Effects of a single trace minerals injection on antioxidant and immune response, resistance to endoparasites, health and growth of newborn Boer kids

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effects of injectable trace minerals (ITM) on antioxidant and immune response, resistance to endoparasites, health and growth of newborn Boer kids. Forty-six Boer kids [24 males and 22 females; 3.94±1.03kg of body weight (BW); 6.2±2.4 d of age] were enrolled in the study. Kids were stratified by type of birth (twins or singlet), sex, and BW and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: one subcutaneous injection (0.1mL/4.5kg of BW) of (1) saline solution or (2) ITM (60, 10, 5, and 15mg/mL of Zn, Mn, Se and Cu, respectively). Blood samples were collected on d 0, 7, 14, 28 and 56. Feces samples were collected on d 56 and BW on d 0, 28 and 56. Kids were checked daily for signs of diarrhea. ITM kids had greater (P 0.01) plasma concentration of superoxide dismutase and tended (P=0.06) to have greater plasma concentration of glutathione peroxidase. ITM kids had greater (P=0.05) concentration of eosinophils, but no differences (P0.11) were observed for other hemogram variables. The ITM application did not affect (P0.11) the EPG count. However, ITM kids had less (P=0.02) cumulative incidence of diarhea until d 42 (3.85 vs. 25.93±6.8% for ITM vs. Saline kids, respectively) but no differences (P>0.10) were observed after d 42. The ITM application did not affect (P0.40) the growth of kids (0.071 vs. 0.065±0.005kg/day for ITM vs. Saline kids, respectively). Thus, the ITM application, increased the plasma concentration of antioxidant enzymes and eosinophils, decreased the incidence of diarrhea only in the middle of the experiment, but did not affected the EPG count and growth of Boer kids.

RESUMO: Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de microminerais injetáveis (ITM) na resposta antioxidante e imune, resistência a endoparasitas, saúde e crescimento de cabritos Boer recém-nascidos. Quarenta e seis cabritos [24 fêmeas e 22 machos; 3,94±1,03kg de peso corporal (PC); 6,2±2,4 dias de idade] foram incluídos no estudo. Os animais foram estratificados por tipo de nascimento (gêmeos ou singular), sexo e peso ao nascimento (PN) e atribuídas a 1 de 2 tratamentos. Uma injeção subcutânea (0,1ml/4,5 de PC de (1) Solução salina ou (2) ITM (60,10,5 e 15mg/ml de Zn, Mn, Se e Cu, respectivamente). As amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 0, 7, 14, 28 e 56. As amostras de fezes foram coletadas no dia 56 e PC nos dias 0, 28 e 56. Os recém-nascidos foram verificados diariamente quanto a sinais de diarreia. Os cabritos ITM apresentaram maior (P 0.01) concentração de superóxido desmutase no plasma e tenderam (P=0,06) a ter maior concentração de glutationa peroxidase no plasma. Os animais ITM apresentaram maior (P=0,05) concentração de eosinófilos, mas não foram observadas diferenças (P0.11) para outras variáveis do hemograma. A aplicação de ITM não afetou (P0.11) a contagem de EPG. No entanto, os cabritos ITM apresentaram menor incidência cumulativa de diarreia (P=0,02) ate d 42 (3,85 vs. 25,93±6,8% para animais ITM vs. animais salina, respectivamente), mas nenhuma diferença (P>0.10) foi observada após d 42. A aplicação do ITM não afetou (P0.40) o crescimento dos animais (0.071 vs. 0.065±0.005kg/dia para ITM vs. Salina, respectivamente). Assim, a aplicação do ITM aumentou a concentração plasmática de enzimas antioxidantes e eosinófilos, diminuiu a incidência de diarreia somente na metade do experimento, mas não afetou a contagem de OPG e crescimento de cabritos Boer recém-nascidos.

