Mechanism of regulatory effect of recombinant human HMGB1 on endothelial cell angiogenesis / 器官移植

Objective To unravel the possible mechanism of the role of recombinant human high mobility group box 1 (rhHMGB1) protein in regulating the angiogenesis of endothelial cells. Methods Endothelial cells were divided into the control group, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) supernatant group and rhHMGB1 group. The proliferation and survival of endothelial cells were detected by cell counting kit(CCK)-8 assay. The relative expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Yes-associated protein (YAP), CD31 and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α proteins were determined by Western blot. The relative expression levels of VEGF, YAP, CD31 and HIF-1α messenger RNA (mRNA) were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The migration ability of endothelial cells was assessed by Transwell chamber test. The localization of YAP was detected by immunofluorescence staining. Results Compared with the control group, the migration rate of endothelial cells was increased in the rhHMGB1 group (P < 0.05), and the cell migration rate was enhanced over time. Compared with the control group, the relative expression levels of VEGF and p-YAP proteins were up-regulated in the MSC supernatant group, and the differences were statistically significant (both P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the relative expression levels of VEGF and HIF-1α proteins, VEGF and CD31 mRNA and YAP and p-YAP proteins were up-regulated, and YAP/p-YAP ratio was increased in the rhHMGB1 group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Compared with the MSC supernatant group, the relative expression levels of CD31 mRNA and YAP protein were up-regulated, and the YAP/p-YAP ratio was increased in the rhHMGB1 group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Conclusions Exogenous high-concentration rhHMGB1 may promote the migration ability of endothelial cells and up-regulate the expression levels of angiogenesis-related proteins by regulating the recruitment of YAP to the nucleus.

Is Atrophic Nonunion a Misnomer - A Hospital-based Prospective Cross-Sectional Study / Pseudoartrose atrófica é um termo incorreto? - Um estudo hospitalar transversal prospectivo

Abstract Objective The present study was conducted to estimate histologically the proportion of avascularity of fracture ends in case of nonunion of long bones. Methods A total of 15 cases of established quiescent nonunion were operated according to the standard protocol and the fracture ends were evaluated histologically. The biopsied tissue was briefly fixed with formalin, embedded with paraffin (FFPE), and 5-micron sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin according to standard protocols. Immunohistochemistry with anti-CD31 antibody (JC70A clone, DBS) was performed manually using standard protocols. Results All cases of quiescent nonunion were included; radiologically, 2 cases were oligotrophic, and 13 cases were of atrophic nonunion. A total of 20% of the patients were females, 40% were in the age group between 31and 40 years old, and, radiologically, all cases were of atrophic nonunion. All cases showed positivity for CD-31 on immunohistochemistry. The blood vessel density was category I in 13.33% of the cases and category II in 86.67% of the cases. Four cases presented with mild inflammation and two presented with moderate inflammation. The average vessel count was 10 per high power field in the age groups between 20 and 30, 31 and 40, and 41and 50 years old. The age group between 61 and 70 years old showed an average vessel count of 4 per high power field. The difference in the vessel counts of oligotrophic and atrophic nonunion was not significant. No correlation was observed in the density of vessel count and duration of nonunion Conclusion The nomenclature for the classification of nonunion into atrophic, oligotrophic, and hypertrophic needs revision. Our findings do not support that atrophic and oligotrophic nonunion are histologically different.

Resumo Objetivo O presente estudo estimou a proporção de avascularidade histológica das extremidades das fraturas em caso de pseudoartrose de ossos longos. Métodos No total, 15 casos de pseudoartrose quiescente estabelecida foram operados de acordo com o protocolo padrão e as extremidades da fratura foram avaliadas histologicamente. Em resumo, o tecido biopsiado foi fixado em formalina e embebido em parafina (FFPE); secções de 5 mícrons foram coradas com hematoxilina e eosina de acordo com os protocolos padrões. A imunohistoquímica com anticorpo anti-CD31 (clone JC70A, DBS) foi realizada manualmente segundo protocolos padrões. Resultados Todos os casos de pseudoartrose quiescente foram incluídos; 2 eram de pseudoartrose oligotrófica e 13 eram de pseudoartrose atrófica à radiologia. Destes, 20% eram de pacientes do sexo feminino, 40% de indivíduos entre 31 e 40 anos de idade e todos os casos eram de pseudoartrose atrófica à radiologia. Todos os casos eram positivos para CD-31 à imunohistoquímica. A densidade dos vasos sanguíneos era de categoria I em 13,33% dos casos e de categoria II em 86,67%. Quatro casos apresentavam inflamação branda e dois apresentavam inflamação moderada. O número médio de vasos era de 10 por campo de alta potência na faixa etária de 20 a 30, de 31 a 40 e de 41 a 50 anos. A faixa etária de 61 a 70 anos apresentava, em média, 4 vasos por campo de alta potência. A diferença nos números de vasos em pseudoarthroses oligotróficas e atróficas não foi significativa. Não houve correlação entre a densidade de vasos e a duração da pseudoartrose. Conclusão A nomenclatura de classificação da pseudoartrose em atrófica, oligotrófica e hipertrófica precisa ser revista. Nossos achados não indicam que a pseudoartrose atrófica e oligotrófica sejam histologicamente diferentes.

