Clinical analysis of hypospadias repair with free tube graft urethroplasty / 现代泌尿外科杂志

As an optional method for the treatment of hypospadias, free tube graft urethroplasty has been applied in some centers in recent years. It has the advantages of convenient urethra materials, high freedom of surgery, and satisfactory urine flow and appearance, but there are fewer reported cases and many complications. Therefore, it is recommended to be used cautiously. This paper summarizes the experience of 497 cases of free surgical surgery based on Buck fascia reconstruction, including key points such as full correction of penile lower curvature, no tension-free urethra, long-inclined plane anastomosis, and reliable coverage enhancement.

Relationship between Clusterin Gene Expression and In-vitro Sperm Characteristics in Caprine Semen

The present experiment was undertaken to study the relationship between clusterin (CLU) gene expression and in vitro sperm characteristics in buck semen. Fresh semen samples were collected from 12 bucks maintained in the organized goat farms by artificial vagina. Normalization of initial concentration of spermatozoa was carried out in all buck semen samples before proceeding for RNA isolation. So, initial concentration of each sample was made equal. The spermatozoa were isolated from buck semen samples by swim- up protocol using sperm TALP. Total RNA from the buck spermatozoa were extracted and first strand cDNA was synthesized from 1μg total RNA by using commercial kits. Absolute quantification of CLU gene transcripts in semen samples from 12 bulls was performed by plotting standard curve. Variations in levels of CLU gene transcripts (2500-22546000 copies) were found among 12 different buck semen samples. In vitro sperm characteristics were also studied from 12 buck semen samples. Variations in sperm characteristics such as sperm motility (60.0 - 80.0%), sperm viability (72.0 - 93.0%), sperm morphology (73.0 - 91.0%), plasma membrane integrity (50.0 - 82.0%), acrosome integrity (81.0 - 93.0%), DNA integrity (82.0 - 93.0%) and MMP (46.0 - 74.0%) were found among buck semen samples. All in vitro sperm characteristics were highly (negatively) correlated (p<0.01) with expression levels of CLU gene transcripts in spermatozoa. From this study, it is evident that ejaculated buck semen has variations in transcription pattern of CLU gene in spermatozoa among bucks and expression levels of CLU transcripts have negative correlation with in vitro sperm characteristics in buck semen samples.

An Objective Analysis of Factors Affecting Buck Semen Quality Attributes during Cryopreservation: A Mini Review

This paper aims to update recent findings related to the potential factors affecting the quality of buck semen during cryopreservation process. This paper describes cryopreservation of buck semen and it identifies different factors limiting the successful use of this technique in goats. Recently, several assisted reproductive technologies have been developed to control and to improve reproductive characteristics and productivity in goats. Semen cryopreservation is one of the most commonly used assisted reproductive technologies. This reproductive method allows an accelerated production of genetically valuable offspring. It is affected by various factors limiting its successful application. The handling practices prior to freezing, the composition of extenders, temperature and the length of storage have considerable effects on reproductive outcomes reducing the quantity and quality of spermatozoa. Furthermore, extensive investigations are needed to clearly assess the mechanisms between the temperature, and generation of reactive oxygen species during cryopreservation.

Reproductive Characteristics of Rabbit Bucks Fed Diet Containing Raw or Fermented Cottonseed Cake.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of diets containing raw or fermented cottonseed cake on reproductive characteristics of rabbit bucks. Eighteen (18) weaned crossbred (New Zealand White X Chinchilla) rabbit bucks, 6-7 weeks old, were randomly allotted to three treatments with six animals per treatment in a Completely Randomized Designed experiment. The treatment diets were T1, (Control) containing soyabean meal (SBM) as the main protein source; T2, Raw Cottonseed Cake (RCSC) - based diet and T3, Fermented Cottonseed Cake (FCSC) - based diet. The fermentation was done by inoculation with Aspergillus niger. Animals were acclimatized for one week. The feeding trial lasted for 9 weeks. At the end of this trial, 3 bucks per treatment were slaughtered and the reproductive organs dissected out for testicular and epididymal morphometrics as well as gonadal sperm assessment. Testicular morphometrics were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the treatment. Treatment had significant (P<0.05) effect on the epididymal weight and length of rabbit buck. Testicular sperm count for the RCSC group (124.67x106) was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of the control (182.22x106). Bucks on FCSC diet had comparable sperm count (181.50x106) with the control group. The proportion of motile sperm was significantly (P<0.05) increased from 48% in the control to 66.33% in the FCSC group. It was concluded that raw CSC had adverse effect on the sperm characteristics of rabbit bucks. However fermentation, using Aspergillus niger mitigated the adverse effect of CSC on the sperm characteristics. It is recommended that CSC to be included in diet of rabbit bucks meant for breeding purpose should be fermented by Aspergillus niger.

