Composición química y actividad AChE-BuChE del aceite esencial de palo santo Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch de Jipijapa, Ecuador / Chemical composition and AChE-BuChE activities of the essential oil of palo santo Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Tr iana & Planch from Jipijapa, Ecuador

Abstract: This article describes the chemical composition, physical properties and acetylcholinesterase (A ChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity of stem - distilled essential oil (E O ) from Bursera graveolens wood chips, Burseraceae. The plant material was acquired in Quimis (Bosque de Sancán), city of Jipijapa in the province of Manabí, coastal region o f Ecuador. Thirty - six components were identified by CG - MS, which represented 98.54% of the volatile oil. The main components were limonene (68.52%) and mentofuran (20.37%). The hydrocarbon monoterpenes constituted the most abundant fractions. The average y ield of the E O was 1.26%. Regarding the physical properties of E O , the following values were obtained: relative density (1,029 g/mL), refractive index (1,477) and specific rotation (+4,567). The E O presented IC 50 inhibition values of 47.2 and 51.9 µg/mL fo r the enzymes AChE and BuChE, respectively.

Resumen: Este artículo describe la composición química, propiedades físicas y actividad acetilcolinesterasa (AChE) y butirilcolinesterasa (BuChE) del aceite esencial (AE) destilado a vapor de astillas de madera de Bursera graveolens , Burseraceae. La materia vegetal fue adquirida en Quimis (Bosque de Sancán), ciudad de Jipijapa en la provincia de Manabí, región costera d e Ecuador. Treinta y seis componentes fueron identificados por CG - MS, que representaron al 98.54 % del aceite volátil. Los componentes principales fueron limoneno (68.52%) y mentofurano (20.37%). Los monoterpenos hidrocarburos constituyeron las fracciones m ás abundantes. El rendimiento medio del AE fue de 1.26%. Con respecto a las propiedades físicas del AE se obtuvo los siguientes valores, densidad relativa (1.029 g/mL), índice de refracción (1.477) y rotación específica (+4.567). El AE presentó valores de inhibición IC 50 de 47.2 y 51.9 µg/mL para las enzimas AChE y BuChE, respectivamente.

Technical Difficulties in the Implementation of the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System / 中国医疗器械杂志

The continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) has been clinically applied to monitor the dynamic change of the subcutaneous interstitial glucose concentration which is a function of the blood glucose level by glucose sensors. It can track blood glucose levels all day along, and thus provide comprehensive and reliable information about blood glucose dynamics. The clinical application of CGMS enables monitoring of blood glucose fluctuations and the discovery of hidden hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia that are difficult to be detected by traditional methods. As a CGMS needs to work subcutaneously for a long time, a series of factors such as biocompatibility, enzyme inactivation, oxygen deficiency, foreign body reaction, implant size, electrode flexibility, error correction, comfort, device toxicity, electrical safety, et al. should be considered beforehand. The study focused on the difficulties in the technology, and compared the products of Abbott, Medtronic and DexCom, then summarized their cutting-edge. Finally, this study expounded some key technologies in dynamic blood glucose monitoring and therefore can be utilized as a reference for the development of CGMS.

The characteristics of blood glucose fluctuations in patients with fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus in the stable stage

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim was to characterize blood glucose fluctuations in patients with fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1DM) at the stable stage using continuous blood glucose monitoring systems (CGMSs). Subjects and methods: Ten patients with FT1DM and 20 patients with classic type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) (the control group) were monitored using CGMSs for 72 hours. Results: The CGMS data showed that the mean blood glucose (MBG), the standard deviation of the blood glucose (SDBG), the mean amplitude glycemic excursions (MAGE), the blood glucose areas and the percentages of blood glucose levels below 13.9 mmol/L were similar between the two groups. However, the percentage of blood glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/L was significantly higher in the FT1DM group compared to the T1DM group (p < 0.05). The minimum (Min) blood glucose level in the FT1DM group was significantly lower than that of the T1DM group (p < 0.05). Patients with FT1DM had severe dysfunction of the islet beta cells and alpha cells compared to patients with T1DM, as indicated by lower C-peptide values and higher glucagon/C-peptide values. Conclusion: In conclusion, patients with FT1DM at the stable stage were more prone to hypoglycemic episodes as recorded by CGMSs, and they had a greater association with severe dysfunction of both the beta and alpha islet cells compared to patients with T1DM.

