Research progress on applications and mechanisms of osteogenesis effect of magnetic fields in oral field / 口腔疾病防治

@#Magnetic fields are safe and used in noninvasive physical therapies. Numerous studies have confirmed that magnetic fields have good osteogenic effects and certain value for clinical application in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement, promoting bone-implant integration, promoting fracture healing and improving the effects of distraction osteogenesis. Magnetic fields are expected to become applied as effective auxiliary methods for treating oral diseases. To support the clinical application of magnetic fields, this article reviews the applications of magnetic fields in the oral cavity, the biological effects on bone cells and the molecular mechanisms through which magnetic fields regulate bone metabolism. The biological effects of magnetic fields on bone cells include promoting osteogenesis by osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells and inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts. At the molecular level, bone cells sense and respond to magnetic stimulation, and through various mechanisms, such as displacement currents, Lorentz forces, and free radical pair effects, stimuli are transformed into biologically recognizable electrical signals that activate complex downstream signaling pathways, such as the P2 purinergic receptor signaling pathway, adenosine receptor signaling pathway, transforming growth factor-β receptor signaling pathway, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and Notch pathway. In addition, magnetic parameters, which are the factors affecting the osteogenic effects of magnetic fields, are discussed. However, the mechanisms of the osteogenic effects of magnetic fields are unclear, and further studies of these mechanisms could provide effective strategies for bone regeneration and periodontal tissue regeneration. In addition, considering the target of magnetic field therapies, combination with other drugs could lead to new strategies for the treatment of oral diseases.

Aquatic therapy in congenital malformation during the use of external fixator for bone lengthening: It is possible?

Abstract Objectives: The objective of this study is to describe the rehabilitation of individuals with Congenital Malformations (CMF) during the use of an External Fixator (EF) in Aquatic Therapy (AT) and to analyze the association between diagnosis, EF type and location with rehabilitation process outcomes, surgical intervention, and adverse effects. Methods: This retrospective study included 29 medical records from which the personal and rehabilitation data of the patient were collected. The AT used was described and the outcome variables were associated. The medical records were selected by screening the database of the CMF clinic at the AACD. The inclusion criteria were participants with CMF who used EF treated between 2011 and 2019 of both genders and without age restriction. The exclusion criteria were incomplete medical record data or not undergoing AT while using EF. The extracted data included diagnosis, gender, age, EF type and location, objective of the surgery, adverse events, surgical interventions, time of rehabilitation in AT, physiotherapeutic objectives, and rehabilitation process outcomes in AT. Results: The mean age of the participants was 12.1 ± 3.99 years, with male predominance (55 %) and hemimelia cases (37 %). The most used EF was circular (51 %), located in the femur (37 %), and the main objective of surgery was bone lengthening (52 %). The most recurrent adverse effect was infection (62 %) and 76 % completed AT. There was no association between the variables analyzed. Conclusions: It was possible to describe CMF rehabilitation with EF in AT. There was no association between the variables analyzed.

"Accordion" technique to promote bony union at the docking site in the treatment of tibial bone defects by Ilizarov technique / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of "accordion" technique on promoting bony union at the docking site in the treatment of tibial bone defects by bone transport.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the data of 11 patients with tibial bone infection who had been admitted to Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from November 2017 to February 2019. There were 10 males and 1 female with an age of (47.0±9.7) years. Seven patients were infected after internal/external fixation for open fractures and 4 cases after internal fixation for closed fractures. After surgical debridement, sensitive antibiotic bone cement was implanted, and dead or infected bone segments were radically resected. In all patients, the resulting bone defects of (6.6±2.9) cm were fixated by an Ilizarov ring external fixator and filled by bone transport. The "accordion" technique was used after the bone segments touched the docking site. The closure time, "accordion" time, bony union time and complications during bone transport were recorded.Results:None of the patients underwent bone grafting. This case series was followed up for (2.7±0.5) years. The closure time was (30.8±6.8) weeks, the "accordion" time (43.1±8.4) days, and the bony union time (31.6±9.0) weeks. None of the patients had obvious pain. Ankle stiffness was observed in 3 patients and traumatic equinus deformity in 1 patient.Conclusions:The "accordion" technique based on the Illizarov technique can accelerate mineralization of the bone segments transported, promote the bony union at the docking site, and effectively solve the problem of tibial bone defects without surgical bone grafting.

