Review of genetic diversity and breed identification of black-bone silky fowl / 中国中药杂志

Black-bone silky fowl, sweet, pungent, and hot-natured, is one of the valuable domesticated birds with special economic value in China's genebank of poultry breed, which has a long history of medicinal and edible uses. It has the effects of tonifying liver and kidney, replenishing Qi and blood, nourishing yin, clearing heat, regulating menstruation, invigorating spleen, and securing essence. Therefore, it has remarkable efficacy of enhancing physical strength, tonifying blood, and treating diabetes and gynecological diseases. Various local black-bone silky fowl breeds have been generated due to the differences in environmental conditions, breed selection, and rearing conditions in different areas of China, which are mainly concentrated in Taihe, Wan'an, and Ji'an in Jiangxi province and Putian, Jinjiang, and Yongchun in Fujian province. The indigenous chicken breeds in China have different body sizes, appearance, coat colors, etc. The complex lineages lead to extremely unstable genetic traits. The diverse breeds similar in appearance result in the confusion in the market of silky fowl breeds. With the rapid development of molecular biological technology, the genetics of black-bone silky fowls has been intensively studied. This article reviews the research progress of the germplasm resources, genetic diversity, and breed identification of black-bone silky fowl in China at the morphology, chromosome, protein, and DNA levels. Further, it introduces the principles, application status, and limitations of DNA markers such as mitochondrial DNA, microsatellite markers, and SNPs. This review provides a theoretical basis for the mining of elite trait genes and the protection and utilization of local black-bone silky fowl germplasm resources in China.

Performance Of Black Bone Mr Imaging As A Cephalometric Tool In Orthodontics

Objective:CTand CBCTare potentially valuable tools in cephalometric analysis; they pose a risk of radiation exposure to the patients. MRI can be novel alternative to these modalities in cephalometric analysis. This study was conducted to determine the ease of landmark identification for Black bone, T1, T2 & Lateral cephalogram and to evaluate the performance of MR imaging as a cephalometric tool. Methods:Atotal of 11 patients seeking orthodontic treatment with available databases of lateral cephalogram were included in the study. Black bone , T1 and T2 weighted images were compared with lateral cephalogram using midline anatomical landmarks. Analysis was performed with Dolphin® cephalometric software by one assessor. The cephalometric land marks of the hard and soft tissue were categorized into linear and angular measurements. The coefficient of variation was obtained for Lateral cephalogram, Black Bone, T1 and T2 images. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS Software, version 23) of Microsoft windows. Paired T-test was used to compare the mean value between two points. Results: The ease of landmark identification was difficult on T2 weighted images but on Black bone images it was comparable to lateral cephalogram. Identification of posterior nasal spine (PNS) poses a challenge especially in partially erupted wisdom teeth. Conclusion: Lateral cephalogram, CTand CBCTare ideal tools in cephalometric analysis but pose a risk of radiation hazard. Hence Black bone MRI can be an effective non ionizing imaging modality over the conventional methods. Future research in using black bone MRI for cephalometric analysis can validate the results of this study

Micro-ultrastructure features of liver in Chinese Taihe black-bone silky fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson) / Características ultraestructurales de hígado en la gallina silky China Taihe de hueso negro (Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson)

In this work, the morphological features of liver in Chinese Taihe black-bone silky Fowl (BSF) were analyzed by light microscope and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that two kinds of hepatocytes were present in Taihe BSF liver, i.e., the dark and the light hepatocyte. The dark hepatocyte was electron-dense and lager, with many organelles, mitochondria especially. The light hepatocytes were smaller than the dark. They had electron-lucent cytoplasm with a small number of organelles. Furthermore, there were lipolysosomes in the light hepatocyte. The numerous long and serried finger-like microvilli spread into bile canaliculus lumen. The glycogen granules intensely stained, spread in some hepatocytes. Numerous glycogen granules scattered in cytoplasm especially near bile canaliculi. However, lipid droplets were not observed in any hepatocytes. The natural apoptotic hepatocytes were observed in Taihe BSF liver. The hepatocytes which contain abundant uesicae-like endoplasmic reticulum closed the apoptotic hepatocytes and spread the process to approach the cell residual bodies. Besides, there was a macrophage with several phagosomes. In conclusion, the dark and the light hepatocyte were present in Chinese Taihe BSF liver. They were different from electron-dense and organelles. The hepatocytes of Taihe BSF could undergo natural apoptosis, regeneration and renew ability.

