The Development of the Brooding Scale

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop a Brooding Scale (BS) and to confirm its psychometric properties. METHODS: A preliminary questionnaire was developed based on a literature review and face-to-face interviews with healthy subjects. To evaluate reliability and construct validity, a 15-item BS was administered to 124 healthy subjects. Convergent validity was tested by assessing the relationship between the BS and the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS). Discriminant validity was confirmed in 58 patients with schizophrenia. RESULTS: The internal consistency for the BS was excellent. An exploratory factor analysis yielded two factors: the emotional (six items) and cognitive (five items) domains, which explained 33.83% and 23.69% of the variance, respectively. The BS total score and scores for factors 1 and 2 showed significant positive correlations with the RRS. The total score and sub-factor scores of the BS were significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy subjects. CONCLUSION: The BS can be used as a reliable and valid tool to assess brooding in healthy adults. In addition, it had good discriminant validity for patients with schizophrenia.

The mediating effects of rumination on the relationship between negative life events and depressive symptoms in treatment-naive depressed patients / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the mediating effects of rumination and its subtypes on the relationship between negative life events and depressive symptoms in treatment-naive depressed patients.Methods Sixty-two treatment-naive depressed patients completed the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CESD),rumination response scale (RRS),and life event scale (LES).Results ① The scores of CESD were positively correlated with total score of RRS,brooding score of RRS,and negative LES score (NLES) in depressed patients (r=0.66,P＜ 0.01;r =0.50,P＜ 0.01;r =0.51,P＜ 0.01).The total score of RRS and brooding score of RRS were positively correlated with NLES(r=0.45,P＜0.01;r=0.47,P＜0.01).② The total score of RRS played a mediating role between NLES and CESD (indirect effect=0.12,95％ CI =0.04 ～ 0.23).③The brooding of RRS played a mediating role between NLES and CESD (indirect effect =0.07,95％ CI=0.02～0.15).Conclusion The RRS and the brooding of RRS exert mediation effects on the relationship between NLES and CESD in patients with depression.

A new species of Gymnogeophagus Miranda Ribeiro from Uruguay (Teleostei: Cichliformes)

Describimos una nueva especie de Gymnogeophagus con incubación de sustrato, en base a caracteres cromáticos. La nueva especie puede ser diferenciada de las restantes especies del género por la exclusiva pigmentación de la aleta dorsal, la que consiste de bandas oblicuas de color celeste sobre fondo rojo en la porción espinosa y una combinación de manchas redondas, elípticas, o alargadas azul brillantes sobre fondo rojo en la porción blanda. Además puede ser distinguida de las otras especies de Gymnogeophagus por la siguiente combinación de caracteres: banda horizontal azul iridiscente situada por encima de la línea lateral superior discontinua en la región humeral, manchas azules brillantes redondeadas sobre fondo rojo anaranjado en la aleta anal, bandas horizontales azul brillante en el cuerpo conspicuas. La nueva especie habita una amplia gama de hábitats de agua dulce en el sector inferior de la cuenca del río Uruguay, los drenajes costeros del Río de la Plata y drenajes costeros del Océano Atlántico en Uruguay.

We describe a new species of a substrate-brooding Gymnogeophagus , based on coloration characters. The new species can be distinguished from the remaining substrate-brooding species in the genus by the unique pigmentation of the dorsal fin which consists of light blue, diagonal stripes over a red background in the spiny section and a combination of round, elliptic, and elongated bright blue spots over a red background in the soft section. It can be further distinguished from all other species of Gymnogeophagus by the following combination of characters: a discontinuous bright blue band above the upper lateral line in the humeral area, light blue roundish spots over a red to orange background on the anal fin, and conspicuous bright blue horizontal bands on body. The new species inhabits a wide range of freshwater habitats in the lower rio Uruguay basin, Rio de la Plata coastal drainages and Atlantic Ocean coastal drainages in Uruguay.

Factores asociados prospectivamente a sintomatología depresiva en adolescentes tempranos de sexo femenino / Factors Prospectively Associated with of Depressive Symptomatology in Early Female Adolescents

Este estudio analiza prospectivamente la relación entre soporte familiar, estilo inferencial depresogénico y rumiación negativa con sintomatología depresiva en adolescentes. Se focaliza en adolescentes de sexo femenino, donde la depresión es más prevalente. Participaron 142 estudiantes de primer año de secundaria, con un promedio de edad de 14.2 años. Las evaluaciones de seguimiento fueron a 6, 13 y 24 meses de la primera evaluación. Controlada la depresión inicial, se observó relación entre soporte familiar y estilo inferencial depresogénico con sintomatología depresiva. Los resultados respaldan las teorías cognitivas de la depresión e indican la importancia de considerar estos factores en los programas preventivos de depresión.

Family support, depressogenic inferential style and rumination were longitudinally analysed in a sample of female adolescents wherein depression is more prevalent compared to adolescente male population. The sample comprised a group of 142 first grade secondary school students, with an average age of 14.2 years. The assessment was undertaken 6, 13 and 24 months after the first evaluation. Controled the initial depression, results indicated a relationship between depressive symptomatology with family support and depressogenic inferential style. These results support the cognitive theories of depression and indicate the importance of considering these factors in depression preventive programs.