Structural modification of the black bengal buck (Capra hircus) acrosome during post-testicular maturation of spermatozoa / Modificación estructural del acrosoma de la cabra black bengal (Capra hircus) durante la maduración de los espermatozoides

The present study was conducted to measure various biometric parameters of intact/normal acrosomes (AC) collected respectively from caput, corpus and cauda epididymis and vas deferens of Black Bengal buck. Giemsa stained acrosomes were measured after camera lucida drawings. Observations revealed dimensional characters of the acrosomal cap diminished gradually and significantly (p<0.01, p<0.05) during spermatozoa maturation phases in the different regions of the excurrent duct. Shape and size of the AC were also found to be influenced significantly (p<0.01, p<0.05) by the age and body weight of the animals. The structural modification along with decrease in the morphology of the AC reflected one of the maturational indexes of the male gametes in Black Bengal buck.

El presente estudio se realizó para medir diversos parámetros biométricos del acrosoma (AC) intacto/normal recogido desde la cabeza, cuerpo y cola del epidídimo y vas deferens de la Cabra Black Bengal. Los AC teñidos con Giemsa fueron medidos después de la captura con cámara lúcida. Las observaciones revelaron caracteres dimensionales del capuchón acrosomal que disminuyeron gradualmente y de manera significativa (p <0,01, p <0,05) durante fases de maduración espermatática en las diferentes regiones del conducto. La forma y tamaño del AC también fueron influenciados de manera significativa (p <0,01, p <0,05) por la edad y el peso corporal de los animales. La modificación estructural junto con los cambios morfológicos del AC refleja uno de los índices de maduración de los gametos masculinos de la Cabra Black Bengal.

Avaliação de espermatozoides caprinos congelados em meio à base de água de coco em pó (ACP-101®) ou TRIS / Evaluation of goat spermatozoa frozen in media based on powder coconut water media based (ACP-101®) or TRIS

Compararam-se as características cinéticas e morfológicas de espermatozoides caprinos congelados nos meios à base de ACP-101® e TRIS. Os diluentes utilizados foram: ACP-101® (+ 2,5 por cento gema ovo + 7 por cento glicerol) e TRIS (+ 20 por cento gema ovo + 6,8 por cento glicerol). Quarenta e oito ejaculados de quatro bodes foram coletados, avaliados, divididos em duas alíquotas e diluídos nos meios ACP-101® e TRIS, respectivamente, posteriormente congelados e, após 30 dias, descongelados. A avaliação da motilidade espermática por computador foi realizada aos 5, 60 e 120 minutos pós-descongelação. As características de motilidade espermática analisadas foram: motilidade total (MT) ( por cento) e progressiva (MP) ( por cento), velocidades média do trajeto do espermatozoide (VAP) (µm/s) e linear (VSL) (µm/s) e população de espermatozoides rápidos (ER) ( por cento). As avaliações de morfologia espermática quantificaram a porcentagem de espermatozoides normais (N) e as alterações da cabeça (AC), da peça intermediária (API) e do flagelo (AF), aos cinco e 120 minutos pós-descongelação. O diluente TRIS apresentou resultados cinéticos mais elevados que o ACP-101® aos 60 e 120 minutos pós-descongelação. As AC aos 120 minutos pós-descongelação foram mais altas nos espermatozoides congelados em ACP-101®. Conclui-se que o diluente TRIS promoveu maior viabilidade in vitro dos espermatozoides caprinos pós-descongelação.

The aim of the work was to compare kinetic and morphologic characteristics of goat sperm frozen in diluent media based on ACP-101® and TRIS. The employed diluents were: ACP-101® (+ 2.5 percent egg yolk + 7 percent glycerol) and TRIS (+ 20 percent egg yolk + 6.8 percent glycerol). Forty eight ejaculates from four bucks were collected, assessed and divided into two aliquots and diluted into the experimental treatments ACP-101® and TRIS. The samples were frozen and after 30 days, thawed. The computer assisted spermatic motility evaluations were placed into 5, 60 and 120 minutes post-thawing. The motion parameters assessed were: total motility (MT) ( percent), progressive motility (MP) ( percent), average path velocity (VAP) (µm/s), straight linear velocity (VSL) (µm/s), and population of rapid spermatozoa (ER) ( percent). The morphologic parameters: normal spermatozoa (N), head alteration (AC), intermediary piece alteration (API), tail alteration (AF) were evaluated at 5 and 120 min post-thawing. The media based on TRIS showed kinetic results significantly superior to ACP-101® at 60 and 120min. After 120min post-thawing the AC was higher in frozen sperm in media based on ACP-101®. The TRIS media promoted better goat spermatozoa in vitro viability post-thawing.