Inhibitory Effect of Duanteng Yimu Decoction on Pannus Formation in Mice with Collagen-induced Arthritis Based on VEGF Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the mechanism of Duanteng Yimu decoction （DTYM） in the inhibition of pannus formation in collagen-induced arthritis （CIA） mice. Method:Twenty-four SPF-grade DBA/1 male mice were randomly divided into the following four groups： a blank group （NC group）， a model group （CIA group）， a methotrexate group （MTX group）， and a DTYM group， with six mice in each group. The mice， except for those in the NC group， were modeled. From the second immunization， the medium， MTX （1 mg·kg^-1）， and DTYM （15.4 g·kg^-1） were administered at an equal volume by gavage for 35 days. Mice were observed for general condition and the arthritis index. The knee and ankle joints were scanned by microcomputed tomography （micro CT）. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） and safranin O/fast green staining were performed to observe pathological changes. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 （CD31）， vascular endothelial growth factor-<italic>α</italic> （VEGF-<italic>α</italic>）， vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 （VEGFR2）， and phosphorylated（p）-VEGFR2. Result:Compared with the NC group， the CIA group showed red and swollen ankle joints， increased arthritis index scores （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）， manifest injury in the knee and ankle joints， reduced cartilage thickness， elevated Micro CT bone destruction scores of knee and ankle joints （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， and up-regulated absorbance values of synovial CD31， VEGF-<italic>α</italic>， VEGFR2， and p-VEGFR2 （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Compared with the CIA group， the DTYM group showed relieved ankle joint redness and swelling， reduced arthritis index scores of mice three weeks after administration （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）， intact joint surfaces of the knee and ankle joints， thickened cartilage， declining Micro CT bone destruction scores in both the knee and ankle joints （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）， and lowered absorbance values of CD31， VEGF-<italic>α</italic>， VEGFR2， and p-VEGFR2 in the synovium （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Conclusion:DTYM can inhibit the pannus formation in CIA mice presumedly by regulating the VEGF pathway.

Comparison of the efficiency of transgelin, smooth muscle myosin, and CD31 antibodies for the assessment of vascular tumor invasion and free tumor deposits in gastric, pancreatic, and colorectal adenocarcinomas

Background: This study aimed to compare CD31, smooth muscle myosin (SMM), and transgelin antibodies for their efficiency in detecting venous invasion (VI) and the nature of free tumor deposits (TDs) in gastric, pancreatic, and colorectal adenocarcinomas. Materials and Methods: Eleven Whipple, 5 gastrectomy, and 3 colectomy specimens and 1 low anterior resection specimen were reviewed and examined, revealing 254 probable foci. Foci were reviewed and divided into 3 types: Type A, the “orphan artery” pattern; Type F, free TDs in the periorgan adipose and connective tissue without an unaccompanied artery; and Type X, a focus that could be detected only with the immunohistochemical procedures mentioned. Results: No foci were positive for CD31. Transgelin staining was more sensitive than SMM staining in all focus types, Type A only and Type F only (P < 0.001, P = 0.001, and P = 0.10, respectively). In free TDs (Type F), 35.7% of the samples were negative for all four stains, and 64.2% of the samples were positive for SMM and transgelin. We did not make the distinction between a metastatic lymph node and VI in positive foci. Conclusion: We conclude that hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) staining is inadequate and that smooth muscle markers, such as transgelin and/or SMM, are more effective than endothelial markers, such as CD31, in revealing VI and lymph node/large extramural invasion.

Retiform hemangioendothelioma: An uncommon vascular neoplasm

Retiform hemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular neoplasm of intermediate grade, the diagnosis of which can be challenging. We report a case of 35-year-old man with swelling in the postauricular region. He had undergone FNAC which had revealed blood only. Microscopic examination showed narrow, arborizing, vascular channels resembling normal rete testis. Evidence of mitoses or cytological atypia were lacking. Immunohistochemistry showed diffuse and strong staining for CD34 along with CD31 positivity. Immunostains for D240 and GLUT1 were negative. A diagnosis of retiform hemangioendothelioma was made. Histologically, it should be distinguished from Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma, Dabska tumor, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma, and angiosarcoma.