Comparison of bone transport technique combined with bone grafting plus internal fixation versus simple bone transport technique for large segmental bone defects at lower limbs after trauma / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To compare the clinical efficacy between bone transport technique combined with bone grafting plus internal fixation and simple bone transport technique in the treatment of large segmental bone defects at lower limbs after trauma.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 42 patients with large segmental bone defects at lower limbs after trauma who had been treated at Department of Trauma Orthopaedics, Honghui Hospital Affiliated to Medicine College, Xi'an Jiaotong University from September 2015 to September 2019. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the different methods of repairing bone defects. In group A of 18 patients subjected to bone transport combined with bone grafting plus internal fixation, there were 11 males and 7 females with an age of (35.2±10.3) years, and 12 tibial defects and 6 femoral defects; in group B of 24 patients subjected to simple bone transport, there were 15 males and 9 females with an age of (37.3±9.4) years, and 17 tibial defects and 7 femoral defects. The external fixation time (EFT), external fixation index (EFI), total cure time and complications were recorded and compared between the 2 groups. At the last follow-up, the Ennecking score for limb functional recovery (score/total score 30) and Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) were used to evaluate respectively the functional recovery of the limbs and postoperative anxiety.Results:The 2 groups were comparable because there was no significant difference between them in preoperative general data or follow-up time ( P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the number of surgeries between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). The EFT [(5.9±1.5) months], EFI [(0.45±0.09) months/cm], total treatment time [(16.2±2.4) months], Ennecking score for limb functional recovery (87.0%±8.6%), SAS score [(43.2±9.0) points], and complications per capita [(0.4±0.2) times/case] in group A were significantly better than those in group B [(15.3±4.2) months, (1.19±0.28) months/cm, (19.7±3.5) months, (77.3%±9.2%), (58.2±9.3) points, and (1.2±0.5) times/case] (all P<0.05). Conclusion:In the treatment of large segmental bone defects at lower limbs, compared with simple bone transport technique, bone transport technique combined with bone grafting plus internal fixation has advantages of shorter external fixation time and overall cure time, a lower rate of complications, and better functional recovery of the limbs.

Ilizarov bone transport assisted by a 3D printed patient-specific guide plate for treatment of tibial bone defects / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of 3D printed patients-specific guide plates in assisting Ilizarov bone transport in the treatment of tibial bone defects.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 24 patients with tibial bone defects who had been admitted to Institute of Trauma Orthopedics, The 80th Army Group Hospital of PLA from January 2018 to March 2022. There were 9 males and 15 females with an age of (49.8±6.5) years, and 4 upper tibial defects, 5 middle tibial defects, and 15 lower tibial defects. According to the methods of repairing bone defects, the patients were divided into 2 groups: a 3D printing group of 10 cases where a 3D printed patient-specific guide plate was used to assist Ilizarov bone transport in the treatment of tibial bone defects, and a traditional group of 14 cases where Ilizarov bone transport was performed in a traditional manner. The 2 groups were compared in terms of operation time, frequency of intraoperative fluoroscopy, axial angulation of the tibia at postoperation and the last follow-up, external fixation time (EFT) and external fixation index (EFI). At the last follow-up, healing of bone defects was evaluated according to the criteria of The Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov (ASAMI), functional outcomes were evaluated according to the Paley criteria, and needle infection was recorded according to the Paley classification for complications.Results:There was no statistically significant difference in the preoperative general data between the 2 groups, indicating comparability ( P>0.05). All patients were followed up for (11.3±2.0) months on average after operation. The 3D printing group had significantly shorter operation time [(19.9±2.6) min] and significantly lower frequency of intraoperative fluoroscopy [(3.0±0.8) times] than the traditional group [(38.1±2.2) min and (8.9±1.3) times] (P<0.05), and had significantly better axial angulation of the tibia at postoperation and the last follow-up than the traditional group ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in EFT or EFI between the 2 groups ( P>0.05), and the last follow-up revealed no significant difference either in bone healing, functional outcomes, or needle infection between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:In the treatment of tibial bone defects, compared with conventional Ilizarov bone transport, the Ilizarov bone transport assisted by a 3D printed patient-specific guide plate demonstrates advantages of shorter operation time, lower intraoperative fluoroscopy, and higher reduction accuracy.

Comparison of acute shortening-lengthening and antibiotic calcium sulfate-loaded bone transport for the treatment of segmental tibial defects after trauma / 国际外科学杂志