Reflexión, rumiación negativa y desarrollo de sintomatología depresiva en adolescentes de sexo femenino / Reflection, negative rumination and development of depressive symptomatology in female adolescents

Diversas investigaciones han observado que la rumiación se asocia a consecuencias negativas en el bienestar y salud mental, y que podría ser uno de los factores que contribuya al ánimo y trastornos depresivos en las adolescentes. Recientemente se ha propuesto que el concepto habitualmente empleado de rumiación abarca al menos dos dimensiones distintas, la reflexión y la rumiación negativa. Sería esta última la más perjudicial. La presente investigación evalúa, de forma prospectiva, la influencia de la reflexión y la rumiación negativa en el desarrollo de sintomatología depresiva en una muestra de 268 adolescentes de sexo femenino. La primera medición se realizó cuando éstas cursaban primero medio; la segunda medición corresponde a la obtenida en el seguimiento de un año. Los resultados confirman que la rumiación negativa es efectivamente un factor de riesgo de desarrollo de síntomas depresivos. También se confirmó que la reflexión no muestra ninguna asociación significativa en términos prospectivos con estos últimos, sólo transversal. Estos resultados corroboran la utilidad de delimitar mejor el concepto de rumiación e indican que sería conveniente que las estrategias destinadas a prevenir y tratar la depresión en adolescentes aborden la existencia de patrones rumiativos negativos.

Different studies have found that rumination is associated with negative consequences for wellbeing and mental health. This indicates that rumination could be one of the f actors that contribute to mood and depressive disorders in female adolescents. Recently it has been suggested that the concept of rumination includes at least two different dimensions: reflection and negative rumination. The latter would be the most harmful. This research assessed, in a prospective basis, the influence of reflection and negative rumination n the development of depressive symptoms in a sample of 268 female adolescents. The first measurement was undertaken when the group was attending their first grade of secondary education and this assessment was repeated a year later. The results confirm that negative rumination is indeed a risk factor for development of depressive symptoms. It was also confirmed that the reflection showed no significant prospective associations but only an association with transactional analyses. These results confirm the need of refining the concept of rumination and the valué of addressing the negative ruminative patterns when defining the strategies to prevent and treat depression in adolescents.

Orbiniidae polychaetes (Polychaeta: Scolecida) from Coiba Island, eastern Pacific of Panama, with description of a new species

Santa Cruz and El Gambute, two mangrove systems with associated tidal flats, were sampled in Coiba National Park, Coiba Island, Pacific of Panama. At each site, two samplings were done at low, middle and high intertidal levels in February and November of 1997. A new orbiniid species were found: Orbinia oligopapillata n. sp. is characterized by having 15-16 thoracic chaetigers with four or five rows of uncini and up to three papilliform postchaetal processes on neuropodial lobes by the abdominal parapodia bearing flail-tipped neurochaetae, and by the presence on anterior-most abdominal chaetigers of interramal cirri and a low number of subpodial and stomach papillae. A specimen belonging to genus Leitoscoloplos Day, 1977 is described as "Leitoscoloplos sp.", characterized by the lateral pouches on its abdominal chaetigers, a unique case for the family because these brooding structures have only been previously cited in two species of Scoloplos. Naineris sp. is characterized by the number of its thoracic chaetigers, branchiae, uncini and bilobed abdominal neuropodia with protruding aciculae.

En el Parque Nacional de Coiba, costa pacífica de Panamá, hay manglares con playas asociadas. Estudiamos la fauna de dos poliquetos orbínidos de Santa Cruz y El Gambute. En cada playa se eligieron puntos de muestreo al nivel de marea baja, media y alta y cada uno se realizaron dos muestreos, en febrero y noviembre de 1997. Encontramos individuos no identificables con certeza y una especie nueva: Orbinia oligopapillata n. sp., la cual se caracteriza por tener 15-16 setígeros torácicos con cuatro o cinco filas de uncinos y hasta tres procesos postsetales papiliformes en los lóbulos neuropodiales, por los parápodos abdominales provistos de sedas en bayoneta y por la presencia en los setígeros abdominales anteriores de papilas estomacales en escaso número. Leitoscoloplos sp. se caracteriza por llevar bolsillos laterales en los setígeros abdominales, caracter único en el género y que en la familia solo ha sido citada en dos especies del género Scoloplos. Naineris sp. se caracteriza por el número de setígeros torácicos, sus branquias, sus uncinos y sus neuropodios abdominales, bilobulados y con la acícula sobresaliente.

Successful hatching from eggs carried by females and naturally removed from incubant males in Belostoma spp. water bugs (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae)

Within Belostomatinae water bug species (Heteroptera, Belostomatidae) it has been hitherto believed that the completion of embryonic development is successful only if eggs are incubated on male hemelytra. Nevertheless, we found egg successful hatching from a back-brooding Belostoma elegans (Mayr) and B. micantulum (Stål) females, as well as from fertilized eggs kicked off from four back-brooder B. elegans males. One "encumbered" B. elongatum Montandon female was also recorded, but eggs did not hatch after she removed them.

Se considera que el desarrollo embrionario y la emergencia de las ninfas de las especies de Belostomatinae (Heteroptera, Belostomatidae) se cumplen con éxito si los huevos son incubados sobre el espacio dorsal de machos adultos. No obstante, hemos registrado eclosiones exitosas a partir de dos hembras grávidas portando huevos sobre su dorso; una de ellas de la especie Belostoma elegans (Mayr), la otra de B. micantulum (Stål). Se registra la eclosión de huevos, previamente removidos del área de postura por los propios machos incubantes de B. elegans (N=4) y la presencia de una hembra de B. elongatum Montandon, portando huevos sobre sus hemiélitros, los cuales no eclosionaron después de haber sido removidos por la propia hembra.