The anti-liver fibrosis effect of Kangxian Ruangan prescription: A cell study based on hepatic sinusoidal capillarization / 临床肝胆病杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the anti-liver fibrosis effect and mechanism of action of Kangxian Ruangan prescription based on hepatic sinusoidal capillarization. MethodsA total of 16 male Wistar rats were divided into Kangxian Ruangan prescription group and control group, with 8 rats in each group. The rats in the Kangxian Ruangan prescription group were given crude drug 40 g/kg body weight by gavage, and those in the control group were given normal saline by gavage. Serum containing Kangxian Ruangan prescription was prepared, and then primary liver sinusoidal endothelial cells were treated with the serum containing Kangxian Ruangan prescription or the control serum. Western blot was used to measure the protein expression of the vascular endothelial markers cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) and von Willebrand factor (vWF), and immunocytochemistry was used to measure the expression of CD31 and vWF in cells. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the change in the fenestrae of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. The t-test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups. ResultsKangxian Ruangan prescription had no marked influence on the morphology of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. The liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in the control group had a small number of narrow fenestrae with an occluded structure, while those in the Kangxian Ruangan prescription group had an increased number of large fenestrae with a clear structure. The results of immunocytochemistry showed that compared with the control group, the Kangxian Ruangan prescription group had significant reductions in the expression of CD31 (0.069±0015 vs 0.115±0.011, t=4.257, P＜0.05) and vWF (0.092±0.009 vs 0.132±0.014, t=4.274, P＜0.05). The results of Western blot showed that compared with the control group, the Kangxian Ruangan prescription group had significant reductions in the protein expression of CD31 (0.334±0.029 vs 0.448±0.013, t=6.245, P＜0.01) and vWF (0.560±0.047 vs 0709±0.045, t=3.966, P＜0.05). ConclusionKangxian Ruangan prescription can significantly resist hepatic sinusoid capillarization and thus prevent the progression of liver fibrosis.

Study on synergistic anti-tumor effect of Shuangdan Capsules combined with 5-FU on hepatocellular carcinoma cells Huh-7 and xenograft mice / 中国中药杂志

This paper discussed the synergistic anti-tumor effect of Shuangdan Capsules combined with 5-fluorouracil(5-FU) on human liver cancer cell line Huh-7 and tumor bearing mice. The effects of Shuangdan Capsules combined with 5-FU on the activity and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) receptor protein expression of Huh-7 cells were investigated, and the effects of drug combination on tube formation of HUVEC cell were also verified. In addition, the mice model of Huh-7 was established to observe the anti-tumor effect of drug combination and the distribution of tumor blood flow in tumor bearing mice by using molecular imaging. HPLC analysis showed that Shuangdan Capsules mainly consisted of danshensusodium, protocatechuic aldehyde, paeoniflorin, rosmarinic acid, alkannic acid, salvianolic acid B, and paeonol. In MTT experiment, the inhibition rate of Shuangdan Capsules(20 mg·L~(-1)) and 5-FU(1 μmol·L~(-1)) on Huh-7 cells was 60%, and the CI value was 0.59, suggesting that these two drugs had synergistic anti-hepatoma cells effect. The expression of VEGF receptor in Huh-7 cells was inhibited by the combination of these two drugs. In addition, the process of HUVEC was slow, and the number, length and area of the lumen branches decreased significantly. In vivo, Shuangdan Capsules combined with 5-FU inhibited the growth and prolongation of survival of Huh-7 cells in subcutaneous transplanted tumor nude mice; serum expression of CD31 and VEGF in nude mice were decreased, while caspase-3 was increased. Meanwhile, the drug combination significantly inhibited the expressions of MMP2 and VEGF in tumor tissues. Ultrasound showed that Shuangdan Capsules combined with 5-FU also inhibited tumor angiogenesis and reduced blood flow of tumor tissue. The results showed that Shuangdan Capsules combined with 5-FU may inhibit tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting VEGF and MMP2 expressions, thereby blocking tumor growth.

Effects of ginsenoside Rg3 on epidermal cells and angiogenesis in impaired diabetic wound rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim: To explore the repair mechanism of ginsenoside Rg3 in treating the impaired diabetic wound from improving the vulnerability of diabetic skin of rats. Methods: Male SD rats (n = 32) were injected intraperitoneally streptozotocin to induce hyperglycemia, except for the rats of control group (n = 8). Diabetic rats were randomly divided into model group (equal volume of saline), aminoguanidine group (10 mg · kg-1), ginsenoside Rg3 high dose (15 mg · kg-1) and low group (5 mg · kg-1). After four weeks of oral gavage treatment, full-thickness wound was established. On 21st day after injury, wound samples were collected to observe the pathological changes in wound; the thickness of epidermis and dermis was measured by HE staining; and the epidermal cell proliferation cycle was analysed by flow cytometry; the expression of CD31 in wound tissues was detected by immunohistochemical and image analytical methods. Results: Ginsenoside Rg3 groups showed significantly more fibroblasts, necrotic tissue drops and advanced epithelial, and thickening of epidermis and dermis (P < 0. 01). Model group showed significant increase in G0/G1 phase ratio of epidermal cell cycle (P <0. 01), while reduction in G2/M and S period ratios (P < 0. 01). However, G0/G1 period ratio decreased, while G2/M and S period ratios rose in aminoguanidine group, ginsenoside Rg3 high dose and low dose groups. The decrease of G0/G1 period ratio (P < 0. 05) and increase in G2/M (P <0. 05) and S period ratios (P <0. 01) was found to be significant. The expressions of CD31 in model group was lower than those in control group (P<0. 01). Whereas, it was higher in ginsenoside Rg3 high dose group and aminoguanidine group (P < 0. 05). Conclusions: Ginsenoside Rg3 can effectively promote the repair and healing of impaired diabetic wound. The various mechanisms of repair might be through improving skin pathology, regulating epidermal cell proliferation cycle and promoting angiogenesis.