Objective:To compare the clinical effects of acute shortening-lengthening technique with antibiotic calcium sulfate-loaded bone transport technique for the treatment of segmental tibial defects after trauma.Methods:The clinical data of 58 patients with large tibial defects treated by Ilizarov technique in Xi′an Honghui Hospital Affiliated to Xi′an Jiaotong University from May 2014 to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Thirty patients were treated by acute shortening-lengthening (group A), and they were divided into those who were successful in one-time shortening during operation (group A1) and those who needed gradual shortening after operation (group A2) according to different shortening conditions. And 28 patients by antibiotic calcium sulfate-loaded bone transport (group B). The external fixation time (EFT) and external fixation index (EFI) of the two groups were compared. Bone defect healing and limb functions were evaluated according to the Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov (ASAMI) criteria. Complications were compared by Paley classification. The measurement data of normal distribution were expressed as ± s, and t-test was used for comparison between groups; the count data were expressed as n(%), and the chi-square test, Fisher exact probability method or Mann-Whitney U test were used for comparison between groups. Results:Patients were followed for(27.5±5.1)months. There was no significant difference in EFT, EFI, bone defect healing and limb functions between the two groups( P>0.05). The incidence of Grade-Ⅱ[41.2% (7/17)], Grade-Ⅲ [47.1% (8/17)] pin-tract infection in group A1 and Grade-Ⅱ[46.2% (6/13)], Grade-Ⅲ pin-tract [53.8% (7/13)] in group A2 was significantly higher than those in group B[14.3% (4/28)], [17.9% (5/28)] ( P<0.05). The number of complications per capita in group A1 [(1.4±0.3) times/case] and in group A2 [(1.5±0.3) times/case]was significantly higher than that in group B [(1.1±0.5) times/case]. Conclusions:Patients can be cured successfully by both acute shortening-lengthening and bone transport techniques. Compared with acute shortening-lengthening group, the complication incidence in antibiotic calcium sulfate-loaded bone transport group was lower, especially, the infection-related complications. Therefore, antibiotic calcium sulfate-loaded bone transport technique has a greater application prospect in patients with large segmental bone defects caused by infection or osteomyelitis.

Evaluation of the Quality of Life of Patients Using Circular External Fixator in a Trauma Hospital / Avaliação da qualidade de vida dos pacientes em uso de fixador externo circular em um hospital de trauma

Abstract Objective To evaluate the quality of life of patients using an Ilizarov type external fixator for the treatment of complicated fractures and their sequelae. Method This is an observational and cross-sectional study, in which the 36-item short form survey (SF-36) questionnaire (translated into Portuguese) was applied during outpatient consultations in 2 periods, in the months of July 2018 and January 2019. The patients who participated in the study underwent their surgical procedures between January and June 2018. Results We evaluated 36 patients using an external Ilizarov fixator. We observed a predominance of male patients, with a mean age of 37.9 years. Fractures of leg bones and their complications represented half of the sample. Improvement in functional capacity and emotional aspects of the patients was observed throughout the treatment. Conclusion The use of the circular external fixator is an important and effective method for the surgical treatment of complex fractures and their sequelae. This study allowed us to conclude that, after treatment, patients achieved functional return to daily activities with adequate quality of life.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes em uso do fixador externo do tipo Ilizarov para tratamento de fraturas complexas e de suas sequelas Método Trata-se de um estudo observacional e transversal, em que foi aplicado o questionário 36-item short form survey (SF-36) (traduzido para a língua portuguesa) durante as consultas ambulatoriais em 2 períodos, nos meses de julho de 2018 e janeiro de 2019. Os pacientes que participaram do estudo realizaram seus procedimentos cirúrgicos no período de janeiro a junho de 2018. Resultados Foram avaliados 36 pacientes em uso de fixador externo do tipo Ilizarov. Foi observado predomínio do sexo masculino e idade média de 37,9 anos. As fraturas de ossos da perna e suas complicações representaram metade da amostra. Foi observada melhora na capacidade funcional e nos aspectos emocionais dos pacientes ao longo do tratamento. Conclusão O uso do fixador externo circular constitui um método importante e eficaz para o tratamento cirúrgico de fraturas complexas e de suas sequelas. Este trabalho permitiu concluir que, após o tratamento, os pacientes alcançaram retorno funcional às atividades diárias com adequada qualidade de vida.

Biplane osteotomy and bone transport combined external locking plating for sequential treatment of massive tibial bone defects / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To evaluate biplane osteotomy and bone transport combined external locking plating for sequential treatment of massive tibial bone defects.Methods:Twenty-eight patients with massive tibial bone defects were reviewed who had been treated at Department of Repair and Reconstruction, Wuhan Puai Hospital from October 2013 to October 2019. They were divided into a bone transport group and a combined bone transport group (bone transport combined external locking plating) according to their surgical methods. In the bone transport group of 14 cases, there were 10 males and 4 females with an age of (38.6±3.2) years and a bone defect of (8.0±0.5) cm; in the combined bone transport group of 14 cases, there were 9 males and 5 females with an age of (39.1±3.9) years and a bone defect of (8.3±0.3) cm. The time for wearing external fixator, fracture healing time, dock-in-site healing time, postoperative function assessment and complications were observed and compared between the 2 groups.Results:There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in their preoperative general data, showing they were comparable ( P>0.05). The bone transport group were followed up for 12 to 28 months (average, 18.4 months) and the combined bone transport group for 12 to 26 months (average, 16.8 months). The time for wearing external fixator in the combined bone transport group [(8.4±0.7) months] was significantly shorter than that [(13.3±1.4) months] in the bone transport group ( P<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the 2 groups in either the fracture healing time [(8.4±1.3) months versus (7.4±1.2) months] or the dock-in-site healing time [(210.2±9.1) months versus (206.2±9.8) months] ( P>0.05). By the Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov (ASAMI) scoring, the bone healing was excellent in 6, good in 5 and fair in 3 cases in the bone transport group while excellent in 8, good in 4 and fair in 2 cases in the combined bone transport group, showing no significant difference between the 2 groups in the excellent to good rate ( P>0.05). By the postoperative functional assessment of the lower extremity, there were 7 excellent, 3 good, 3 fair and one poor cases in the bone transport group while 8 excellent, 5 good and one poor cases in the combined bone transport group, showing no significant difference between the 2 groups in the excellent to good rate ( P>0.05). In the bone transport group, there were 3 cases of pin track infection, one case of dock-in-site nonunion, 2 cases of poor alignment of lower extremities, 2 cases of skin depression, one case of nail loosening, 5 cases of joint stiffness and 3 cases of delayed union of the distracted bone; in the combined bone transport group, there were one case of pin track infection, 2 cases of poor alignment of lower extremities, 3 cases of skin depression, 3 cases of joint stiffness, 2 cases of delayed union of the distracted bone and one case of refracture. Conclusion:In the sequential treatment of massive tibial bone defects, biplane osteotomy and bone transport combined external locking plating can reduce the time for wearing external fixator and increase the satisfaction of patients.