Morphological study of the cytoplasmic droplets as an index of sperm maturation in Black Bengal buck (Capra hircus) / Estudio morfológico del droplet citoplasmático como un índice de maduración de espermatozoides en cabras Black Bengal (Capra hircus)

Location of the cytoplasmic droplets (CD) and their dimensions varied significantly (p<0.01) when sperm cells traverse through the regions of caput, corpus and cauda epididymis and vasdeferens respectively. The gradual diminution in the morphology of CD between the epididymal regions were related significantly (p<0.01, p<0.05). Caudal shift of the CD, along with regression in size and finally their exclusion from the sperm cells reflected one of the most important events in the maturation process of male gametes in Black Bengal buck.

La ubicación de los droplets citoplásmicos (CD) y sus dimensiones variaron significativamente (p <0,01) cuando las células espermáticas atraviesan a través de las regiones de cabeza, cuerpo y cola de epidídimo y vas deferens respectivamente. La disminución gradual en la morfología de los CD entre las regiones del epidídimo se relacionaron de forma significativa (p <0,01, p <0,05). El desplazamiento caudal de las CD, junto con la regresión en el tamaño y, finalmente, su exclusión desde los espermatozoides refleja uno de los eventos más importantes en el proceso de maduración de los gametos masculinos en la cabra Black Bengal.

Concentrações plasmáticas de testosterona, triiodotironina (T3) e tiroxina (T4) em bodes submetidos ao estresse calórico / Plasma concentrations of testosterone, triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) in bucks submitted to heat stress

Para verificar o efeito do estresse calórico (EC) nas concentrações plasmáticas de testosterona, triiodotironina (T3) e tiroxina (T4), oito bodes, das raças Saanen (n=4) e Alpina (n=4), foram mantidos em câmara bioclimática, sob condições de termoneutralidade (13,0ºC a 26,7ºC) durante 30 dias e, após um período (60 dias) de descanso, submetidos ao EC (23,7ºC a 34,0ºC) por 30 dias. Para minimizar as variações sazonais nos perfis hormonais devido ao fotoperíodo, durante toda fase experimental, incluindo a de adaptação em condições de termoneutralidade (30 dias), o fotoperíodo foi controlado utilizando-se alternância de dias longos (16h de luz e 8h de escuro) e de dias curtos (8h de luz e 16h de escuro) a cada 30 dias. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas duas vezes por semana durante cinco semanas. No conjunto das raças, o EC não influenciou (P>0,05) as concentrações de testosterona (1,8±0,2 vs 1,3±0,2ng/ml) e nem a de T4 (52,7±2,8 vs 50,0±2,8ng/ml). Houve declínio (P<0,01) das concentrações de T3 nos animais submetidos ao experimento (1,3±0,1 vs 1,0±0,1ng/ml), mas a redução foi observada somente nos bodes Saanen. Em ambas as raças, as concentrações de T3 e T4 variaram (P<0,01) conforme o dia da coleta das amostras de sangue. O EC foi suficiente para produzir uma resposta fisiológica com redução das concentrações plasmáticas de T3 em bodes das raças Saanen, mas não da raça Alpina, assim como não foi capaz de alterar os níveis plasmáticos de testosterona e nem de T4.

To verify the effect of heat stress (HS) on plasma testosterone, triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) concentrations, eight Saanen (n=4) and Alpine Brown (n=4) bucks were kept in climate chamber under thermal neutral conditions (13.0ºC to 26.7ºC) for 30 days. After a resting period (60 days), the same bucks were submitted to heat stress (23.7ºC to 34.0ºC) for another 30 days. To neutralize the seasonal variations of hormonal profiles throughout the period, the photoperiod was controlled every 30 days altering long (16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness) and short days (8 hours of light and 16 hours of darkness). The blood samples were collected twice a week during five weeks. In both breeds, there was no effect of HS (P>0.05) on plasma concentrations of testosterone (1.8±0.2 vs 1.3±0.2ng/ml) and T4 (52.7±2.8 vs 50.0±2.8ng/ml). There was a decline (P<0.01) of plasma T3 concentrations (1.3±0.1 vs 1.0±0.1ng/ml) after HS treatment, but this reduction was only evident in Saanen bucks. In both breeds, the plasma concentrations of T3 and T4 varied (P<0.01) according to the day of blood sample collection. The HS was sufficient to provoke a physiological response with reduction of plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones mainly of T3 in Saanen bucks, but not in Alpine ones. The HS did not affect the plasma testosterone and T4 levels.