HS-SPME-GC-MS Analysis on Volatile Components in Various Processed Products of Achyranthes Bidenta-tae Radix / 中国药师

Objective: To analyze and compare the difference in volatile components in Achyranthesbidentatae Radix, salt-pro-cessed product of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix and wine-processed product of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix. Methods:Headspace sol-id-phase microextraction ( HS-SPME) was used to extract the volatile components from Achyranthes bidentatae Radix and the two pro-cessed product of Achyranthes bidentatae radix. The chemical compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( GC-MS) , and their relative mass fraction of each component was determined by an area normalization method. Results:A total of 38 chemical components were identified, and 23, 16 and 15 components were respectively identified from Achyranthes bidentatae Radix, the salt-processed product of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix and the wine-processed product of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix accounted for 79. 14%, 49. 80% and 44. 57% of the total content of volatile components, respectively. There were 4 types of common volatile chemical constituents in the three products. Compared with Achyranthes bidentatae Radix, 10 types of new compounds were produced and 17 types of old compounds disappeared in the salt-processed product, and 9 types of new compounds were produced and 17 types of old compounds disappeared in the wine-processed product. Conclusion:Different processing methods have some influence on the type and the content of the volatile components in Achyranthes bidentatae Radix. Using HS-SPME-GC-MS combination technique can quickly and effectively obtain the volatile components information for Achyranthes bidentatae Radix, which can provide scientific reference for the quality evaluation and application of the processed products of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix.

HS-SPME-GC-MS Analysis on Volatile Components in Various Processed Products of Achyranthes Bidenta-tae Radix / 中国药师

Objective: To analyze and compare the difference in volatile components in Achyranthesbidentatae Radix, salt-pro-cessed product of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix and wine-processed product of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix. Methods:Headspace sol-id-phase microextraction ( HS-SPME) was used to extract the volatile components from Achyranthes bidentatae Radix and the two pro-cessed product of Achyranthes bidentatae radix. The chemical compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( GC-MS) , and their relative mass fraction of each component was determined by an area normalization method. Results:A total of 38 chemical components were identified, and 23, 16 and 15 components were respectively identified from Achyranthes bidentatae Radix, the salt-processed product of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix and the wine-processed product of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix accounted for 79. 14%, 49. 80% and 44. 57% of the total content of volatile components, respectively. There were 4 types of common volatile chemical constituents in the three products. Compared with Achyranthes bidentatae Radix, 10 types of new compounds were produced and 17 types of old compounds disappeared in the salt-processed product, and 9 types of new compounds were produced and 17 types of old compounds disappeared in the wine-processed product. Conclusion:Different processing methods have some influence on the type and the content of the volatile components in Achyranthes bidentatae Radix. Using HS-SPME-GC-MS combination technique can quickly and effectively obtain the volatile components information for Achyranthes bidentatae Radix, which can provide scientific reference for the quality evaluation and application of the processed products of Achyranthes bidentatae Radix.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of essential oil and different plant extracts of Psidium cattleianum Sabine / Atividade antimicrobiana e antioxidante do óleo essencial e diferentes extratos vegetais de Psidium cattleianum Sabine

Abstract The goals of the study were to determinethe antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oil and plant extracts aqueous and ethanolic of Psidium cattleianum Sabine; the chemical composition of the essential oil of P. cattleianum; and the phytochemical screening of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the same plant. Regarding the antimicrobial activity, the ethanolic extract exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity with respect to bacteria K. pneumoniae and S. epidermidis, whereas, regarding other microorganisms, it showed activity considered weak. The aqueous extract and the essential oil showed activity considered weak, although they inhibited the growth of microorganisms. About the antioxidant potential, the ethanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited a scavenging index exceeding 90%, while the essential oil didn´t show significant antioxidant activity. Regarding the phytochemical composition, the largest class of volatile compounds identified in the essential oil of P. cattleianum included the following terpenic hydrocarbons: α-copaene (22%); eucalyptol (15%), δ-cadinene (9.63%) and α-selinene (6.5%). The phytochemical screening of extracts showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids for aqueous and ethanolic extracts. The extracts and essential oils inhibit the growth of microrganisms and plant extracts showed significant antioxidant activity. Also, the phytochemical characterization of the essential oil showed the presence of compounds interest commercial, as well as extracts showed the presence of important classes and compounds with biological activities.

