The change of blood alcohol concentration in vivo and its influencing factor analysis / 中国法医学杂志

Objective To explore the changes of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and its influencing factors in alcohol consumption, and establish a mathematical model of BAC metabolism. Methods The BAC was measured by using the gas chromatograph and the internal standard curve method, and the data was analyzed by SPSS20.0 and R and the mathematical model was established. Results On average women BAC elimination rate is 9.54mg/100mL/h, the average male BAC elimination rate is 12.19mg/100mL/h, women elimination rate less than men, and BAC elimination rate is related to gender of medium and related to the weight of strong, has nothing to do with age. According to the results of the mixed effects model, the mixed effect model can predict the BAC accurately, the mean absolute error (MAE) is 1.60mg/100mL, and the data is analyzed by the decision tree method, and MAE is 9.99mg/100mL. Conclusion BAC elimination rate was associated with sex and weight after drinking, and the random-effect mixing model could be accurately inferred by time, alcohol consumption, sex and weight.

A forensic analysis of alcohol-positive fatal cases in Shanghai during 2007 to 2016 / 复旦学报（医学版）

Objective To characterize alcohol-related deaths which were not caused by traffic accident in Shanghai and to provide data support for alcohol-related policy and intervention.Methods All alcohol-positive fatal deaths collected in 2007-2016 from Shanghai Public Security Bureau were classified based on blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and distributed by year,gender,age,season,cause of death (COD),manner of death (MOD) and combined drugs.Results There was no significant correlation of alcohol BAC with year or season.Males (88.4％) were more than females (11.6％).Age of 20-39 years (57.1％),mechanical injury (70.1％),homicide (64.6％) and combined illicit use (37.2％) were the largest proportions in respective categories of age,COD,MOD and drug combination.With the BAC rising,mechanical injury and homicide showed decreased proportions,while burn and accidents showed increased proportions.Conclusions Male and the age of 20-39 years are the major populations for alcohol-related deaths in Shanghai.With the rise of BAC,mechanical injury and homicide decrease,while burn and accident increase.Among the combined use of alcohol and drugs,death from acute intoxication should be paid special attention.

Effect of storage temperature on blood alcohol content detection / 中国法医学杂志

Objective To select the best storage temperature and accurate detection way of the blood alcohol content of drunk driving and provide technical support of judging objectively drunk driving behaviors for traffic management department. Methods This study selects EDTA-2 vacuum tubes, take human vein blood after drinking and respectively store at four temperature conditions -20℃、4℃~8 ℃、 25 ℃ normal temperature and high temperature of 35℃~42 ℃.GC method is used by testing 0,3d, 7d, 14d, 21d and 28d blood alcohol content, and the test result statistics and data are compared and analyzed. Results The blood alcohol contents within 0-3d stored at 35℃~42 ℃and 25 ℃temperature remain stable, decrease significantly after 3d (P<0.05); the blood alcohol contents stored at 4℃~8 ℃ temperature in 0~14d is basically stable and decrease significantly after 14d (P<0.05); at -20℃temperature there are no significant differences among the 28d testing results of blood alcohol contents. Conclusions It is suggested that the blood samples should be collected at low temperature and the best preservation temperature of blood samples is -20℃.

Elimination Rate and Pharmacokinetics of Alcohol in Korean Healthy Male Adults / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to identify alcohol pharmacokinetics and to investigate the correlations between various factors for alcohol metabolism of healthy Korean males. METHODS: The 101 recruited volunteers were randomized into two groups as one group provided 0.35 mg/mL/kg and 0.7 mg/mL/kg, the other. Blood alcohol concentration was measured and analyzed in enzymatic methods eight times from drinking point. RESULTS: Alcohol elimination rate (beta) was found to be -0.0083%/h for low dose group and -0.0157%/h for the high dose group. The results indicate discrepancy in the legal criteria of alcohol elimination rate (-0.008%/h). The measured alcohol pharmacokinetic properties were following : mean time to reach maximum alcohol concentration in blood was 30 minutes, absorption rate was 0.0197%, maximum alcohol concentration in blood was 0.4930%, and Area under the curve was 59.25. Also, alcohol elimination was not affected by age, smoking, total body water, drinking capacity, body mass index, blood cholesterol, body fat, and body fat ratio. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that legal limitation could be adjusted in Korean males. Also the research should be extended including female and senior citizens for statistical significance of the research. These findings have contributed to our knowledge of the alcohol pharmacokinetics in Korean male.