Relationship between platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 and leiomodin 1 gene polymorphisms and carotid plaque vulnerability / 中国脑血管病杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule I (PEC AMI )/leiomodin 1 ( LMOD1 ) gene polymorphism loci and the risk of carotid plaque vulnerability in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods Ischemic stroke patients with carotid plaque admitted to Beijing Tiantan Hospital from May 2014 to October 2017 were enrolled prospectively. The demographic data and relevant clinical information were collected Carotid artery high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to distinguish vulnerable and stable plaques. The patients were enrolled in vulnerable plaque group and stable plaque group in turn. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used. The TaqMan probe was use to conduct genotyping and statistical analysis of the PECAM1 ,LMOD1 gene polymorphism loci rsl 867624 and rs2820315 in the vulnerable plaque group and the stable plaque group. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors affecting the vulnerability of carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Results A total of 270 ischemic stroke patients with carotid plaque were enrolled, including 189 with vulnerable plaques and 81 with stable plaques. The polymorphism analysis of the PECAM1 gene locus rsl867624 in the two groups showed that the allele T was a vulnerable plaque risk gene,and its gene frequency in the vulnerable plaque group and the stable plaque group was 87. 3% (330/378) and 79. 6% (129/162;OR, 1.759,95% CI 1.080 -2.864 respectively,P = 0. 022). Analysis of the LM0D1 gene SNP locus rs2820315 showed that allele C was a risk gene for vulnerable plaques,and its gene frequency in the vulnerable plaque group and the stable plaque group was 87.6% (331/378) and 80.9% respectively (13I/I62;0tf, I. 667,95% CI 1. 014 -2. 738, P =0. 042). Logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR, 1.069,95% CI 1.022-1. 118, P = 0.004 ),PECAM1 gene rsl867624 locus T/T genotype (OR, 2.202,95% CI 1. 035 -4. 688 tP =0. 041) ,and LMODl gene rs2820315 locus C/C genotype ( OR,2. 199,95% CI 1. 005 -4. 809 , P =0.048) were the risk factors for the formation of vulnerable plaques. Conclusion The single nucleotide polymorphism locus rsl867624 of PECAM1 gene and single nucleotide polymorphism locus rs2820315 of LMODl gene were associated with carotid plaque vulnerability.

Effect of Modified Si Junzitang on Angiogenesis of H22 Tumor-bearing Mice / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of modified Si Junzitang on angiogenesis in transplanted tumor of H22 tumor-bearing mice. Method:The effect of modified Si Junzitang on tumor inhibition and growth of peripheral blood vessels in tumor-bearing mice was observed by tumorigenesis experiment in mice. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to detect the distribution of blood vessels and the expression of vascular endothelial markers (CD31) in tumor-bearing mice. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in tumor tissue. Result:The inhibition rates of modified Sijunzi Tang in low-dose group (ig, 11.83 mg·kg-1·d-1), middle-dose group (ig, 23.66 mg·kg-1·d-1) and high-dose group (ig, 47.32 mg·kg-1·d-1) were 29.97%, 59.80%and 82.34%, respectively. Compared with the model group, the average tumor weight was lower in middle and high-dose groups, with statistically significant differences (PPPα in middle and high-dose modified Si Junzitang groups were lower than those in the model group (PConclusion:Modified Si Junzitang can inhibit the tumor growth of H22 tumor-bearing mice and the angiogenesis of transplanted tumors, which may be related to the reduction of TNF-α, VEGF and VEGFR2 expression levels.

Difference in expression of lymphatic markers D2-40 and Prox1 between angiokeratoma corporis diffusum and angioma serpiginosum / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective@#To investigate the significance of lymphatic markers in the differential diagnosis of angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (ACD) and angioma serpiginosum (AS) .@*Methods@#Totally, 9 patients with ACD and 6 with AS were enrolled from Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital between 2006 and 2017, and their clinical and histopathological features were retrospectively analyzed. Skin sections from all the patients were stained for CD31, D2-40 and Prox1.@*Results@#In the 9 patients with ACD, abnormal vessels were weakly positive or negative for CD31, and positive for Prox1. Endothelial cells in abnormal vessels were locally positive for D2-40 in 4 patients with ACD, but negative for D2-40 in the other 5 patients. In the 6 patients with AS, the endothelia of hyperplastic small vessels were positive for CD31, but negative for D2-40 and Prox1.@*Conclusion@#The clinical features of a few patients with ACD are similar to those of patients with AS, and lymphatic markers have definite significance in the differential diagnosis of the two diseases.