Distracción osteogénica del tercio medio facial. Reporte de dos casos clínicos / Distraction osteogenesis of the midface. Two clinical cases report

La corrección quirúrgica de grandes asimetrías faciales son un desafío para el equipo quirúrgico. En dichos casos, los resultados de la corrección utilizando técnicas quirúrgicas convencionales son limitados, lo que hace necesario la utilización de otras herramientas terapéuticas. La distracción ósea (DO) es una de ellas, pues permite el estiramiento controlado del callo óseo previamente creado mediante osteotomías. La DO permite realizar cambios en el posicionamiento óseo de gran envergadura, favoreciendo el crecimiento óseo como mecanismo de acción. El objetivo de este artículo es describir los resultados quirúrgicos de DO intraoral del tercio medio facial utilizado en dos pacientes con severas asimetrías faciales asociadas a malformaciones de origen genético. Se relata el diagnóstico, la planificación, las herramientas tecnológicas utilizadas, técnica quirúrgica y los resultados obtenidos.

Surgical correction of major facial asymmetries is a challenge for the surgical team. In such cases, treatment results from conventional surgical techniques are limited, which requires using other therapeutic tools. Bone distraction is one of them, as it allows controlled stretching of the bone callus previously developed through osteotomies. Distraction osteogenesis allows making changes in large bone positioning, favoring bone growth as an action mechanism. This article aims to describe the surgical results of intraoral distraction osteogenesis of the midface used in two patients with severe facial asymmetries related to congenital malformations. Diagnosis, planning, technological tools, surgical techniques, and results obtained are explained.

Elongated Styloid Process in Panoramic Radiographs / Processo Estilóide Alongado nas Radiografias Panorâmicas

The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of the elongated styloid process in panoramic radiographic exams, in a subpopulation of northern Brazil in relation to age, sex and side. Panoramic radiographs were selected, and the apparent size of the styloid process was measured from the point where the styloid leaves the tympanic plate to the tip of the process. The data were analyzed using chi-square tests and variance analysis with a 5% significance level. Approximately 30% of the elongated styloid process was observed in patients between 18 to 35 years. Of the styloid processes that measured more than 30 mm (elongated), 764 styloid processes (81%) showed Type I elongation pattern, 97 styloid processes (10%) showed Type II calcification patterns, and 85 styloid processes (9%) showed Type III calcification patterns. The prevalence of the elongated styloid process was high, and no statistically significant correlation was found between the presence of the elongated styloid process and the variables studied. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a prevalência do processo estilóide alongado em exames radiográficos panorâmicos, em uma subpopulação do norte do Brasil em relação à idade, sexo e lado. Radiografias panorâmicas foram selecionadas, e tamanho aparente do processo estilóide foi medido a partir do ponto em que o estilóide deixa a placa timpânica até a ponta do processo. Os dados foram analisados por meio de testes qui-quadrado e análise de variância com nível de significância de 5%. Aproximadamente 73% do processo estilóide alongado foi observado em pacientes entre 18 e 53 anos (p <0,05). Dos processos estilóides que mediram mais de 30 mm (alongados), 543 processos estiloide (82,9%) mostraram padrão de alongamento do Tipo I, 33 processos estiloide (5,03%) mostraram padrões de calcificação do Tipo II, e 79 processos estilóide (12,06%) mostraram padrões de calcificação do Tipo III. A prevalência do processo estilóide alongado foi alta e não foi encontrada correlação estatisticamente significante entre a presença do processo estilóide alongado e as variáveis estudadas. (AU)