Correlation of Alcohol intake with Suicide in Cases confirmed by Legal autopsy / 대한법의학회지

The purpose of this study is to provide a fundamental basis for defining measures to prevent suicide by specifically examining the relationship between suicide and alcohol consumption, which is thought to be a key factor in suicide. This study reviewed 426 suicide autopsies diagnosed by the department of forensic medicine, National Forensic Service (2007-2009) and analyzed the preliminary data on variables such as gender, age, and cause of death, with particular focus on the relationship between these variables and blood alcohol concentration. The relationship between each variable and alcohol consumption was as follows. First, alcohol was present in 48.4% of suicides. Second, blood alcohol concentration wrere twice as high in women as in men. Third, the relationship between suicide and alcohol consumption was greater in people in their 30s and 40s. The correlation between suicide and alcohol intake was evident this age group. These results are more specific and practical than the results of previous studies on the correlation between suicide and alcohol intake. The results of this study will help define measures to facilitate suicide prevention as an important reference and may eventually help lower the suicide rate in Korea.

An intercept survey on the status of driving after alcohol drinking among motor vehicle drivers in 6 counties of Zhejiang, China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the status of driving after drinking alcohol among motor vehicle drivers and to provide evidence for the development of specific interventions.Methods A 7-day intercept survey on driving after alcohol drinking,having drinking habit or driving after getting drunk,among motor vchicle drivers,was conducted in 6 counties of Zhejiang province,2010.Results 16 467 motor vehicle drivers were included in the survey.Rates of driving after drinking alcohol [blood alcohol concentration (BAC)＞0 mg/100 ml],having habit of drinking alcohol (20 mg/100 ml≤BAC＜80 mg/100 ml) and driving after being drunk (BAC≥80 mg/100 ml),were 1.82％,1.03％ and 0.27％ respectively.Rates of driving after drinking alcohol,having habit of drink alcohol and driving and drunk-driving among the drivers from urban areas were significantly higher than those of drivers from rural areas,and those rates of male drivers were significantly higher than female drivers as well.60.20％ of drivers after drinking alcohol,were 35 to 49 year-olds,and the three above said rates all increased along with age.The highest above said three rates were observed at 23:00 PM and 1:00 AM.Compared with other motor vehicle drivers,motorcyclists possessed the highest rates of the three items,as 9.27％,5.01％ and 1.57％ respectively.Conclusion Driving after drinking alcohol among motor vehicle drivers still prevailed in Zhejiang,especially between 23:00PM and 1:00 AM.Drivers from the cities,being male or motorcyclists were among the high-risk populations that called for special attention to be paid in the future,including law enforcement and health promotion to fight against the problem.

Validação do método titulométrico para determinação de etanol em sangue utilizando ácido nítrico 54 e ácido sulfúrico concentrado / Validation of chemical titration for blood-alcohol determination using nitric acid 54 and concentrated sulfuric acid

A causa da maioria dos acidentes automobilisticos tern sido há muito associada ao consumo de álcool e, visando diminuir esses acidentes, os países tem estabelecido limites de alcoolemia para os condutores. A determinação da alcoolemia tem se tornado importante para fins de aprendizagem, clínico-legais, administrativos, e particularmente no cumprimento da lei, com aplicação específica nas violações automobilísticas, podendo subsequentemente assumir relevância forense como evidência de intoxicação. A quantificação sanguínea de etanol por titulometria é bastante utilizada, fornecendo boa correlação linear, sensibilidade, precisão, exatidão, baixo custo e relativa facilidade de execução. Devido à proibição da venda de ácido nítrico concentrado pela Polícia Federal, Polfcia Civil e Exército Brasileiro, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar as características de desempenho do método utilizando outros reagentes em substituição ao ácido nítrico concentrado, com isso garantindo a eficiência na quantificação do etanol em sangue. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com ácido nítrico 54%, necessitando apenas de ajustes em relação aos volumes utilizados na técnica original. A solução sulfocrômica mostrou-se de difícil manipulação em função de sua viscosidade. Os resultados demonstraram que o método modificado apresentou linearidade, precisão e exatidão, de acordo com a resolução especificada pela ANVISA, Agência Brasileira Regulatória.