Effects of a single trace minerals injection on antioxidant and immune response, resistance to endoparasites, health and growth of newborn Boer kids / Efeitos de uma aplicação de microminerais injetáveis sobre a resposta antioxidante e imunológica, resistência a endoparasitas, saúde e crescimento de cabritos Boer recém-nascidos

This study evaluated the effects of injectable trace minerals (ITM) on antioxidant and immune response, resistance to endoparasites, health and growth of newborn Boer kids. Forty-six Boer kids [24 males and 22 females; 3.94±1.03kg of body weight (BW); 6.2±2.4 d of age] were enrolled in the study. Kids were stratified by type of birth (twins or singlet), sex, and BW and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: one subcutaneous injection (0.1mL/4.5kg of BW) of (1) saline solution or (2) ITM (60, 10, 5, and 15mg/mL of Zn, Mn, Se and Cu, respectively). Blood samples were collected on d 0, 7, 14, 28 and 56. Feces samples were collected on d 56 and BW on d 0, 28 and 56. Kids were checked daily for signs of diarrhea. ITM kids had greater (P<0.01) plasma concentration of superoxide dismutase and tended (P=0.06) to have greater plasma concentration of glutathione peroxidase. ITM kids had greater (P=0.05) concentration of eosinophils, but no differences (P≥0.11) were observed for other hemogram variables. The ITM application did not affect (P≥0.11) the EPG count. However, ITM kids had less (P=0.02) cumulative incidence of diarhea until d 42 (3.85 vs. 25.93±6.8% for ITM vs. Saline kids, respectively) but no differences (P>0.10) were observed after d 42. The ITM application did not affect (P≥0.40) the growth of kids (0.071 vs. 0.065±0.005kg/day for ITM vs. Saline kids, respectively). Thus, the ITM application, increased the plasma concentration of antioxidant enzymes and eosinophils, decreased the incidence of diarrhea only in the middle of the experiment, but did not affected the EPG count and growth of Boer kids.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou os efeitos de microminerais injetáveis (ITM) na resposta antioxidante e imune, resistência a endoparasitas, saúde e crescimento de cabritos Boer recém-nascidos. Quarenta e seis cabritos [24 fêmeas e 22 machos; 3,94±1,03kg de peso corporal (PC); 6,2±2,4 dias de idade] foram incluídos no estudo. Os animais foram estratificados por tipo de nascimento (gêmeos ou singular), sexo e peso ao nascimento (PN) e atribuídas a 1 de 2 tratamentos. Uma injeção subcutânea (0,1ml/4,5 de PC de (1) Solução salina ou (2) ITM (60,10,5 e 15mg/ml de Zn, Mn, Se e Cu, respectivamente). As amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 0, 7, 14, 28 e 56. As amostras de fezes foram coletadas no dia 56 e PC nos dias 0, 28 e 56. Os recém-nascidos foram verificados diariamente quanto a sinais de diarreia. Os cabritos ITM apresentaram maior (P<0.01) concentração de superóxido desmutase no plasma e tenderam (P=0,06) a ter maior concentração de glutationa peroxidase no plasma. Os animais ITM apresentaram maior (P=0,05) concentração de eosinófilos, mas não foram observadas diferenças (P≥0.11) para outras variáveis do hemograma. A aplicação de ITM não afetou (P≥0.11) a contagem de EPG. No entanto, os cabritos ITM apresentaram menor incidência cumulativa de diarreia (P=0,02) ate d 42 (3,85 vs. 25,93±6,8% para animais ITM vs. animais salina, respectivamente), mas nenhuma diferença (P>0.10) foi observada após d 42. A aplicação do ITM não afetou (P≥0.40) o crescimento dos animais (0.071 vs. 0.065±0.005kg/dia para ITM vs. Salina, respectivamente). Assim, a aplicação do ITM aumentou a concentração plasmática de enzimas antioxidantes e eosinófilos, diminuiu a incidência de diarreia somente na metade do experimento, mas não afetou a contagem de OPG e crescimento de cabritos Boer recém-nascidos.(AU)

Histological and Immunohistochemical Studies of Furstenberg’s Rosette in Sheep and Goat

A total of twelve healthy adult Madras Red ewe and Boer local she-goat teats were histologically and immunohistochemically examined. In between the teat canal and teat cistern Furstenberg’s rosette was appeared as modified zone of mucosa thrown into primary and secondary folds. The mucosal folds were lined by a bilayered cuboidal epithelium. Subepithelial area of rosette was composed of numerous lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages and plasma cells. Mucosa below the Furstenberg’s rosette was lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. Immunohistochemical staining of rosette by CD3 antibody revealed the localization of intraepithelial ‘T’ lymphocytes in the mucosal folds. ‘T’ lymphocytes were also localized in the lamina propria region