Seasonal Variations in the Morphometric Characteristics of the Pubertal West African Dwarf Buck in its Native Tropical Environment / Variaciones Estacionales en las Características Morfométricas de la Cabra Enana Púber Macho del Oeste Africano en su Medio Ambiente Nativo Tropical

The effects of season on the morphometric characteristics of the reproductive organs of the pubertal West African Dwarf buck in its native humid tropical environment were investigated. All morphometric characteristics as well as the derivations from both testicular and epididymal morphometry were unaffected by season (p<0.05). There were however, highly significant correlations (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001) between body weight and testicular as well as epididymal morphometry. The results also showed that both testicular and epididymal morphometric characteristics in the pubertal buck are highly predictable from body weight and as such lend ground for the early selection of good sires from records of their growth rate. The non effect of season on both testicular and epididymal morphometry in this work generally demonstrates that there might be no restricted breeding season for the West African dwarf buck in its native humid tropical environment.

Se estudiaron los efectos que tiene la estación sobre las características morfométricas de los órganos reproductivos de la cabra enana macho del Oeste africano en su medio ambiente tropical húmedo. Todas las características morfométricas, como también las derivaciones de la morfología de ambos testículos y espidídimos, no fueron afectadas por la estación (p<0.05). Sin embargo, hubo, correlaciones altamente significativas (p<0.05, p<0.01 y p<0.01) entre el peso del cuerpo y del testículo así como la morfometría epididimaria. Los resultados también mostraron que las características morfométricas del testículo y epidídimo en la cabra enana macho púber son altamente predecibles, conociendo el peso del cuerpo, lo que permitiría una temprana selección de buenos padres sementales a partir del registro de sus rasgos de crecimiento. La ausencia de efectos estacionales sobre la morfometría del testículo y epidídimo que se observó en este trabajo, demostró que allí no debería restringirse la época de cría de la cabra enana del Oeste africano en su ambiente nativo tropical.

Direct Repair of the Defect in Spondylolysis / 대한척추외과학회지

STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective study analysing the results of Buck's operation for spondylolysis. PURPOSE: To analyze the results of Buck`s methods as a treatment for symptomatic spondylolysis clinically and radiographically. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 1992 and March 1999, 12 patients with symptomatic spondylolysis were treated with Buck`s method. Surgical indication was 1)under 30 years of age, 2) patients with intractable low back pain without sciatica who did not response to conservative treatment for over 6 months, 3) without disc degeneration in lumbar MRI, 4) without instability in lateral flexion-extension view. The average age was 23 years and the follow-up periods ranged from 12 months to 54 months, mean 25 months. We confirmed union of defect and loosening or breakage of screws in preoperative, postoperative and the final radiographs, and in bone SPECT. And we analyzed symptomatic improvement by subjective assessment guidelines of Henderson clinically. RESULTS: Radiologically, union of defect by trabeculation was seen in 8 patients, in 2 patients unilaterally. In bone SPECT, union of defect was seen in 5 cases among 7 cases postoperatively. Average periods of union were 3.1 months(2.5-6.2 months). There was no loosening of screws, but in 1 patient breakage of screws and nonunion was seen 8 months postoperatively. Clinically, 10 patients(83.3%) were rated as excellent or good-5 patients excellent, 5 patients good-according to subjective assessment guidelines of Henderson. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that Buck's operation, one of the method of treatment of spondylolysis is simple and has low complication rate. We concluded that it is satisfactory to use Buck's operation in young patients with symptomatic spondylolysis.

Clinical Experience of Buck's Operation in Sondylolysis / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Most patients who have spondylolysis dont's need surgical treatment. However, for the patients who have no response to conservative treatment, surgical treatment may be indicated. In 1970, Buck reported the operative technique that the used two screws between the pars defect and lamina followed by bone graft. In patients who have spondyloysis, pain in the back seems to be due to instability and irritation of nerve root by the abnormal motion of the loose neural arch and granulation tissue. For period of 7 years from May, 1984 to March, 1991, twelve patients with spondyloysis who had no response to conservative treatment were treated with Buck's operation and were analyzed. Following results were obtained: 1. The age of the patients was 24 years in average ranging from 14 to 40 years. 2. The level of the lesion was L5 in 10 cases, L4 in 2 cases. 3. Preoperative clinical feature included low back pain in 12 cases, refered pain in 2 cases. 4. Clinical sympotoms were improved in 83%, and the follow up result of the operation: excellent 16.7%, good 66.6% and poor 16.7%.