Resumo Os objetivos do trabalho foram determinar as atividades antimicrobiana e antioxidante do óleo essencial e dos extratos vegetais aquoso e etanólico de Psidium cattleianum Sabine; a composição química do óleo essencial P. cattleianum e a triagem fitoquímica dos extratos vegetais aquoso e etanólico da mesma planta. Quanto à atividade antimicrobiana, o extrato etanólico apresentou atividade antimicrobiana moderada frente as bactérias K. pneumonieae e S. epidermidis, enquanto frente aos demais micro-organismos apresentou atividade considerada fraca. O extrato aquoso e o óleo essencial apresentaram atividade considerada fraca, embora tenham inibido o crescimento dos micro-organismos. Em relação ao potencial antioxidante, os extratos etanólico e aquoso apresentaram índice de sequestro superior a 90%, enquanto o óleo essencial não apresentou atividade antioxidante significativa. Para a composição fitoquímica, a maior classe de compostos voláteis identificados no óleo essencial de P. cattleianum foram os hidrocarbonetos terpênicos, sendo eles: α-copaeno (22%), eucaliptol (15%), δ-cadineno (9,63%) e α-selineno (6,5%). Na triagem fitoquímica dos extratos verificou-se a presença de taninos, flavonóides e triterpenóides tanto para o extrato aquoso quanto etanólico. Os extratos e óleo essencial inibiram o crescimento dos micro-organismos e os extratos vegetais apresentaram atividade antioxidante significativa. Também, a caracterização fitoquímica do óleo essencial mostrou a presença de compostos de interesse comercial, assim como os extratos apresentaram a presença de classes e compostos com importantes atividades biológicas.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Leaves Essential Oil and Ethanolic Extract of Moroccan Warionia saharae Benth. & Coss.

The aims of this study were to analyze the chemical composition of leaves essential oil of Warionia saharae, to evaluate the antioxidant capacity (DPPH test), antibacterial properties and to investigate toxicity against Artemia salina of both oil and ethanolic extract. The results showed that essential oil was toxic (CL50 = 1,56 μg/ml). The GC–MS analysis revealed 52 compounds representing 91.54% of the total oil containing Nerolidol (25,95%) and β-Eudesmol (38,12%) as a major components. The oil (1 mg/ml) exhibited a strong antibacterial effect as a diameter of zones of inhibition (28,5 ± 2,12 and 37,5 ± 3.53 mm) against St. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively. While, ethanolic extract (50 mg/ml) exhibited a moderate effect against all tested bacterial strains. MICs values of oil and the extract were ranged 0,031-0,25 μg/ml and 6,25-12,5 mg/ml, respectively. The free radical scavenging activities of the oil was higher than that of ethanolic extract (IC50 = 21,49 and IC50 = 182 μg/ml, respectively).

Bromadiolona: un caso judicial relacionado con la muerte de abejas / Bromadiolone: a judicial case related to bees death

Como resultado de una investigación impulsada por la justicia, se analizaron muestras provenientes de un posiblederrame intencional de plaguicidas sobre colmenas con abejas. En los análisis realizados se utilizó GC-MS previa extracción con solventes orgánicos. Debido a dificultades iniciales en la identificación de plaguicidas sobre tres de las muestras, se procedió alreprocesamiento de los cromatogramas utilizando selección de las relaciones de masas m/z 158, 173 y 143. Utilizando esa herramienta analítica se obtuvieron los correspondientes cromatogramas, y los espectros de masas con coincidencia frente al divulgado para el producto de descomposición de bromadiolona (PDB), determinando que tanto las abejas como las colmenas habían tenido contacto con bromadiolona (3-[3-(4’-bromobifenil-4-il)- 3-hidroxi-1-fenilpropil]-4- hidroxicumarina), un anticoagulantecumarínico de utilización agraria para combatir roedores, que parece ser prácticamente no tóxico para las abejas según informes internacionales. Se observó que en la literatura no se halla propuesta una estructura química definida para el PDB, lo cual podría constituir el fundamento para encarar trabajos futuros con el fin de elucidar el comportamiento de la droga madre enel contexto del caso.

As a result of an investigation boosted by ordinary justice, samples from a probable deliberate spill of pesticide over bees and hives were analyzed. Solvent extractions and then GC-MS were used to perform the tests. Due to difficulties since the beginning in pesticide identification upon three samples, chromatograms were reprocessed using mass selection at m/z 158, 173 y 143 mass rates. The correspondent chromatograms were gathered by these analytical tool, and their mass spectrums were found coincident with the previously reported as bromadiolone decomposition product (BDP), showing that hives as well asbees had been in contact with bromadiolone (3-[3-(4’-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)- 3-hydroxy-1-phenylpropyl]-4- hydroxycoumarin) - a coumarin rodenticide (anticoagulant) for agricultural use – which seems to be, according to international reports, practically non toxic for bees. It was observed that in the literature has not been proposed a defined chemical structure for BDP, so this could bea challenge for a future research in order to clarify its behavior in a similar situation.