B-ultrasonic image characteristics of fetus with congential cleft palate within pregnant goat's uterus / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To study the dynamic blood character .of pregnant goat's uterus based on pregnant hybrid boer goats and B-ultrasound tompography .Methods Fourty boer hybrid goats were involved in our experiment ,aged from 8 m to 12 m ,and weighted from 35 kg to 55 kg .Mating day was defined as 0 d ;at 30 d goats was assured pregnant by B type ultrasonic test ,and they were sepa-rated into two groups .Test group had anabasine muscle injected from 31 d to 42 d with 15 mg/d to form cleft palate ;control group (20 goats) had no treatment .At pregnant 60 d ,all pregnant goats were examined by B type ultrasonic test .Results Three goats of test group had aborted ;test group had 17 goats and control group had 20 goats .At pregnant 60 day ,there was the significant difference (P < 0 .05) in mean velocity and total blood amount ,but no statistical difference (P > 0 .05) in other index between the two groups .Conclusions The uterine blood amount and mean velocity are increased in prognant goats with cleft palate fetus compared with normal pregnant goat ,suggesting anabasine may have other functions including teratogenicity .

Investigation of some morphological traits of boer X hair F1 crossbred and pure hair goat kids raised in semiintensive conditions / Investigación de algunos rasgos morfológicos en caprinos de pelaje natural raza boer X cruzados y criados en condiciones semi-intensivas

SUMMARY: The aim of the study was to determine various morphological characteristics from birth to the age of 150th day of Boer x Hair goat F1 crossbred (BH) kids and pure Hair goat (HG) kids raised in semi-intensive conditions and reveal factors such as the effects of genotype, dam age, dam's live weight, year, birth type and sex on this parameter. This study was applied between the years 2011-2012 in Çatak in the Van region and between the years 2013-2014 at the Yuzuncu Yil University Research and Practice Farm. Various body measurements; wither height, back height, rump height, sacrum height, body length, chest length, chest depth, chest circumference, circumference of leg, cannon bone circumference, chest width, front-rump width, mid-rump width were determined 29.8, 28.4, 28.7, 26.2, 28.7, 17.0, 13.3, 30.4, 26.9, 5.2, 5.9, 6.0, and 8.7 cm at birth, respectively; 43.8, 43.8, 44.6, 40.6, 43.6, 22.2, 19.3, 51.7, 41.4, 6.6, 9.2, 9.3, and 11.3 cm at 60th day, respectively; 56.1, 53.4, 54.4, 47.5, 53.3, 27.3, 24.1, 61.4, 49.6, 7.3, 10.6, 11.1, and 13.2 cm at 150th day, respectively for BH kids; 27.3, 25.9, 29.3, 25.3, 27.1, 15.9, 12.3, 29.0, 21.3, 5.1, 5.0, 5.6, and 7.4 cm at birth, respectively; 40.4, 40.1, 42.9, 37.6, 40.5, 22.3, 18.4, 48.1, 36.4, 6.0, 7.9, 9.1, and 10.8 cm at 60th day, respectively; 50.3, 49.2, 51.0, 45.7, 50.4, 27.5, 22.9, 57.3, 43.4, 6.5, 9.5, 10.7, and 11.9 cm at 150th day, respectively for HG kids. When all of the data was considered, it was concluded that the BH kids are much better than the HG kids for both morphological and zoometric values.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del estudio fue determinar varias características morfológicas desde el nacimiento hasta la edad de 150 días en caprinos Boer x Hair goat F1 crossbred (BH) y Cabra pura (HG) criados en condiciones semi-intensivas y revelar factores tales como los efectos del genotipo, la edad, el peso vivo de la el tipo de nacimiento y el sexo entre otros. Este estudio fue realizado entre los años 2011-2012 en Çatak, región de Van y entre los años 2013-2014 en la Granja de Investigación y Práctica de la Universidad Yuzuncu Yil. Se estudiaron diversas medidas corporales: Altura del talón, altura de la espalda, altura de la grupa, altura del sacro, longitud del cuerpo, longitud del pecho, profundidad del tórax, circunferencia del pecho, circunferencia de la pierna, circunferencia del hueso del cañón, ancho del pecho, ancho de la grupa delantera y anchura media de la grupa, así se determinaron 29.8, 28.4, 28.7, 26.2, 28.7, 17.0, 13.3, 30.4, 26.9, 5.2, 5.9, 6.0 y 8.7 cm al nacer, respectivamente; 43.8, 43.8, 44.6, 40.6, 43.6, 22.2, 19.3, 51.7, 41.4, 6.6, 9.2, 9.3 y 11.3 cm en el 60º día, respectivamente; 56.1, 53.4, 54.4, 47.5, 53.3, 27.3, 24.1, 61.4, 49.6, 7.3, 10.6, 11.1 y 13.2 cm en 150 días, respectivamente para niños BH; 27.3, 25.9, 29.3, 25.3, 27.1, 15.9, 12.3, 29.0, 21.3, 5.1, 5.0, 5.6 y 7.4 cm al nacimiento, respectivamente; 40,4, 40,1, 42,9, 37,6, 40,5, 22,3, 18,4, 48,1, 36,4, 6,0,7,9, 9,1 y 10,8 cm en el 60º día, respectivamente; 50.3, 49.2, 51.0, 45.7, 50.4, 27.5, 22.9, 57.3, 43.4, 6.5, 9.5, 10.7 y 11.9 cm a los 150 días, respectivamente, para cabritos HG. Cuando se consideraron todos los datos, se concluyó que los cabritos BH son mucho mejores que los cabritos HG para los valores morfológicos y zoométricos.

