RESUMEN
A method for simultaneous determination of PCDDs, dl-PCBs, BFRs and PBDD/Fs in flue gas from stationary source was developed. The sample was extracted by Soxhlet apparatus with toluene, and followed by purification through sulfuric acid partition and multi-layer silica gel column separation. The target compounds were then all separated by passing through the active carbon-dispersed silica gel column and reversal eluting. Gas chromatography coupled with a thermostable capillary column ( short length, thin stationary phase film) was operated at pulse injection mode. High resolution mass spectrometry set at low-electron-energy ionization was used for quantification. The high- and low-brominated compounds were determined simultaneously. The detection limits of this method were 0. 081-1. 2 pg for PCDD/Fs, 0. 10-0. 32 pg for dl-PCBs, 0. 14-12 pg for PBDEs, 0. 26-16 pg for new BFRs, 0. 44-3. 6 pg for tetra- to hepta-BDD/Fs and 8. 2-12 pg for OBDD/F. Recoveries ( RSDs) in spiked flue gas samples were 88%-115%(2. 9%-6. 1%) for PCDD/Fs, 84%-118% (3. 2%-10%) for dl-PCBs, 71%-135% (2. 1%-18%) for PBDEs, 71%-114% (2. 9%-7. 4%) for new BFRs, 83%-127% (5. 2%-10%) for tetra-to hepta-BDD/Fs and 52%-149% ( 23%-24%) for OBDD/F. All quality control data fell within the acceptable range specified in analysis standards for flue gas.
RESUMEN
Brominated flame retardants, like polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are environmental contaminants which have entered the human food chain. In this context the concentrations of several PBDEs were measured in food items commonly available in the Netherlands in 2004 and 2008. In food BDE-47, -99 and -100 were analysed and detected in 2004 and 2008, whereas BDE-209 was only analysed and detected in 2008. The highest BDE concentrations were found in seafood (fatty fish and crustaceans). The lifelong dietary intake of these compounds in humans was calculated using the concentration data. For BDE-47, -99 and -100 the intake in 2008 was higher than in 2004. A risk assessment based on the most sensitive toxic effects of PBDEs in experimental animals was possible for BDE-47, -99 and 209 (but not for BDE-100, [3]). These effects consist of neurodevelopmental toxicity resulting from the disturbance of growth of the central nervous system (BDE-47, -99 and -209) and reproductive toxicity resulting from the disturbance of spermatogenesis after intrauterine exposure (BDE-99). A risk assessment based on the dietary exposure of individual PBDE congeners revealed that in The Netherlands the dietary exposure to PBDE-47 and -209 does not pose a health concern with respect to neurodevelopmental toxicity. However, with regard to reproductive toxicity and neurodevelopmental toxicity the dietary exposure in The Netherlands to BDE- 99 is of potential health concern.
RESUMEN
Tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBPA)is supposed to have potential thyroid disrupting activities due to its similar structure to thyroid hormones.TBBPA has been proved to show thyroid disrupting effects in vivo and in vitro studies.TBBPA might disrupt thyroid hormone system through transthyretin- and thyroid receptor-mediated pathways.The ability of TBBPA inducing the production of reactive oxygen species might be the extension of its thyroid disrupting activities.The thyroid disrupting effects of TBBPA might be closely related to its oxidative stress,reproduction toxicity and neurotoxicity.More experiments are required for the effects of TBBPA on the aquatic and amphibian animals.
RESUMEN
Los retardantes de flama bromados han sido muy usados en las últimas décadas en muchos productos de consumo. Su producción, uso, lipofilicidad y persistencia, los han vuelto contaminantes ambientales ubicuos. Han sido detectados en el ser humano en varios países y poco se conoce sobre susefectos tóxicos. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar de manera preliminar los niveles de exposición a difeniléteres polibromados (PBDEs) en la población mexicana. Se tomaron muestras de sangre a 5 mujeres de una zona urbana y muestras de leche materna a 7 de una zona rural. Los niveles de PBDEs en las mujeres de la zona urbana fueron de 21.5-37.5 ng/glípido y los de las mujeres rurales fueron 0.8-5.4 ng/g lípido.
The brominated flame retardants have been used in the last decades inmany products. Their production, use, lipofilicity and persistence, make them ubiquituos in the environment. They have been detected in humans in several countries and little is known about their toxics effects. The aim of this pilot study was to determine exposure levels of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in the Mexican population, blood samples were taken from five women living in an urban area, whereas breast milk samples were collected from seven rural women. The levels of PBDEs in theurban area were 21.5-37.5 ng/g lipid; whereas milk concentrations in rural women were 0.8-5.4 ng/glipid.