T cell receptor rearrangement excision circles ( TRECs) and CD31+ regulatory T cells for assessing recent thymic output in patients with chronic hepatitis B / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of combined detection of T cell receptor rear-rangement excision circles ( TRECs) and CD31+ regulatory T ( Treg) cells for accessing the recent thymic output in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Methods Four groups involving 135 subjects were set up in this study as follows: mild chronic hepatitis B ( Mild CHB, n=35 ) , moderate chronic hepatitis B ( Moderate CHB, n=35 ) , severe chronic hepatitis B ( Severe CHB, n=35 ) and healthy control ( HCs, n=30 ) groups. CD4+CD25+Treg cells in these subjects were sorted out using magnetic cell separation. The ratio of peripheral CD31+Treg cells to Treg cells in each group was analyzed by flow cytometry. Real-time PCR was performed to detect TRECs in CD4+CD25+Treg cells. The percentages of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+T cell sub-sets were also measured. Results The ratios of CD31+Treg/Treg cells and the numbers of TRECs in pe-ripheral blood of the Moderate CHB and Severe CHB groups were significantly lower than those of the Mild CHB and HCs groups (P<0. 05), while no statistical difference was found between the mild CHB and HC groups (P>0. 05). No significant difference in the percentages of CD3+, CD4+ or CD8+ T cell subsets was observed between the four groups (P>0. 05). CD31+ Treg/Treg cell ratio had a positive correlation with the number of TRECs (r=0. 551, P=0. 014). Conclusions Both CD31+Treg/Treg cell ratio and the number of TRECs were reduced in the peripheral blood of patients with moderate or severe CHB. CD31+Treg/Treg cell ratio and the number of TRECs were positively correlated and could be used as new indices to evaluate recent thymus output.

Polydeoxyribonucleotides Improve Diabetic Wound Healing in Mouse Animal Model for Experimental Validation

BACKGROUND: Wound healing mechanisms is believed to have effects similar to wound healing disorders in diabetic patients, including abnormal inflammatory cells, angiogenesis disorders, and reduced collagen synthesis. Therefore, reestablishment of structural and promoted angiogenesis could be beneficial to promote wound healing process. OBJECTIVE: Therefore, we investigated whether the polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) that was self-production in Korea, could be useful as an intradermal injection for promoting wound healing. Also, we validate for wound healing effect of PDRN using healing-impaired (db/db) mice. METHODS: In this study, we confirmed the effects of PDRN by creating wound models in in vitro and in vivo model. Using an in vitro wound healing assay, we observed that PDRN stimulated closure of wounded monolayers of human fibroblast cells. PDRN (8.25 mg/ml) or phosphate-buffered saline (0.9% NaCl) was injected once daily into the dermis adjacent to the wound for 12 days after skin injury. RESULTS: Time course observations revealed that mice treated with PDRN showed accelerated wound closure and epidermal and dermal regeneration, enhanced angiogenesis. The wound area and depth decreased at 3, 6, 9, and 12 days after skin injury. Histological evaluation showed an increase of vascular endothelial growth factor, CD31, and collagen fibers in the PDRN group compared with the control group, indicating that PDRN was effective in the treatment of delayed wound healing caused by diabetes. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that our PDRN has a wound healing effect in transgenic animal models with cells and diabetes through angiogenesis.

Garlicin Post-Conditioning Suppresses Adhesion Molecules in a Porcine Model of Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To evaluate whether garlicin post-conditioning can attenuate myocardial ischemiareperfusion injury in a catheter-based porcine model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by affecting adhesion molecules integrin β1/CD29 and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31).@*METHODS@#Twenty-two swine were devided into 3 groups: 6 in a sham-operation group, and 8 each in the model and garlicin groups. AMI porcine model was established in the model and garlicin groups. The distal parts of the left anterior descending coronary artery in the animals of the model and garlicin groups were occluded by dilated balloon for 2 h, followed by reperfusion for 3 h. Garlicin (1.88 mg/kg) was injected over a period of 1 h, beginning just before reperfusion, in the garlicin group. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and Western blot were carried out to detect mRNA and protein expressions of CD29 and CD31 3 h after reperfusion.@*RESULTS@#Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed a better myocardial structure in the garlicin group after reperfusion. Compared to the model group, garlicin inhibited both the mRNA and protein expression of CD29 and CD31 in reperfusion area and no-reflflow area (P<0.05 respectively).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Garlicin post-conditioning induced cardio-protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in this catheter-based porcine model of AMI. The cardio-protective effect of garlicin is possibly owing to suppression of production of CD29 and CD31, by inhibition of the mRNA expression of CD29 and CD31.