The comparison between plate and nail-assisted lengthening of the femurs in children / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:In this study, lengthening over nail (LON) and plating after lengthening (PAL) were compared by the process of treatment and therapeutic effect in the children's femoral lengthening cases,to guide treatment choices; and in the PAL group there was another comparison between different timeline of plate fixation after lengthening to formulate reasonable technical route.Methods:Since January 7, 2014 to September 10, 2018, a total of 21 cases of LON and PAL surgery had been carried out, including 12 males and 9 females. The average age at their operation was 12.43±3.12 years. There were 10 patients in the LON group and 11 patients in the PAL group, in the PAL group 5 cases was synchronous fixation, which means removal of the external fixator and plate fixation would be performed in the same surgery, 6 cases was asynchronous fixation, which means plate fixation would be performed at least 2 weeks later after the removal offixator to reduce the risk of infection. The recorded data includesgender, date of birth, reason of discrepancy and treatment history, age at surgery, lengthening distance, the length of duration with frame, healing time, total duration time and total blood loss of seriesoperations, ROM of the knee joint, complications, etc.Statistical analysis was made by SPSS 22.0 software, and then reasonable treatment strategies were proposed.Results:In the LON group, the medianlengthening distance was 7.10 (6.63, 7.70) cm, the median total duration time was 300 (240, 330) min, the medianspeed of healing was 1.12 (0.78, 1.72) month/cm, complications were found in 3 cases, the median ROM of knee joint was 125.00° (117.50°, 150.00°); in the PAL group, the data respectively were 6.00 (5.00, 8.00) cm, 260 (230, 465) min, 1.00 (0.75,1.71) month/cm, 3 cases, 100.00° (90.00°, 150.00°), the difference between them was not statistically significant (all P>0.05). 2. In the PAL group, the difference of number of surgeries, total duration time, total blood loss, complication rate, healing speed and postoperative function between synchronous and asynchronous fixation was not statistically significant (all P>0.05). Conclusion:They are similarbetween LON and PAL techniques in the process of treatment and therapeutic effect. The surgeons could make choices according to the growth potential of the patients and their own custom operation methods. In the case of the current sample size, there is no statistical difference in the therapeutic effect between the synchronous and asynchronous plate fixation in the PAL method, but the sample size needs to be increased for further study.

Alargamiento óseo con clavo intramedular magnético experiencia preliminar y lecciones aprendidas / Bone lengthening with magnetic intramedullary nail preliminary experience and learned lessons

OBJETIVOS: Mostrar resultados, complicaciones y lecciones aprendidas utilizando el clavo intramedular magnético (IML, Intramedullary Magnetic Lengthener) en un grupo de pacientes sometidos a alargamiento óseo. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Entre enero 2017 y diciembre 2019, 9 pacientes (15 segmentos), edad entre 15 y 39 años, fueron sometidos a alargamiento óseo con IML: 5 pacientes tuvieron alargamiento femoral bilateral por talla baja, 1 paciente se sometió a alargamiento de Piernas bilateral por Tibia vara y acortamiento mesomélico y 3 recibieron alargamientos femorales unilaterales por discrepancia de longitud de extremidades. Todos fueron operados por el mismo cirujano, con técnica standard. Se indicó kinesiterapia al menos 5 veces por semana durante la fase de distracción. RESULTADOS: En todos se logró el objetivo de alargamiento planteado. No hubo complicaciones intra ni postoperatorias graves (TVP, TEP, Embolia grasa), ni fallas del sistema distractor. Un paciente desarrolló contracturas articulares de ambas rodillas por no adhesión a Kinesiterapia. Ninguno requirió aporte de injerto óseo, sin embargo en 2 pacientes de alargamiento de Fémur bilateral, se presentó deformidad en varo, que hizo necesario recambio a clavo convencional y un paciente desarrolló una parálisis transitoria del Nervio Peroneo común. CONCLUSIONES: El advenimiento de los IML significó un gran avance en el campo de la osteogénesis por distracción, sin embargo, aún se trata de un procedimiento complejo, que debe ser planificado cuidadosamente para minimizar los riesgos y complicaciones. Una selección meticulosa del paciente y la evaluación física y psicológica previa, son fundamentales para el éxito del procedimiento. Los casos bilaterales requieren de un seguimiento cercano, por el riesgo de falla del implante.

objective: We show our results, complications and lessons learned using the Intramedullary Magnetic Lengthener (IML) in a group of patients who were subjected to bone lengthening. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2017 and December 2019, 9 patients (15 segments), aged between 15 and 39 years, underwent bone lengthening with IML: 5 patients had bilateral femoral lengthening due to short stature, 1 patient had bilateral leg lengthening due to Tibia vara and mesomelic shortening and 3 had unilateral femoral lengthening for limb length discrepancy. All were operated by the same surgeon, with standard technique. Physical therapy was indicated at least 5 times per week during the distraction phase. RESULTS: In every case, the proposed lengthening amount was achieved. There were no serious intraoperative or postoperative complications (DVT, Pulmonary Embolism, Fat Embolism), nor failures of the distractor system. One patient developed knee joint contracture due to non-adherence to Physical therapy. None required bone grafting, however, in 2 patients with bilateral Femur, a varus deformity appeared, which required nail exchange with a conventional trauma nail. One case developed a transit common Peroneal Nerve palsy. CONCLUSIONS: IMLs represent a great advance in the bone lengthening realm, however, it is still a complex procedure, which must be carefully planned to minimize risks and complications. Meticulous patient selection and prior physical and psychological evaluation are essential to the success of the procedure. Bilateral cases need a closer follow up, because implant failure is a potential risk.