All over the world, the main cause of traffic accidents has been associated to alcohol use. In many countries, laws have been introduced to control drink-driving, reducing accidents. Accurate blood-alcohol determination has become increasingly important for learning, clinical, forensic and administrative purposes. It is required in law enforcement, with specific application to automobile traffic violations. Blood ethanol determinations carried out for diagnostic purposes can subsequently assume forensic relevance as evidence of intoxication. Blood-alcohol determinations by chemical titration has been used for many years, it supplies good linear correlation, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, low cost and relative easiness of execution. Due to sale prohibition of concentrated nitric acid by Federal Policy, Civil Policy and Brazilian Army is the aim of this work to carry through assays with other reagents in substitution to that one, to evaluate its performance characteristics and to guarantee its efficiency. The best ones resulted had been gotten with nitric acid 54%, needing only volumes adjustments beside original technique. Chromic acid solution prepared with concentrated sulfuric acid had viscosity of difficult manipulation. Based on the results, the method presented good linear correlation, was accurate and precise according to specific resolution from ANVISA, the Brazilian Regulatory Agency.

Prevalência de alcoolemia em óbitos por acidente de transporte e por outras causas externas / Prevalence of alcoholemy in deaths from traffic accidents and other external causes

Introdução: Trauma é a principal causa de óbitos em indivíduos entre 18 e 44 anos de vida no Brasil. Por mais de um século, o álcool tem sido reconhecido como um dos principais fatores de risco para acidentes fatais, desempenhando um importante papel na etiologia do trauma. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o diagnóstico de alcoolemia entre mortos por acidentes de trânsito e outras causas externas (afogamento, homicídio e suicídio). Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal onde se utilizaram dados secundários do Departamento de Medicina Legal de Porto Alegre no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2001. As variáveis estudadas foram o nível de alcoolemia e óbitos por causas externas. Resultados: Foram analisados 1.588 óbitos. Os homicídios ocorreram na faixa etária entre 19 e 45 anos, representando 80% dos casos. As causas externas ocorrem com mais frequência em homens e a maior causa de óbitos entre mulheres foi por acidente de trânsito, com menor alcoolemia. Os pacientes que apresentam alcoolemia positiva tiveram uma razão de prevalência de 1,18 (IC 95%:1,05 a 1,32) em relação ao óbito por acidente de trânsito em comparação ao suicídio. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstra que o álcool é fator contribuinte de morte por causas externas, especialmente aquelas causadas por acidentes de trânsito e homicídio

Introduction: Trauma is the leading cause of death in individuals between 18 and 44 years of age living in Brazil. For over a century, alcohol has been recognized as a major risk factor for fatal accidents, playing an important role in the etiology of trauma. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnosis of alcoholemy in individuals who died in traffic accidents and from other external causes (drowning, homicide and suicide). Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study based on secondary data from the Department of Forensic Medicine of Porto Alegre from January to December 2001. The variables were blood alcohol content (BAC) and deaths from external causes. Results: We analyzed 1,588 deaths. The murders occurred between the ages of 19-45 years, accounting for 80% of the cases. External causes occur more frequently in men, and traffic accidents are the leading cause of death among women, with lower blood alcohol levels. Patients with positive blood alcohol content had a prevalence ratio of 1.18 (95% CI: 1.05 to 1.32) in relation to death by traffic accidents as compared to suicide. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that alcohol is a contributing factor of death from external causes, especially those caused by traffic accidents and homicide

Three Electrodes Biosensor for Alcohol in Whole Blood Based on Multi-wall Carbon-nanotube / 分析化学

A novel disposable three electrodes blood alcohol biosensor strip was fabricated by a screen printing technique. Multi-wall carbon nanotube(MWCNT), Meldola′s(MB), alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH)and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cofactor (NAD+) were modified on the surface of the carbon working electrode. Then hydrophilic membrane was stuck in the outermost of the three electrodes to make a reaction camera of 5 μL. Experimental results indicated that the biosensor possessed good accuracy and stability, the linear response range was 0.5-20 mmol/L with correlation coefficient of 0.9949, detection limit was 0.22 mmol/L, and the response time was less than 15 s. Some influencing factors to the biosensor were investigated, such as the pH, temperature and interferences. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between the methods of biosensor and the headspace vapor phase chromatography in 10 whole blood samples(r=0.97583). Small volume whole blood sucked using siphonage to detect blood alcohol directly and quantitatively was the obvious character of the biosensor.

A study of blood alcohol levels among drunk drivers in mauritius and literature review.

This study was conducted to assess the trends of drunk driving offences in Mauritius, and the relationship with motor vehicle accidents. It is well known that driving under the influence of alcohol increases the risk of motor vehicle accidents. Data obtained from police road safety unit (1999–2001) and forensic science laboratory (1992–2000) were analyzed. More than 85% of drunk drivers had BAC above 0.08%. In 2003, the permissible blood alcohol concentration (BAC) limit had been lowered from 0.08 to 0.05. This article provides a summary of the evidence regarding the benefits of reducing the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) for driving. Although moderate alcohol intake (20 grams ethanol; two standard drinks or less) may not violate BAC laws, it still carries significant risk of motor-vehicle accidents.