Study on Anti-synovial Angiogenesis Mechanism of Licorice and Aconite Decoction in the Treatment of Adjuvant Arthritis Model Mice / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the therapeutic effect of Licorice and aconite decoction in the treatment of adjuvant arthritis （AA） model mice through anti-synovial angiogenesis pathway. METHODS： Totally 48 male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into normal group， model group， Licorice and aconite decoction group and tripterygium glycosides group （positive drug group）， with 12 mice in each group. Except for normal group， AA model was established by intradermal injection of Freund’s complete adjuvant into the left hind toe of mice. 12 d after modeling， normal group and model group were given same volume of water intragastrically； Licorice and aconite decoction group （7.8 g/kg，by total amount of crude drug） and tripterygium glycosides group （0.01 g/kg） were given relevant medicine 20 mL/kg intragastrically， once a day， for consecutive 18 d. The joint lesions of mice were observed and recorded， and the foot swelling degree of mice was measured by water volume method. HE staining was used to observe the pathological change of ankle joint in mice. The protein levels of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 （CD31） and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） were determined by immunofluorescence assay. The protein expressions of nuclear factor κB（NF-κB） and zinc finger transcription factor GATA4 （GATA4） were detected by Western blotting assay. RESULTS： Compared with normal group， ankle joint of model group mice was markedly reddened and swollen， and foot swelling degree increased significantly （P＜0.05）. Synovial tissue of ankle joint proliferated， pannus increased significantly， and a large number of inflammatory cells and joint erosion were observed. The protein expression of CD31， VEGF， NF-κB and GATA4 in synovial tissue of mice were increased significantly （P＜0.05）. Compared with model group， the redness and swelling of ankle joint in mice were alleviated， and the foot swelling degree was significantly reduced in Licorice and aconite decoction group （P＜0.05）. Pannus in synovial tissue decreased and other pathological symptoms were improved. The protein expression of CD31， VEGF， NF-κB and GATA4 were decreased significantly in synovial tissue （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS： Licorice and aconite decoction can decrease the protein expression of VEGF，NF-κB and GATA4 in synovial tissue， reduce the generation of pannus in synovial tissue and effectively inhibit the angiogenesis in synovial tissue so as to prevent bone destruction and protect joint of AA model mice.

Effects of human erythropoietin on transforming growth factor β1/Smad3 signal transduction pathway in acute wounds of rats / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective@#To explore the effects of human erythropoietin (hEPO) on healing related transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad3 signal transduction pathway in acute wounds of rats.@*Methods@#Seventy-two healthy Sprague Dawley rats were divided into normal saline control group, low dose group, middle dose group, and high dose group according to the random number table, with 18 rats in each group, after round acute wounds with diameter of 2.5 cm were inflicted on the back of rats. Rats in the 4 groups had debridement routinely. Wounds of rats in normal saline control group were covered by gauzes infiltrated with 1 mL normal saline, while wounds of rats in low dose group, middle dose group, and high dose group were respectively covered by gauze infiltrated with 1 mL hEPO in doses of 50, 100, and 150 U every day, and then the wounds were bandaged with 6 layers of dry gauze. Dressing change was performed once every day. On treatment day (TD) 3, 7, and 14, 6 rats from each group were taken for general observation and calculation of wound healing rate. Then the wound tissue samples were harvested after the rats were sacrificed for observation of expressions of CD31 and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) with immunohistochemical method. Protein expression of phosphorylated Smad3 of the wound tissue of 3 rats were detected by Western blotting. Data were processed with analysis of variance of factorial design, one-way analysis of variance, least-significant difference test, and Bonferroni correction.@*Results@#(1) On TD 3, obvious exudation and scab were observed in the wounds of rats in the 4 groups. On TD 7, the wounds of rats in low dose group, middle dose group, and high dose group were reduced compared with those in normal saline control group. On TD 14, all wounds of rats in the 4 groups were healed. On TD 7, the wound healing rates of rats in middle dose group and high dose group were significantly higher than the rate in normal saline control group (P<0.01). At the other time points, the wound healing rates of rats in the 4 groups were close (P>0.05). (2) CD31 mainly expressed in blood vessels. Except for those in low dose group on TD 3 and 7 (P>0.05), the expressions of CD31 in wound tissue of rats in low dose group on TD 14 and in middle dose group and high dose group on TD 3, 7, and 14 were significantly higher than those in normal saline control group (P<0.01). Except for those on TD 3 (P>0.05), the expressions of CD31 in wound tissue of rats in middle dose group and high dose group on TD 7 and 14 were significantly higher than those in low dose group (P<0.01). Except for that on TD 3 (P>0.05), the expressions of CD31 in wound tissue of rats in high dose group on TD 7 and 14 were significantly higher than those in middle dose group (P<0.01). (3) Except for that in low dose group on TD 3 (1.9±0.7, P>0.05), the expressions of TGF-β1 in wound tissue of rats in low dose group on TD 7 and 14 (3.3±1.0, 3.7±0.7), and in middle dose group and high dose group on TD 3, 7, and 14 (3.3±1.0, 3.6±1.0, 3.9±0.9, 3.4±0.7, 3.8±0.8, 4.2±0.4) were significantly higher than those in normal saline control group (1.7±0.5, 2.7±1.0, 3.0±0.9, P<0.01). Except for those on TD 7 (P>0.05), the expressions of TGF-β1 in wound tissue of rats in middle dose group and high dose group on TD 3 and 14 were significantly higher than those in low dose group (P<0.01). Except for that on TD 14 (P<0.01), the expressions of TGF-β1 in wound tissue of rats in high dose group on TD 3 and 7 were close to those in middle dose group (P>0.05). (4) Except for those in low dose group on TD 3 and 14 and in middle dose group and high dose group on TD 14 (P>0.05), the protein expressions of phosphorylated Smad3 in wound tissue of rats in the 3 groups at the other time points were significantly higher than those in normal saline control group (P<0.01). Except for those on TD 14 (P>0.05), the protein expressions of phosphorylated Smad3 in wound tissue of rats in middle dose group and high dose group on TD 3 and 7 were significantly higher than those in low dose group (P<0.01). Except for that on TD 14 (P>0.05), the protein expressions of phosphorylated Smad3 in wound tissue of rats in high dose group on TD 3 and 7 were significantly lower than those in middle dose group (P<0.01).@*Conclusions@#Exogenous hEPO can increase the expressions of CD31, TGF-β1, and phosphorylated Smad3 in acute wounds of rats, promote angiogenesis of wounds, and activate TGF-β1/Smad3 signal transduction pathway to promote wound healing.