Ilizarov metatarsal bone lengthening in treatment of diabetic foot ulcer complicated with chronic osteomyelitis of metatarsal head / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To explore the effectiveness of the first-stage debridement and Ilizarov metatarsal bone lengthening in treatment of diabetic foot ulcer complicated with chronic osteomyelitis of metatarsal head. Methods: Between January 2015 and October 2018, 8 cases (9 feet, 11 sites) of diabetic foot ulcer complicated with chronic osteomyelitis of metatarsal head were treated by first-stage debridement and Ilizarov metatarsal bone lengthening. There were 3 males (4 feet, 5 sites) and 5 females (5 feet, 6 sites), with an average age of 57.5 years (range, 44-65 years). According to diabetic foot Wagner grade, 6 cases (7 feet) were grade 3 and 2 cases (2 feet) were grade 4. The chronic osteomyelitis located at left foot in 4 cases, right foot in 3 cases, and bilateral feet in 1 case. The duration of chronic osteomyelitis was 1-5 years (mean, 3.1 years). The chronic osteomyelitis site was the 1st metatarsal head in 3 feet, the 3rd metatarsal head in 1 foot, the 4th metatarsal head in 1 foot, and the 5th metatarsal head in 6 feet. Two patients had chronic osteomyelitis at 2 sites on 1 foot. The length of lengthened metatarsal bone, lengthening time, and the time of wearing external fixation frame were recorded, and the external fixation frame index was calculated. The healing conditions of foot ulcer and lengthening bone segment were observed, the healing time was recorded, and the healing index of lengthening bone was calculated. The ankle function was evaluated according to the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score criteria. Results: All patients were followed up 9-26 months with an average of 15.0 months. Except pin tract infection during the bone lengthening period, there was no complications such as skin necrosis and vascular or nerve injury occurred during treatment. The length of lengthened metatarsal bone was 12-35 mm with an average of 20.5 mm; the metatarsal bone lengthening time were 21-84 days with an average of 57.8 days. The average time of wearing external fixation frame was 14.6 weeks (range, 10.4-21.1 weeks) and the external fixation frame index was 54.3 days/cm (range, 42.9-59.2 days/cm). The ulcer wound healed with an average healing time of 30.5 days (range, 19-70 days) and no ulcer recurrence was observed during follow-up. Bone healing was obtained in all bone lengthening segments, and the average healing index was 42.5 days/cm (range, 37-51 days/cm). The average AOFAS score was 91.7 (range, 87-95); 5 feet were excellent and 4 feet were good. The excellent and good rate was 100%. Conclusion: The metatarsal bone lengthening under Ilizarov law of tension-stress after debridement can promote diabetic foot ulcers healing and reconstructing the length of metatarsal to retain the function of metatarsal load and avoid amputation. This is an effective method for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer complicated with chronic osteomyelitis of metatarsal head.

Composite bone and skin flap transplantation combined with bone lengthening for repairing lower limb burn with soft tissue and bone defect / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the effect of traditional fibula flap combined with allogeneic bone transplantation and composite bone flap transplantation combined with bone lengthening in staged repair of severe soft tissue and bone defect caused by lower limb burn.@*METHODS@#Total 68 patients with severe soft tissue and bone defect caused by lower limb burn from March 2015 to January 2018 were retrospectively analyzed, and they were divided into control group (34 cases) and study group (34 cases) according to the treatment plan. All patients had different degrees of soft tissue and bone tissue defects. In the study group, 34 patients were treated with composite bone flap transplantation combined with bone lengthening. There were 22 males and 12 females; the age ranged from 32 to 46(39.18±6.01) years; the time from injury to treatment was (16.69±5.11) h;28 cases were caused by explosion injury and 6 cases were caused by firearm burn; the length of bone defect was (12.10± 2.34) cm;and 16 cases were on the left side of affected limb 18 cases were on the right side. In the control group, there were 24 males and 10 females, aged 31 to 47 (38.93 ± 5.81) years;the time from injury to treatment was(17.10±5.63) h;the causes of injury were explosive injury in 30 cases and firearm burn in 4 cases; the length of bone defect was (11.96±2.51) cm;19 cases were on the left side and 15 cases on the right side. All patients were followed up for 6 months. The FMA scores before operation and 3 and 6 months after operation, treatment satisfaction, curative effect and complications of the two groups were recorded.@*RESULTS@#Limb function:there was no significant difference in FMA scores between the two groups before operation (@*CONCLUSION@#the combined use of composite bone flap transplantation and bone lengthening staged repair in the treatment of severe soft tissue and bone defect caused by lower limb burn can achieve good therapeutic effect, improve limb function, and have high treatment satisfaction and certain safety.