Abnormally High Blood Ethanol Concentration of Heart Blood : A Case Report and Review of Literatures / 대한법의학회지

A 48 years old man was sent to hospital through emergency room immediately after head injuries. He was arrived at hospital being dead and autopsy was done sixty hours later after insult. Multiple skull fractures and brain parenchymal contusions, subarachnoid hemorrhage, stem hemorrhage were noted, and these injuries were considering as a cause of death. Interestingly, blood alcohol concentration (BAC) using cardiac blood was very high (0.738%) in this case. Here in, we report abnormally high BAC in heart blood which is not a cause of death and we review the general aspects about alcohol concentration interpretation.

The Effects of Alcohol on Eye Movement

This is a study to determine if there is a significant relationship between eye movement and alcohol intake at and below the legal limit of 0.05% blood alcohol concentration [BAC], and to identify the minimal BAC that causes significant change in eye movement. Twenty healthy males were orally given 0.57g/kg alcohol. After the alcohol intake, the BAC was measured at 10 minute intervals along with measurements of saccadic velocity, latency, and gain of pursuit movement of the eye. Linear regression analysis between BAC < or =0.05%and saccadic velocity and latency resulted in correlation coefficients of 0.258 and 0.306 respectively[p<0.005], while gain of pursuit movement had no relation to BAC.The latency at 0.05~0.06%BAC interval increased compared with the values before alcohol intake, with statistical significance [p<0.05 ]. Although there existed variations among subjects, a significant functional change of eye movement developed at 0.05%BAC, the legal limit of alcohol.Eye movement is thought to be a valuable indicator of CNS depression by alcohol and prolonged latency of saccadic eye movement by alcohol may be the explanation for increased risk of traffic accidents after alcohol intake.

The Clinical Analysis of Alcohol and Creatine Kinase-BB(CK-BB) in Acute Head Injury

Patients suffering a head-injury were often drinking alcohol shortly before the trauma, and it has been suggested that the degree of brain damage may be exacerbated due to high alcohol serum levels. To evaluate this, we assessed the level of consciousness, alcohol and creatinine kinase-bb(CK-BB) serum levels in 140 consecutive head-injured patients. Level of consciousness(GCS score) was strongly correlated to outcome(p<0.001) and serum CK-BB(P<0.05), but not to alcohol serum levels.

Blood Alcohol Concentration and Traumatic Brain Damage

Alcohol intoxication is often a contributory factor to the accidental head injury and may greatly aggravate the situation due to respiratory depression, cerebral edema and alteration in clotting mechanisms. Blood alcohol level was measured in 1261 patients with head injury attending the emergency room of Chung-Ang university hospital during one year from July, 1988. Blood alcohol concentration over 0.5g/L was defined as positive. The results are as followed : 1) Among 1261 patients of head injury, 89 patients showed positive blood alcohol level(7.05%). The mean blood alcohol concentration was 1.673g/L. 2) The male to female ration was 8.9 : 1 and majority of patients were 3rd and 4th decade. 76.6 percent of blood alcohol positive patients were attended between 8pm and 4am. 3) The common mechanisms of injury in blood alcohol positive group were pedestrian road traffic accidents(27.1%), fall down(24.7%) and home accidents(14.6%). 4) The level of consciousness on admission was significantly worse in the blood alcohol positive group than in the control group(P<0.01). 5) The common associated injuries were mostly in the extremities(22.5%) and chest(6.7%), but there was no significant difference in both group. 6) The prognosis was worse in the blood alcohol postive group than in the control group(P<0.01).

Blood alcohol level from unnatural deal cases.

The study of blood alcohol test of 1,975 unnatural dead cases, which were examined in Forensic Medicine Department, Siriraj Hospital, during the year 1981 to 1984 revealed 750 cases positive for blood alcohol 6mg/100 ml to 423 mg/100 ml that males 37.97% of cases. The dead cases from automobile accident shows blood alcohol positive 40.50%, as well as homicide cases 43.88%, suicidal cases 35.80%, and other unnatural dead cases 30.84%, respectively. Among positive cases the blood alcohol level over 80 mg% which legal for bit for driving in many countries were found 23.09% of the examining cases, also they were 25.59% in automobile accidental cases, 25.56% in homicidal casese, 23.05% in suicidal cases, and 17.70% in other causes of dead.