Effects of exogenous high mobility group protein box 1 on angiogenesis in ischemic zone of early scald wounds of rats / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective@#To observe effects of exogenous high mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB1) on angiogenesis in ischemic zone of early scald wounds of rats.@*Methods@#Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into HMGB1 group and simple scald (SS) group according to the random number table, with 18 rats in each group. Comb-like copper mould was placed on the back of rats for 20 s after being immersed in 100 ℃ hot water for 3 to 5 min to make three ischemic zones of wound. Immediately after scald, rats in HMGB1 group were subcutaneously injected with 0.4 μg HMGB1 and 0.1 mL phosphate buffer solution (PBS), and rats in SS group were subcutaneously injected with 0.1 mL PBS from boarders of ischemic zone of scald wound. At post scald hour (PSH) 24, 48, and 72, 6 rats in each group were collected. Protein expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in ischemic zone of wound at PSH 24, 48, and 72 and protein expressions of CD31 in ischemic zone of wound at PSH 48 and 72 were detected by immunohistochemistry. The number of microvessel in CD31 immunohistochemical sections of ischemic zone of wound at PSH 48 and 72 was calculated after observing by the microscope. The mRNA expressions of VEGF and CD31 in ischemic zone of wound were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction at PSH 24, 48, and 72. Data were processed with analysis of variance of factorial design, t test, and Bonferroni correction.@*Results@#(1) At PSH 24, 48, and 72, protein expressions of VEGF in ischemic zone of wound of rats in HMGB1 group were significantly higher than those of rats in SS group (t=7.496, 4.437, 5.402, P<0.05 or P<0.01). At PSH 48 and 72, protein expressions of CD31 in ischemic zone of wound of rats in HMGB1 group were 0.038 8±0.007 9 and 0.057 7±0.001 2 respectively, significantly higher than 0.013 4±0.004 9 and 0.030 3±0.004 0 of rats in SS group (t=10.257, 15.055, P<0.01). (2) At PSH 48 and 72, the number of microvessel in ischemic zone of wound of rats in HMGB1 group was obviously more than that of rats in SS group (t=3.536, 4.000, P<0.05). (3) At PSH 24, 48, and 72, mRNA expressions of VEGF in ischemic zone of wound of rats in HMGB1 group were significantly higher than those of rats in SS group (t=4.406, 3.821, 3.356, P<0.05). At PSH 24 and 48, mRNA expressions of CD31 in ischemic zone of wound of rats in HMGB1 group were significantly higher than those of rats in SS group (t=4.113, 3.466, P<0.05). At PSH 72, mRNA expressions of CD31 in ischemic zone of wound of rats in 2 groups were close (t=0.010, P>0.05).@*Conclusions@#Exogenous HMGB1 can promote angiogenesis in ischemic zone of early scald wounds of rats by increasing expressions of VEGF and CD31.

Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into red blood cells / 生物工程学报

At present, the experimental technique to produce human red blood cells in vitro is complicated, and in order to optimize the induction steps, human pluripotent stem cells were differentiated into red blood cells through two induction steps. First, human pluripotent stem cells (including Rh negative A type umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCRh-A) and human iPS cells (hiPS)) were differentiated into CD31+ and CD34+ cells in BVF medium. PCR and flow cytometry were used to exam the expression of CD31 and CD34. We found that hUCMSCRh-A derived CD31+ and CD34+ cells were 5.3% and 22.7%, respectively; hiPS derived CD31+ and CD34+ cells were 31.2% and 8.2%, respectively. For the second induction step, the obtained CD31+ and CD34+ cells were differentiated into mature erythrocytes for 36 days under the addition of various growth factors. Through Giemsa staining, we found that the obtained mature erythrocytes were similar in morphology and size to normal human erythrocytes, and some obtained erythrocytes were enucleated. Globin expression was detected by real time RT-PCR, and the expression of β-globin was more than 20%. The obtained erythrocytes are collected into the centrifuge tube, and then erythrocytes were naturally settled and showed the red color. Our findings provide a novel and effective method for the quantity generation of human red blood cells in vitro.

Differentiation of CD31-Positive Vascular Endothelial Cells from Organoid Culture of Dental Pulp Stem Cells

The mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that reside in dental tissues hold a great potential for future applications in regenerative dentistry. In this study, we used human dental pulp cells, isolated from the molars (DPCs), in order to establish the organoid culture. DPCs were established after growing pulp cells in an MSC expansion media (MSC-EM). DPCs were subjected to organoid growth media (OGM) in comparison with human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Inside the extracellular matrix in the OGM, the DPCs and DPSCs readily formed vessel-like structures, which were not observed in the MSC-EM. Immunocytochemistry analysis and flow cytometry analysis showed the elevated expression of CD31 in the DPCs and DPSCs cultured in the OGM. These results suggest endothelial cell-prone differentiation of the DPCs and DPSCs in organoid culture condition.

Acupoint injection of BMSCs combined with Chinese herbs for capillary density in ischemic hind limb of diabetes mellitus rats / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of acupoint injection of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) combined with Chinese herbs of benefiting for activating blood circulation for capillary density and arterioles density in skeletal muscle in ischemic hind limb of diabetes mellitus (DM) rats.@*METHODS@#A total of 80 rats were randomized into a normal sham operation group (10 rats) and a model group (70 rats). Disposable intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50.0 mg/kg) was used to establish DM model, and the rats in the model group were randomized into 7 subgroups, 10 rats in each one. The subgroups were the DM sham operation group, DM ischemic group, Chinese herb group (intragastric herbs of benefiting for activating blood circulation), local injection group (BMSCs local injection), local injection + Chinese herb group (BMSCs local injection combined with intragastric herbs of benefiting for activating blood circulation), acupoint injection group (BMSCs acupoint injection), acupoint injection + Chinese herb group (BMSCs acupoint injection combined with intragastric herbs of benefiting for activating blood circulation). The local injection was phosphate buffer (PBS) injection at the equidistant 5 points along the line between the ischemic tissue and the normal tissue a time. The acupoints were "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6), "Zhaohai" (KI 6), "Huantiao" (GB 30), "Housanli" (ST 36) and "Yanglingquan" (GB 34). 100 μL BMSCs with 1×10/mL was totally injected at the above acupoints for one rat, 20 μL an acupoint. 1.5 kg/L Chinese herbs were applied by intragastric administration, including 120 g Radix Astragali, 120 g Codonopsis, 48 g Radix Glycyrrhiza, 120 g Angelica sinensis, 120 g Blood Rattan, 48 g Achyranthes bidentata. Intragastric distilled water was used in the other non-Chinese herb groups. The expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-actin), latelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (CD31) and von willebrand factor (vWF) in the skeletal muscle were detected with immunohistochemical SP two-step method.@*RESULTS@#Twenty-one days after intervention, the expressions of α-actin and CD31 on the operation hind limb were higher than those on the healthy hind limb in all the groups, except the Chinese herb group (<0.05<0.01). The vWF expressions on the operation side were lower than those on the healthy side in the Chinese herb group, the local injection group, the local injection + Chinese herb group and the acupoint injection + Chinese herb group (<0.05, <0.01). The α-actin expression on the operation side in the acupoint injection + Chinese herb group was higher than those in the normal sham operation group, DM sham operation group, the DM ischemic group and the local injection group (<0.05, <0.01). The CD31 expressions in the acupoint injection group, the acupoint injection + Chinese herb group, local injection + Chinese herb group were higher than those in the normal sham operation group, DM sham operation group and DM ischemic group (<0.05, <0.01). The CD31 expression in the acupoint injection + Chinese herb group was higher than those in the Chinese herb group and the local injection group (both <0.05). The vWF expressions in the local injection + Chinese herb group, the acupoint injection group and the acupoint injection + Chinese herb group lower than those in the DM sham operation group and the DM ischemic group (<0.05, <0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#schemia increases the expressions of the vascular density related factors of α-actin and CD31. It is more obvious for the increasing expressions of α-actin and CD31, and decreasing expression of vWF with the interventions of simple BMSCs injection and simple Chinese herbs of benefiting for activating blood circulation, especially with the combination of the above tow methods. It is indicated that acupoint injection of BMSCs combined with Chinese herbs of benefiting for activating blood circulation can improve the angiogenesis of ischemic tissue.