Influence of different orientations and rates of bidirectional distraction osteogenesis of the mandibular corpus: a three-dimensional study

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical effect of mandibular corpus distraction osteogenesis with different orientations and rates. Materials and Methods: A three-dimensional model of the mandible was created. The vertical surgical cut was made, the force was applied horizontally in a bidirectional manner within two orientations: parallel to the occlusal plane and parallel to the inferior border of the mandible with three rates (0.5mm, 1mm and 1.5mm). Results: The maximum values for von Mises stress when the force was applied parallel to the inferior border of the mandible with all three rates were smaller than those with force direction parallel to the occlusal plane. The displacement in all three directions x, y, and z were not parallel and prominent in the anterior part of the mandible, while the movement at the posterior part is negligible, x and z displacement were bigger when force was applied parallel to the inferior border of the mandible, z displacement was more prominent than x and y displacement, both directions produced upward rotation of the mandible, this rotation was more noticeable when the force was applied parallel to the inferior border of the mandible. Conclusions: A vertical cut can be used in the patient with a long anterior face. This site of distraction achieves more lengthening of mandible than expansion.

Replantation and functional reconstruction of an amputated lower extremity / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To evaluate our replantation and functional reconstruction of amputated lower extremities.Methods From February 2013 to October 2017,13 patients with an amputated lower extremity were treated at Orthopaedic Department,The 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force.They were 10 males and 3 females,aged from 15 to 63 years (average,39 years).In all the patients,large segmental shortening and extremity replantation was conducted at the first stage and Ilizarov extremity lengthening at the secondary stage.After desired extension was achieved,the frame of Ilizarov external fixator was removed and replaced by external fixation with a locking plate under closed reduction.Postoperatively,functions of the knee and ankle joints,sensory recovery of the foot sole,length and appearance of the extremity were observed.Results All the 13 patients were followed up for 12 to 24 months (average,16 months).All the limb replants survived well.Of them,12 were satisfied with their weight-bearing walking and therapeutic outcomes.Conclusions For an amputated lower extremity,the first-stage shortening and replantation can result in fine extremity salvage and the secondary Ilizarov extremity lengthening can lead to fine therapeutic outcomes.

Orthopaedic Replantation and functional reconstruction of an amputated lower extremity / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective@#To evaluate our replantation and functional reconstruction of amputated lower extremities.@*Methods@#From February 2013 to October 2017, 13 patients with an amputated lower extremity were treated at Orthopaedic Department, The 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force. They were 10 males and 3 females, aged from 15 to 63 years (average, 39 years). In all the patients, large segmental shortening and extremity replantation was conducted at the first stage and Ilizarov extremity lengthening at the secondary stage. After desired extension was achieved, the frame of Ilizarov external fixator was removed and replaced by external fixation with a locking plate under closed reduction. Postoperatively, functions of the knee and ankle joints, sensory recovery of the foot sole, length and appearance of the extremity were observed.@*Results@#All the 13 patients were followed up for 12 to 24 months (average, 16 months). All the limb replants survived well. Of them, 12 were satisfied with their weight-bearing walking and therapeutic outcomes.@*Conclusions@#For an amputated lower extremity, the first-stage shortening and replantation can result in fine extremity salvage and the secondary Ilizarov extremity lengthening can lead to fine therapeutic outcomes.

Estudio Descriptivo: Tratamiento de Braquimetatarsia Mediante Callotaxis con Fijación Externa en el Hospital Luis Vernaza Junta de Beneficencia de Guayaquil. 2009 al 2015, Guayaquil - Ecuador / Descriptive Study: Treatment of Brachymetatarsia by Callotaxis with External Fixation, at the Luis Vernaza Hospital, "Junta de Beneficiencia de Guayaquil". 2009 to 2015. Guayaquil - Ecuador

INTRODUCCIÓN: La braquimetatarsia es una enfermedad poco conocida e infrecuente, consiste en el acortamiento de uno o más metatarsianos, generalmente congénita. Existen diversos tipos de tratamiento. El objetivo de este estudio es describir los resultados en el tratamiento mediante elongación ósea progresiva utilizando mini fijador externo. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo observacional, incluyeron siete pacientes en el periodo, entre enero 2009 a diciembre 2015, edad comprendida entre 13 y 53 años. Se realizó elongación por callotaxis con minifijador externo y seguimiento a los pacientes con controles clínicos y radiológicos durante un año. RESULTADOS: Los pacientes fueron de sexo femenino, presentaron afección de cuarto metatarsiano. Tiempo de alargamiento promedio de seis semanas, longitud promedio de alargamiento de 17 mm (15 a 20 mm). El fijador externo fue retirado después de observar la consolidación ósea del segmento elongado con una radiografía del pie en tres proyecciones. Se observó que los pacientes consultaron por deformidad estética, dolor al utilizar calzado debido a la deformidad de dedos adyacentes que acompañaba a su braquimetatarsia con metatarsalgia debida hiperqueratosis plantar y alteración en la parábola metatarsal. CONCLUSIONES: El alargamiento óseo mediante distracción progresiva, es una buena opción para el tratamiento con resultados satisfactorios. Se recomienda realizar tratamiento quirúrgico para corregir la deformidad y debe ser realizado después que cierren los cartílagos de crecimiento en el pie.