Fueron analizadas las características morfológicas ultraestructurales de hígado en la gallina sedosa china de hueso negro por microscopía óptica y microscopía electrónica de transmisión. Los resultados mostraron que se encontraron hepatocitos claros y oscuros en el hígado de la gallina china Taihe. El hepatocito oscuro era denso y de mayor tamaño. Tenía numerosos organelos, especialmente mitocondrias. Los hepatocitos claros eran más pequeños que los oscuros. El citoplasma presentó un pequeño número de organelos. Además, había lipolisosomas en los hepatocitos claros. Numerosas microvellosidades se extendían hacia los canalículos biliares. En algunos hepatocitos se observó una tinción marcada en los gránulos de glucógeno. Sin embargo, no se observaron gotas de lípidos en los hepatocitos. Se observaron los hepatocitos apoptóticos naturales en el hígado de la gallina Silky Taihe. Aquellos hepatocitos que contenían abundante retículo endoplásmico, cerraban los hepatocitos apoptóticos y extendían el proceso de acercamiento a cuerpos residuales celulares. También hubo un macrófago con varios fagosomas. En conclusión, los hepatocitos claros y oscuros estaban presentes en el hígado de la gallina Taihe china. Estos diferían de electrones de alta densidad y organelos. Los hepatocitos de la gallina Taihe presentaron una apoptosis natural y capacidad de regeneración.

Minocycline-induced Periarticular Black Bones in Inflamed Joints Which Underwent Arthroplastic Reconstruction

BACKGROUND: Minocycline-induced pigmentation of bone (black bone) is well described in tooth-bearing intra-oral bone, but is less known in periarticular bone in patients who have undergone total joint arthroplasty. On a retrospective basis, we investigated the short-term clinico-radiological results of total joint arthroplasties in which the patient developed minocycline-induced periarticular black bone. METHODS: We found 5 cases (0.08%), in 4 patients, of periarticular bone pigmentation revealed during total joint arthroplasties (2 hips, 2 knees, and 1 ankle) in our series of total joint surgeries (6,548 cases) over a 10-year time period in our 3 institutes. Their mean age was 56 years at surgery. All patients had received long-term minocycline treatment. Mean dosage and duration of minocycline was 160 mg/day and 2.2 years, respectively. Minocycline had been prescribed for reactive arthritis (one), rheumatoid arthritis (two) and late infection after total joint arthroplasty (two patients). Mean follow-up period was 3.4 years after the surgeries. RESULTS: All cases had black or brown pigmentation in the periarticular bones during the surgery. There was no pigmentation in the cartilage or soft tissues of the joints. The mean Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score or Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot (JSSF) scale for rheumatoid arthritis foot and ankle joints at latest follow-up (case 1, 66; case 2, 87; case 3, 77; case 4, 77; case 5, 80) improved compared to those of pre-surgery (case 1, 47; case 2, 45; case 3, 55; case 4, 34; case 5, 55). No implant loosening was noted on radiographic examination during the follow-up period. No abnormal bone formation, bone necrosis, hemosiderin deposition, malignancy or metallic debris was found on histological examination. CONCLUSIONS: No clinico-radiological symptoms of total joint arthroplasties showed in the patients with minocycline-induced periariticular black bone in the short-term. Systemic minocycline treatment has the potential to induce significant black pigmentation of many tissues. In particular, minocycline-induced pigmentation of periarticular bone may be accelerated by inflammation due to rheumatic or pyogenic arthritis. Surgeons should recognize the risk of bone pigmentation in inflamed joints due to the systemic treatment of minocycline and explore its influence on periarticular bone and total joint arthroplasty in the long-term.