population and sustainability of the biodiversity resources.

Tratamentos térmicos do calxisto para uso como camada de cobertura no cultivo de Agaricus brasiliensis / Thermal treatments on lime schist casing layer for Agaricus brasiliensis cultivation

A escolha da camada de cobertura é uma das mais importantes etapas do cultivo de Agaricus brasiliensis. Apesar dessa importância, poucos estudos relatam o uso de diferentes tratamentos térmicos para o controle da microbiota em camadas de cobertura alternativas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da pasteurização e da autoclavagem do material alternativo calxisto para utilização como camada de cobertura no cultivo de A. brasiliensis. O fungo foi inicialmente crescido em grãos de trigo e transferido para meio de cultivo previamente compostado. Após a completa colonização, a camada de cobertura (calxisto) pasteurizada ou autoclavada foi adicionada. Avaliaram-se a eficiência biológica, o número e a biomassa de cogumelos produzidos e o fluxo de produção. Concluiu-se que a camada de cobertura com calxisto autoclavado reduzem o tempo de produção, a eficiência biológica e o número e a biomassa de cogumelos cultivados. Entretanto, a camada de cobertura com o calxisto pasteurizado é a mais eficiente para o cultivo de A. brasiliensis.

Casing layer choice is one of the most important phases on Agaricus brasiliensis cultivation. Besides the importance of it few studies report the use of different heat treatments to control the microbiota in alternative casing layers. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pasteurized or autoclaved lime schist as an alternative casing layer on A. brasiliensis cultivation. The fungus was previously grown on wheat grains and transferred to a substratum previously composted. After substratum mycelium colonization a pasteurized or autoclaved lime schist casing layer was added on. It was evaluated the biological efficiency, the number and mass of produced mushroom and the production flush along cultivation. It was concluded that autoclaved lime schist casing layer decreases period of production, biological efficiency, number and mass of cultivated mushrooms. However pasteurized lime schist casing layer is the most efficient on A. brasiliensis cultivation.

Influence of Different Supplements on the Commercial Cultivation of Milky White Mushroom

Calocybe indica, known as milky white mushroom, grows and cultivated in the sub-tropical and temperate zones of South Asia. We investigated the most suitable supplements and their levels for the commercial cultivation of milky white mushroom. Rice bran, maize powder, and wheat bran with their different levels (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) were used as supplements to evaluate the yield and yield contributing characteristics of C. indica. Primordia initiation was observed between 13.5 and 19.3 days. The results indicated that the 30% maize powder supplement was effective for producing viable fruiting bodies. The maximum diameters of the pileus and stalk were observed with 30% maize powder. The highest biological and economic yield and biological efficiency were also obtained with 30% maize powder as a supplement. The results indicate that increasing the supplement level resulted in less biological efficiency, and that 30% maize powder was the best supplement level for rice straw substrate to cultivate milky white mushrooms.

Effect of Different Substrates and Casing Materials on the Growth and Yield of Calocybe indica

Calocybe indica, a tropical edible mushroom, is popular because it has good nutritive value and it can be cultivated commercially. The current investigation was undertaken to determine a suitable substrate and the appropriate thickness of casing materials for the cultivation of C. indica. Optimum mycelial growth was observed in coconut coir substrate. Primordia initiation with the different substrates and casing materials was observed between the 13th and 19th day. The maximum length of stalk was recorded from sugarcane leaf, while diameter of stalk and pileus, and thickness of pileus were found in rice straw substrate. The highest biological and economic yield, and biological efficiency were also obtained in the rice straw substrate. Cow dung and loamy soil, farm-yard manure, loamy soil and sand, and spent oyster mushroom substrates were used as casing materials to evaluate the yield and yield-contributing characteristics of C. indica. The results indicate that the number of effective fruiting bodies, the biological and economic yield, and the biological efficiency were statistically similar all of the casing materials used. The maximum biological efficiency was found in the cow dung and loamy soil casing material. The cow dung and loamy soil (3 cm thick) was the best casing material and the rice straw was the best substrate for the commercial cultivation of C. indica.

Diversificación y desarrollo tecnológico de hongos comestibles cultivados en Chile / Diversification and technological development of edible mushroom cultivated in Chile

La finalidad de este trabajo fue la obtención de basidiocarpos (setas), por lo cual se diversificó el cultivo de hongos comestibles Basidiomycetes, siguiendo los objetivos del proyecto FONDEF D05I10196. Para ello, se utilizaron diferentes sustratos agronómicos y forestales sin valor comercial (paja de trigo, aserrines, astillas de maderas, etc.). Partidas del respectivo sustrato fueron pasteurizadas por 3 horas, luego en forma independiente se depositaron en bolsas de nylon (7 K) y se sembraron con la ®semilla¼ del hongo a ensayar, las bolsas fueron incubadas hasta la obtención de basidiocarpos. Se obtuvieron fructificaciones de: Agrocybe aegerita en aserrín de álamo (pero no el de pino), Flammulina velutipes y Hericium erinaceum en aserrín de Nothofagus spp. y paja de trigo y Pholiota nameko en aserrín de pino y astillas de pino.

The purpose of this paper was to get basidiocarps (mushrooms) that is why the culture of edible Basidiomycete mushrooms became diversified according to the objectives of FONDEF D05110196 project. To achieve this, different agronomic and forest substrate lacking any commercial value (wheat straw, wood sawdusts, chips etc. were used. Pieces of the corresponding substratum were pasteurized for 3h, then they were deposited separatedly (independently) in 7-kg polyethylene bags and they were later on sowed with the ®seed¼ of the fungi under test; bags were incubated until the basidiocarp appearance. Fructifications of Agrocybe aegerita in poplar sawdust (yet not in pine chips), Flammulina velutipes and Hericium erinaceum in Nothofagus spp. sawdust and wheat straw as well as Pholiota nameko in pine sawdust and pine chips were obtained.

Selection of Superior Strains of Cordyceps militaris with Enhanced Fruiting Body Productivity

In vitro fruiting bodies were produced from ten different isolates of Cordyceps militaris EFCC C-5736, EFCC C-5941, EFCC C-5976, EFCC C-6040, EFCC C-6849, EFCC C-7268, EFCC C-7342, EFCC C-7992, EFCC C-8027 and EFCC C-8549. Single ascospores were isolated from in vitro grown fruiting bodies and used for fruiting body production in brown rice medium by both intra-strain crossing and out-crossing. Length and dry wt. of stromata grown in vitro were measured. Strains producing highest dry wt. of stromata were selected. Both intra-strain crossings and inter-strain crossings of single ascospore strains were found to produce profuse fruiting bodies of C. militaris.

DEGRADATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF COTTON SEED HULLS BY COPRINUS COMATUS / 微生物学通报

Coprinus comatus cultivated on cotton seed hull medium decomposed lignocellulose straggly and was high of absolute biological efficiency. Lignocellulose is the main carbon source for the fruiting stage of the fungus. There existed the positive correlation between the degradation rates of the cellulose and hemicellulose in the medium and the activities of extracellular CMCase (carboxymenthelcel lulase), FPase (filter paper cellulase) and HCase (hemicellu-lase), there also existed the positive correlation between the degradation rate of the lignin in the medium and the activity of extracellular laccase, but no correlation between the degradatio rate of the lignin in the medium and the activity of peroxidase. The activity of extracellular amylase was comparatively high at mycelial growth stage, and the protease activity peek was at teh time when the fruitbody matured.