BACKGROUND: The brachymetatarsia is a little known and infrequent disease. It consists of shortening of one or more metatarsals, usually of congenital origin. There are several types of treatments; The goal of this study is to describe the results in the treatment with progressive bone elongation using external mini-fixator. METHODS: This is an observational descriptive study, which includes seven patients during the period of January 2009 and December 2015, aged between 13 and 53 years. All of them underwent lengthening through callotaxis with external mini-fixator, after the treatment, followed up for one year with clinical and radiographic controls. RESULTS: The patients were female and presented shortening of the fourth metatarsal. Lengthning average time six weeks, length average of 17 mm (from 15 to 20 mm). The external fixator was retreated after observing the bone healed of the section lenghtening with a radiograph of foot in three projections. Patients consulted for aesthetic deformity, pain for using footwear due to the anormality of the adjacent toes and pain for the hyperqueratosis and alteration in the metatarsal parabole. CONCLUSIONS: The bone lengthening through the progressive distraction is a good option to treat with satisfactory results. It is advisable surgical treatment to correct the deformity and the operation is realized after the growth cartilages

Hot spots of recent research in bone lengthening / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Bone lengthening technique is one of the core surgical technique for skeletal lengthening and reconstruction. It is widely used in the treatment of nonunion, segmental bone defect, bone infection, congenital or post-traumatic limb length differences, and hand-foot deformity correction. Until today, the surgical techniques and devices of bone lengthening are improving over time, and it is to improve the quality of treatment and reduce complications. However, the bone lengthening technique is different from the treatment for other orthopedic diseases, and it has the following feature, including requiring multiple steps, longer treatment course, and application of external fixator. This article will summarize the hot research in the field of bone lengthening treatment in recent years and provide reference for future clinical treatment.

Treatment of chronic tibial osteomyelitis of Cierny-Mader type Ⅳ with Ilizarov technique and lesion osteotomy / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To evaluate surgical treatment of chronic tibial osteomyelitis of Cierny-Mader type Ⅳ with Ilizarov technique and lesion osteotomy. Methods From January 2010 to May 2016, 39 patients with chronic tibial osteomyelitis of Cierny-Mader type Ⅳ were treated at our center. They were 33 males and 6 females, 8 to 54 years of age (average, 33.8 years). After debridement and lesion osteotomy, the tibia was fixated with Ilizarov external fixator. Bone was transported to the bone defect after corticotomy was performed on the proximal and/or distal tibial metaphyses simultaneously. Bifocal corticotomy was per-formed in 11 cases, proximal corticotomy in 21 cases, and distal corticotomy in 7 cases. The transport began 3 to 5 days after operation at a speed of 0.5 to 1.0 mm/d initially. The speed was lowered according to the bone healing and pain. Radiographic examination was done every 2 weeks to observe transporting deviation and osteogenesis in the transporting area. The transporting was adjusted whenever any abnormality was observed. The bone transporting lasted for 50 to 130 days (average, 62.4 days). Results The patients were fol-lowed up for 11 to 49 months (average, 21 months). All the soft tissue wounds healed uneventfully and there was no relapse of osteomyelitis. The bone defects in the 32 cases were reconstructed primarily. Nonunion of fracture ends happened in 5 cases and nonunion of the bone lengthening zone in 2 cases. The 7 cases of nonunion were healed after secondary bone grafting. Malalignment happened in 5 cases, 4 of which responded to timely adjustment of the external fixation and one of which had to receive secondary bone grafting after failure in adjustment of the external fixation. Ankle joint dysfunction occurred in 7 cases, 5 of which re-sponded to functional exercise and 2 of which accepted joint dysfunction because they refused surgery after unsatisfactory functional exercise. Pin tract infection of different severities occurred in 9 cases, one of which was treated by replacement of the K-wires under local anesthesia and the other 8 of which responded to rein-forced dressing change. Conclusions Chronic tibial osteomyelitis of Cierny-Mader typeⅣcan be treated by Ilizarov technique and lesion osteotomy. However, the Ilizarov technique should be improved because of the risks of multiple complications which can be reduced significantly by strengthening postoperative instruction, nursing, and regular follow-up.