Safety Evaluation of the Lighting at the Entrance of a Very Long Road Tunnel: A Case Study in Ilam

BACKGROUND: At the entrance of a tunnel, reflection of sunlight from the surrounding environment and a lack of adequate lighting usually cause some vision problems. The purpose of this study was to perform a safety evaluation of lighting on a very long road in Ilam, Iran. METHODS: The average luminance was measured using a luminance meter (model S3; Hagner, Solna, Sweden). A camera (model 108, 35-mm single-lens reflex; Yashica, Nagano, Japan) was used to take photographs of the safe stopping distance from the tunnel entrance. Equivalent luminance was determined according to the Holliday polar diagram. RESULTS: Considering the average luminance at the tunnel entrance (116.7 cd/m²) and using Adrian's equation, the safe level of lighting at the entrance of the tunnel was determined to be 0.7. CONCLUSION: A comparison between the results of the safe levels of lighting at the entrance of the tunnel and the De Boer scale showed that the phenomenon of black holes is created at the tunnel entrance. This may lead to a misadaptation of the drivers’ eyes to the change in luminance level at the entrance of the tunnel, thereby increasing the risk of road accidents in this zone.

Crude glycerin in meat goat diets: intake, performance and carcass traits / Glicerina bruta na dieta de caprinos de corte: consumo, desempenho e características de carcaça

ABSTRACT: This experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of including glycerin in kid goats diet on intake, performance and carcass traits. Twenty intact male kid goats Boer crossbred were used, with body weight of 25.06±4.15kg and 8.00±0.66 months old, allocated in block design, with four treatments and five replicates. The treatments consisted on including dry matter basis (DM) of the diet of four levels of glycerin: zero, five, 10 and 15%, in replacing corn. It was not reported influence (P>0.05) of level of glycerin on intake of forage and feed conversion of animals. The concentrate and total DM intake were affected (P<0.05) for the level of glycerin in DM, with reduction in the animals that received the highest level. It was not reported influence (P>0.05) of level of glycerin on weight gain, carcass yield and percentage of cooling losses. However, the hot and cold carcass weight was lower (P<0.05) to the animals feed with 15% of glycerin. The inclusion up to 15% of glycerin in the diet of kid goats Boer crossbred, although did not affect feed conversion and performance, compromised the intake and carcass weight.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão de glicerina na dieta de cabritos sobre o consumo, desempenho e características de carcaça. Foram utilizados 20 cabritos não castrados, mestiços Boer, com peso corporal médio de 25,06±4,15 kg e 8,00±0,66 meses de idade, distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram da inclusão de glicerina (87% de glicerol) na dieta, em substituição ao milho, em quatro níveis de concentração: zero, cinco, 10 e 15% na matéria seca (MS). Não foi encontrada influência (P>0,05) da glicerina na dieta sobre o consumo de volumoso e a conversão alimentar. Os consumos de concentrado e de MS total foram afetados (P<0,05) pelo nível de glicerina na MS, com redução nos animais que receberam o mais alto nível. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) dos níveis de glicerina para ganho de peso, rendimento de carcaça e perdas por resfriamento. Entretanto, houve efeito (P<0,05) para peso da carcaça quente e fria para os animais alimentados com 15% de glicerina. A inclusão de até 15% de glicerina na dieta de cabritos mestiços Boer, embora não afete a conversão alimentar e o desempenho, compromete o consumo e o peso da carcaça dos animais.