Composição do óleo essencial de quatro espécies do gênero Plectranthus / Essential oil composition of four Plectranthus species

O gênero Plectranthus é considerado um dos mais ricos em óleos essenciais dentro da família Lamiaceae, compreendendo muitas espécies com propriedades medicinais. Algumas destas são conhecidas popularmente como boldo, as quais possuem semelhanças taxonômicas e diversas sinonímias, possuindo ações anti-dispépticas, analgésicas e digestivas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar quantitativa e qualitativamente os óleos essenciais presentes nas folhas das espécies P. amboinicus, P. barbatus, P. grandis e P. neochilus. A extração do óleo foi realizada por hidrodestilação, utilizando pentano como solvente extrator, repetida por três vezes para cada uma das espécies. A análise dos componentes dos óleos essenciais das quatro espécies de Plectranthus, através da CG/EM, permitiu identificar 14 componentes químicos, sendo a maioria sesquiterpenos. O trans-cariofileno se apresentou em elevada concentração nos óleos estudados. Alguns componentes químicos demonstraram ser específicos para cada espécie e outros apresentaram ocorrência comum a todas as quatro, possibilitando a diferenciação das mesmas em dois grupos, um formado por P. amboinicus e P. neochilus e o outro por P. grandis e P. barbatus. Conclui-se que as quatro espécies de boldo apresentam diferenças significativas quanto ao teor e à constituição química do óleo essencial.

Plectranthus has been considered one of the richest genera in essential oils within the Lamiaceae family, which includes several species with medicinal properties. Some of them are commonly known as boldo and present taxonomic similarities and several synonymies, with antidyspeptic, analgesic and digestive actions. The aim of this study was to evaluate quantitatively and qualitatively the essential oils from P. amboinicus, P. barbatus, P. grandis and P. neochilus leaves. The oil was extracted by hydrodistillation using pentane as extracting solvent and was repeated three times for each species. The analysis of essential oil components by GC/MS in the four Plectranthus species identified 14 chemical components, mostly sesquiterpenes. High concentration of trans-caryophyllene was found in the studied oils. Some chemical components were specific for each species and other components had common occurrence in all four species, allowing their differentiation into two groups, one composed of P. amboinicus and P. neochilus and another one by P. grandis and P. barbatus. In conclusion, the four boldo species had significant differences as to essential oil yield and chemical composition.

Como a monitorização contínua de glicose subcutânea pode colaborar na interpretação dos valores da HbA1c no diabetes melito tipo 1?: [revisão] / How the continuous glucose monitoring system can contribute to HbA1c interpretation in type 1 diabetes mellitus?: [review]

O objetivo desta revisão é avaliar como o sistema de monitorização contínua de glicose subcutânea (CGMS®) pode colaborar na interpretação dos valores da hemoglobina glicada (A1c) no diabetes melito tipo 1. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica dos benefícios, dos métodos, da interpretação e da experiência com CGMS®. A utilização de sensores contínuos pode ser útil na avaliação de pacientes com diabetes melito com oscilações glicêmicas, hipoglicemias graves, especialmente as noturnas, e hiperglicemias pós-prandiais. A identificação de padrões glicêmicos alterados permite ajustes terapêuticos e melhora do controle metabólico. O CGMS® é um procedimento de fácil utilização, com efeitos adversos de pequena intensidade e boa tolerância pelos pacientes. Embora o fabricante preconize um período de utilização de até três dias, observa-se que o prolongamento do teste por mais dias permite a obtenção de dados que auxiliam em mudanças terapêuticas superiores às realizadas com os registros do tempo convencional.

The aim of the present study is a literature revision of the contribution of continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS®) in the interpretation of HbA1c levels in type 1 diabetes (T1DM). We performed a revision of the efficacy, benefits, interpretation of methods and experience with this system. The CGMS® could be useful in T1DM patients that present great glycemic variability or severe hypoglycemia (mainly nocturnal) and postprandial hyperglycemia. The identification of altered patterns or the glycemic variability allows therapeutic adjustment and improvement of the metabolic control. CGMS® is a safe method with a rare occurrence of side effects and it is well-tolerated by patients. The extension of the procedure for more days, over the 72h period recommended by the standard test, allows us to get important data to changes and adjustments on the insulin management of the type 1 diabetes mellitus patients.

Capability of SMBG instrument and its progress / 医疗卫生装备

Diabetes is a vulgar malady of metabolism and incretion. It is important to monitor and control the blood glucose for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. In particular, it is one of the most effective means for physicians or patients to do so through self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) instruments. In this paper, SMBG instruments are discussed in detail and classified as the minimally invasive one, the non-invasive one and the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). The needle or laser applied to blood sampling, the technology of the minimally invasive one is relatively mature, and the result of measurement is exact, but this way is achy for the patients. Reverse iontophoresis and spectral analysis adopted, the non-invasive has an increasing accuracy. The CGMS can perform the periodical measurement and record of the value of blood glucose automatically for several days.